.

ii


.................................................................................................................... 1
.....................................................................................................................2

1 ..... 4
1.1 ............................................................................................................6
1.2 ...............................................................8
1.3 ...........................................8
1.4 ................................................................9
1.5 .............................................................9
1.6 .............................................................. 10
1.7 .................................................................................. 10
1.8 ...................................................................................11
1.9 .............................................................................11
1.10 , ......................................................... 12
1.11 .......................................................................... 14
1.12 .............................................................................................. 15
1. .............................................................. 15
2. ........................................................................................... 15
3. ........................................................................................... 15
1.13 .............................................. 16

2 . .......... 19
2.1 ........................... 19
2.2 ...................................................... 20
2.3 ...................................................................................... 22
2.4 ............................................................. 24
2.4.1 .............................................................................. 26
2.5 .................................................. 27
2.6 ................................................ 28
2.7 ....................................................................................... 31
2.8 ......................................................................... 34
iii

 3 ............................ 36
3.1 .............................................. 36
3.2 ...................................................... 37
3.3 .......................................................................................... 38
3.4 ............................................................................. 39
3.4.1 .................................................. 40
3.4.2 ............................................... 41
3.5 ...................................................................................... 42

4 ................................. 48
4.1 ..................................................................... 48
4.2 .......................................................................................... 50
4.3 Guldin....................................................... 53
4.3.1 ..................................................................... 53
4.3.1.1 ............................................................. 54
4.3.2 ................................................................. 56
4.3.2.1 ............................................................. 56
........................................... 58

5 ............................... 59
5.1 ........................................................ 60
5.1.1 /.................................. 60
5.1.2 ...................................... 61
5.1.3 ...................................................... 62
5.1.4 .......................................................... 63
5.2 ................................................................................ 63
5.3 (Steiner) ................................... 64
5.4 ...................................................................................... 65
5.5 ..................................................................... 68
5.5.1 .............................................................................. 69
5.6 .............................................................. 70
5.7 ............................................. 71

iv

 6 ............................. 73
6.1 ............................................................................. 74
6.2 ......................................................................................... 76
6.3 ................................................... 77
6.4 ............................................................................. 80
6.5 ........................................................ 81
6.6 .......................................................................................... 83
6.7 q, Q & ........................... 85
6.8 Q .......................................... 87
6.9 ....................................................................................... 91
6.10 .....................................................................103
6.11 .........................................................................103

7 ................... 107
7.1 ..............................109
7.1.1 ............................................................................. 110
7.2 Cremona........................................................... 115
7.2.1 ............................................................................. 115
7.3 (Ritter).....................................120
7.3.1 .........................................................................122

8 .......................... 129
8.1 .........................................................130
) ............................................................................................130
) ........................................................................................ 131
8.2 .................................................................132
8.3 .........................................................................................133

9 ..................................................135
9.1 .......................................................................................136
9,2 .....................................................................................137
9.3 .................................................137
9,4 ......................................138

9.5 .........................................................................................139

10 .................. 144
10.1 ......................................................................144
10.2 ......................................................................................146
10.3 ...........................................................148
10.4 ...................................................................................149
10.5 ...............................................................153
10.6 ...................................................................................155
...........................................................................................................160

vi





,
.


.
,
.
,

,

.

,
.
,
. ,

,
.

,
,
.

, 2004
.

/




.
,
:
)
)
) .
,
,
. , ,
:
.
, .

,
.
,
,
.

,

, ,
.
.
.
:
1)
,
. ..
,

,
.
2)
. ..
,
,
.
,
.
(1564 1642),
(1642 1727), Huygens (1629 1695), D Alebert (1717 1783), Lagrange
(1736 1813), Hamilton (1788 1856) .
,
.
.

, , ,
.
,
,
.
,
. :
1.
2. (
)
3. .

.
.

, Da Vinci,
:

, .
,
,
:

9 (
), ,

9 ,

9 ,

.
,
,
.
.

. ,
.. ,
.

.
.
,
. .

.

. ().

.

.
.

.
.
.

.
.
, ,
.

.
, ,

.

.

,

, ,

.

1.1
, ,

.

.
,
, ,

,
.

, kp ,
4C, .

, , (1p = 1000 kp = 1 t).
:
1. , .. 8 kp
6

2. ,
3.
4. .
,
:

, , , .. 1 cm = 1 kp
.
,
.

:
)
) ,
,

) .

,
. ,

,
.

,

.

1.2

.

,
, MKS, SI
(System Internationale).

(m)
(kg)
(sec)
SI Newton (N)
:
1 = 1 kgmsec-2 = 0,10197 kp 0,1 kp.

,
.

1.3

.

( ) . :
=
,
,
d .
= d.

(
) .
d .
, :

,

.

1.4


, .
, ,
.

1.5

.
.

. ,
,
.

,
.

1.6
1 2
.

Stevin, 1856,

1 2.
, R = 1 + 2,
, .

1.7
1 2
1 1
1 2 2.

,
R.

.
,
(
) .

10

1.8
,
, , .
d
.
,
,
.

, :
,
.

)
) ( )
) , ,

.


.
.
,
.
tm, kpm, kpcm, Nm .

1.9

.

11

1 ,

2, 1.
1 2 .
, .
.
.

1.10 ,


.
.. .

.

,

.
, .. ,
,
.
,
:

.

,
.

12

.
,
,
.

, , .
.

. .

,
.

,
.

.
,
.

.

.

13

,
,
.

.

(
, , , .)

1.11
.

.
.
, ,
, , .

( ).

( ).

. ,
. ..
,
( )
,
( )
,

.


( ), .

14

1.12
:

1. .
(
), ,
.

2.
(
),
.
.

3.
, .
,
, .

15

1.13
.
.

.
,
, 3
, .
.
, ,
.

.

,
Gerber, 3 .
,
,
, , ,
,
.

16

17

18

-


.

, ,
. , ,
, ,
.

2.1
,
1, 2 3.
R ,
,
.
,
1,
2 , R1,2 (
), 3, R
.

, ,
1, 1,
1 2 2
, .
R
.

19

( )
.

2.2
1, 2, 3
.
, R

. , (..
1 cm ton), 1 = 1, 12 = 2 .
3

R = 1 + 2 + 3
, .
R
( ).

20

So S
, So 1
S1,
S + 1 = S1,
S1 2 S2,
S1 + 2 = S + 1 + 2 = S2,
S2 3 S3 .
S2 + 3 = S + 1 + 2 + 3 = S3,

, : S3
-So.
S3 S ,
() R.
,
.
,
, (),
, 1, .
, ,
So ,
1, , 1.
1 S1 1,
2, , 2.
2 S2 2,
3 3.
3 S3
3, S .
So, S1, S2, S3,
,
.

S1, S2, S3, :

So, ,

21

1, 2, 3,
.

,
, :

,

. :

,

. :

, ,
,
.

, :
,
, ,
. :
,
, , .

2.3


. Q 400 .
.

,
.

22

Q ,
,
.

, ,
.
,
,
.
, , , , = .
, :
= = 640 , = 540 , = 2.660 = 2.500 .

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6
.

,
, R.
.

23

, 1,
,
, ,
.

R .
R = 7,3 .

2.4

,
.

.
,
. , .

24

:
1, 2, 3 ,
, ,
( 3) 3,
.

.

,
S ,
, .
,
1, 2, 3 So S3. ,
(1, 2, 3) , (,
),
.
S3, ,
.
So .
,
.
,
.

, 3

3 =

= .

25

,

,
.
:

,
.

, ,
.

2.4.1

, .

, . 1 cm 2 N
,
, So, S4.

S
,
, 1, 1.

26

, S4,
, .
= , .
,
4 .

4 = = 5,70

= = 7,60 .

2.5
,
, ,
, , 1 (

).

,
, SoS1S2S3S4 SoS1S2S3S4.
,
(So, S4) (So, S4)
,
. (So, Si), (So, Si)
,
(So, Pi), (So,
Pi).

27

1 i
Si-So Si-So.
:
Si - So = Si - So
S - So = Si - Si
S - So = S1 S1 = S2 S2 = S3 S3 = . = .

, co, c1, c2, c3,
.
Culmann.

, , .:
) (2 )
)
1

( )
)
( ).

2.6
) ,

, . Si .
.
Si
, 1, .

i Si.
Si ,
iO, 2
.

, ,
i i+1 (
Si Pi Pi+1), .

, k, ,
28

. , So S
, Si
. , Si Culmann,
So S So S
Sk .
:
-2
So S Si. +1
Si, Culmann, Si-1,
Si+1 Si i i+1,
+ 1 3 = 2 .
Ck Sk Si (Culmann),
CkB, Sk
, k Pk+1 k
k+1 .
k kO
Sk, iO ( Culmann)
, .

29

Si,
So S,
( Culmann) ,
.
, Si .
,
,
( Si).

) , .

l, C.

, ,
.
,
, i k,
.
, Culmann
,
.

.
So, S1, S2
So S1
. ,
So S1 1,
So S1.

30

S2
2, Culmann
C2 S2.
C2C, S2
So, S1, S2
.

So, S1 S2 , 1 2

, ( ),
.

2.7

,
, .

1 cm 1
. ( )
( )
, .
1 ,
S1, S2, S3 , S3
.
Culmann, c3
S3, ()
c2 S2.
.

31

c3 , S3,
3 3.
, c2 3, S2,
2 2.
S1 12.
,
S3, S2 S1 3, 2 1

S3, S2 S1, ,
.
,
2
C
,
. 1 = 500 2 = 300
.

, 1.13,
8 .
,
.
,
, ( )
( C),
, C (
),
, .

32

A C
C, , ,
A 1 ,
C , 2 CB.

1, 2 (So, S1, S2)
, C , A S o' C S 2' .
,
1 2
. ,
,
,
1, 2 , So S2.
,
C ,

( )

A S o' S o'

C S 2' .

, (
) ,
So ( ) 1, ,
S2 ( C ) 2 ,
.

,
( ) 1 2,

( ).
,
(1 3), ()
.
,
()
2.6,
.
, .

, :

33

= So = 400 N

C = -S2 = 195 N
B = S1 = 330 N.

To B ,
, .

2.8

,
.
) So, ,
So
) S, .

.
, , ,
,
.
:
1.
, ,
R 0.
2.
, R = 0.
(So Sv)

34

( ) So Sv
.

. :
) So Sv
d, ,
,
= Svd = Sod.
) So Sv ,
, ,
= 0.
:
,

.

35

3.1
,
1, 2, 3.

xAy, ,
,
1, 2, 3,
R, :
)
. :
)
.
Rx Ry
R
Pi R
36

x, ,
R :

Rx

Ry

R =

Pix ( i = 1,2,3,...)
Piy ( i = 1,2,3,...)
(1)

R x2 + R y2

Ry
Rx

: Rx, Ry

Ry
Rx

(2)
(3)

R .

3.2
,
1, 2, 3, 4,

R = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ,
:

xy ( ).
,
,
, (1), (2), (3).
R.
Varignon, :

,
.

37

(i)+
( x, y)
( ) R
, :
(i)+

= R

( i )+
R

,
,
R (Rx, Ry), .
, ,
,
(i)+.

3.3
,
1 N 1 m,
.

xOy. Rx Ry

, :

38

Rx = Pix = 1 + 1 3 + 5 1 + 2 = 5 N
Ry = Piy = 3 5 1 + 3 + 2 4 = - 2 N

R =

R x2 + R y2

Ry
Rx

5 2 + ( 2 )2

2
= - 0,4
5

= 5,39 N
= - 21,8

Rx = +, Ry = -, R :

Varignon
R, :
(i)+ = R 12 + 15 - 34 + 15 - 25 + 25 + 45 = 5,39
: + 20,00 = 5,39

= 3,71 m.

R,
= 3,71 m (= 3,71 cm).

(5, -2), ,
, (i)+ .

3.4
,
.
,
, ,
,
,
.

, ,
.

.

39

3.4.1
,
, ,
.
, , ,
, ( )
.

, ,

.

, .

, ,

,
.

.
,
, ,
,
.
,
, .
,
,
,
.

40

,
,
. ,
, ,
. :
i , R
Pi ,
R Pi .

3.4.2
,
,
.
,
Pi x, y, z
, Pi,
(
), , ,
Xi, Yi Zi , :
Xi = Pii,

i = Pii,

i = Pii,

(i)

i, i, i Ox, Oy, Oz
Pi.
, Xi, Yi Zi,
Pi.
, Pi

Pi

= + X i2 + Yi 2 + Z i2 ,

(ii)

i, i i
i = Xi/Pi,

i = Xi/Pi,

i = Xi/Pi .

(iii)

41

2i + 2i + 2i = 1 ,

(iv)

(ii),
(i).
R
Pi , XR, YR, ZR
.

.
XR = Xi,

YR = Yi,

ZR = Zi.

,
.
Xi = 0,

Yi = 0,

Zi = 0,

(v)

.
,
, ,

.

3.5
1, 2, 3
1
40, 10, 30 ,
, , .
R
.

.
.
, ,
, . :

OA =

2 2 + 32 + 0 =

OB =

4 2 + 12 + 4 2

42

13
33

12 + ( 2 ) + 4 2

O =

21

, (iii),
.

= 0,555

= 0,832

= 0,696

= 0,174

= 0,436

13
33
21

= 0,218

13
33
2
21

13
33
21

=0
= 0,696
= 0,873 .

,

.
.

Pii

Pii

Pii

40

0,555

0,832

22,2

33,3

10

0,696

0,174

0,696

7,0

1,7

7,0

30

0,218

-0,436

0,873

6,5

-13,1

26,2

35,7

21,9

33,2

R ,
(ii).

43

R =

35,7 2 + 21,9 2 + 33,2 2

= 53,45 N .

R
.
.
35,7
= 48,09 = 48 5 37
53,45
21,9
R =
= 65,81 = 65 48 43
53,45
33,2
R =
= 51,60 = 51 36 1 .
53,45
(iv)
aR

2R + 2R + 2R = 1 ,

0,446 + 0,168 + 0,386 = 1 ! .

,
.

, , ,
, 60.
= 100 ,
.

44

xyz
.
(
), S2
.
S1 ,
, ,
xoy ( )
.

x (
S1 S2 ),
x+ = 0 -S160 + 245 = 0 ,

S1

2
= 2P 2
1
2

= 2P 2

S1 = 283 .

S1
. ,
(
) ,
.
S2
, , ,
( y).
y+ = 0

S2 S130 = 0 ,

S2

= S1

3
2

= 245 N .

3
,
. ,
, , , ,

45

. ,
,
.

(v),
,
,

. 3,
(
) () ,
3.

, 3 1, 2, 3.
,
, .

1 ,
.

B =

30 2 + 40 2 + 50 2

= 50 2 cm .

S1, S2, S3
, ,
,
( )
.

, x, y, z ,
:
46

x+ = 0

S2

y+ = 0

P+

z +

S3 +

= 0

40
50 2

50
50 2
30
50 2

S1

= 0

(1)

S1

= 0

(2)

S1

= 0

(3)

(2)
S1 = -1,41P ,
, S1 (1),
S2

4
5 2

( 1,41 P ) = 0,8 P .

, S1 (3),
S3

3
5 2

( 1,41 P ) = 0,6 P .

S1 1 .

4, 5 6 ,
.
, ,
2,
, ,
.

47

,
.

.
,
.
,

.
,
.

, .

,
.
,
.
.

.

4.1

.
48

, , ,
, ..
, . f1, f2, f .

,
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
.
,
:
xo

yo

Sy
F

Sx
F

( Fi xi )
Fi

( Fi yi )
Fi

xo, yo , Fi
xi
yi. Sx ( Sy),
x ( y),
Fi yi ( xi)
x ( y) .
,
,
, , :

49

Ox
Oy
.
,

. ,
.
,
,
,
.

.

1. ,
.
2. ,
.
3. ,
, ,
()
(), .

4.2
( cm),
.

50

)
,
, ,

.
1 = 5020 = 1.000 cm2
P2 = 5015 = 750 cm2
P3 = 1030 = 300 cm2
,
,
.
, ,
.

,
.

)
,
,
xOy
. :
Sy = (Fixi) = F1x1 + F2x2 + F3x3
Sx = (Fiyi) = F1y1 + F2y2 + F3y3
F = Fi = F1 + F2 + F3.

51

xi

yi

Fi

Fixi

Fiyi

(cm)

(cm)

(cm2)

(cm3)

(cm3)

10

25

1.000

10.000

25.000

45

42,5

750

33.750

31.875

75

35

300

22.500

10.500

2.050

66.250

67.375

F=Fi

Sy = (Fixi)

Sx = (Fiyi)

x y

xo =
yo =

Sy
F

Sx
F

( Fi xi )
Fi

66.250
= 32,3 cm
2.050

( Fi yi )
Fi

67.375
= 32,9 cm
2.050

,
, .

52

4.3 Guldin
Guldin

.

:
)
)
.

4.3.1
F ,

,
, .
:
F = Sxo (rad)
F = 2Sxo .

, ,
,

dS .

:
(310 370 .).

Guldin: (1577 1643).

53

dF
dS
x , :
DF = 2xdS.
, ,
S , :
F =

dF

2 xdS
S

= 2 S xdS .

xdS ,
S

4.2 ,
S x,
S xo
. :

xdS = x S
S

,
F = 2xoS .

4.3.1.1
,

.

xo = 2r/ .

54

Guldin
:
F

2
.

= 2 xo S

= 2

2r

r = 4 r 2 .

Guldin,

C , , ,
y.
Guldin, :
F = 2ycS ,
S , :
S

= 2 ( AB + BO ) = 2 a + a 2
2

F ,
.
:
F

= 2 2 a 2 + 2 a a 2 = 2 a 2 2 + 2 .
2

S F ,
, :

yc =

F
2 S

2 a 2 2 + 2

1
2 2 a + a 2

a 2+ 2

+2 2

).

55

4.3.2
V

,
() C
. :
V = xoE

(rad)

V = 2xoE

, dE ,
, , dV
() :
DV = 2xdE,
x dE .
,
, . :

dV
E

2xdE
E

xdE
E

= 2 xdE
E

, , xoE,
V = 2xoE .

4.3.2.1

.

56

, ( = /2),

xo = 2r/3 = 4r/3
. ,
Guldin

= 2 xo E = 2

4r r 2

3 2

4 3
r ,
3

R r.

Guldin,

F = 2 x o S = 2R 2 r = 4 2 R r .
, Guldin

V = 2 x o E = 2R r 2 = 2 2 r 2 R .

57

xo

yo
r

3r

2r

2r

2r

4a
3

4b
3

ab

3a
8

3h
5

2ah
3

3h
5

4ah
3

3a
4

3h
10

ah
3

58

2r a
3a

ar 2

2r
3 a
r 2 (a a a )

3 a a a

4b
3

n +1
a n +1 h
n+2
4n + 2

ab
4
2

ah
n +1

dF ,

dF ,

dF ,

xydF

F xOy,

dF ,
:
x y
y x
.

( )
.

, ,
.

59

5.1
F xOy
.

dF x, y
,
x,
dF x.

F,

Jx

F y

dF ,

F x.

y

Jy

Fx

dF .

,
, .
4

,
.

5.1.1 /

,
dF = bdy.
y
xo, :

60

. -

Jxo

h
2
h

y3 2
y 2 bdy = b
3 h

b h3 h

3 8 2

bh 3
12

, :
Jx1

y3
= y bdy = b
o
3 o
h 2

bh 3
3

yo y1 :
Jy o

hb 3
12

Jy1

hb 3
3

5.1.2


, ( ),
.

61

,
,
,
x .
/
. :
Jxo

bh 3
12

Jx1

bh 3
.
3

5.1.3

x1, ,
y .
x , dF = xdy :
x
h y
=
b
h

x =

b
(h y ) .
h

Jx1 =

h 2

y dF =

h 2

y xdy =

h 2

o y

b
(h y )dy =
h

b y3 y 4
b h4 h4
bh 3

=
= h =
.
h 3 4
h 3
4
12
o

, , dF = xdy :
2h
y
x
3
=
b
h
62

x =

b 2h

y , :

h 3

. -

2h

Jx =

2h
3 2
h y dF

2h
3 2
h y

b 2h
b 2h y 3 y 4 3

y
dy

=
h 3
h 3 3 4 h

b 2h 8h 3 16h 4 2h h 3 1 h 4

=

h 3 81 4 81 3 81 4 81

bh 4 16 16 2 1
bh 3 27
bh 3

=
.
+ + =
h 81 3 4 3 4
81 12
36

5.1.4

:

Jxo

r4
4

Jx1

5 r 4
4

5.2
L4, L
.
J ,
F, L2,
.


,
. :

ix =

Jx
F

iy =

Jy
F

.. b h, :

63

bh 3
h2
i x2o = 12 =
bh
12
:

hb 3
b2
i y2o = 12 =
bh
12

i xo

12

i yo

b
12

, ,
,
.

5.3 (Steiner)
Jxo F
xo , Jx
x xo ,
:

Jx' = Jxo + F a 2 ,
Steiner:


,
.

, , :
Jx' =

(y + a)

dF

dF + 2a ydF + a 2 dF .

ydF = 0 ,

Cxo

. :

Jx' = Jxo + F a 2 .
64

. -

xo
x, Jx, :

Jxo

= Jx' F a 2 .

Steiner,
,
,

.

, ,
F, Steiner
:

i x ' = i xo + a

i xo = i x ' a

.
Steiner.

5.4

Steiner,
:
) ,

) ,
,
) , .

)
5.1.1, :
Jxo

bh 3
12

a =

h
.
2

, Steiner, :
Jx1

bh 3
h
+ bh
12
2

bh 3 bh 3
+
12
4

bh 3
.
3

65

, 5.1.3, :
Jx1

bh 3
12

Jxo

Jx1 Fa

h
.
3

bh 3 bh h

12
2 3

a =

bh 3 bh 3

12
18

bh 3
.
36

Jx1

Jxo

r4

Jxo + F a 2

4
=

r4

=r,

+ r2 r2

:
5 r 4
.
4

cm),

) Jx Jy x, y
) Jx Jy
x y, x y.
) ix, iy, ixo iyo.

)
.
,
, ,
, .
, :

Jx = J ( I ', I '')x J II x + J III x + J IVx

, :

66

. -

J ( I ', I '' )x =

6 33 6 3 2
+
3 = 85,5 cm4,
36
2

14

+ 12 3 2

= 29,06 cm4,

J II x

J III x

7 23
3

= 18,67 cm4,

J IVx

1 33
3

= 9 cm4.

: Jx = 85,5 29,06 + 18,67 + 9 = 84,11 cm4.

, :
J I ' y + J I '' y J II y + J III y + J IV y .

Jy =

:
J I 'y

3 33 3 3 2
+
2
36
2

= 20,25 cm4,

J I '' y

3 33 3 3 2
+
4
36
2

= 74,25 cm4,

14

= 29,06 cm4,

J II y
J III y
J IV y

+ 12 3 2

2 73
3

= 228,67 cm4,

3 13
+ 3 1 7,5 2
12

= 169 cm4.

: Jy = 20,25 + 74,25 - 29,06 + 228,67 + 169 = 463,11 cm4.

67

)
,
x y C.
/

I + I
II
III
IV

:

xi
yi
cm
cm
3
3
3
3
3,5
1
7,5
1,5

Fi
cm2
9
-3,14
14
3
22,86

(Fi xi )
89,08
=
= 3,9 cm,
Fi
22,86

(Fi yi )
36,08
=
= 1,58 cm.
Fi
22,86

Fixi
cm3
27
-9,42
49
22,5
89,08

Fiyi
cm3
27
-9,42
14
4,5
36,08

Steiner
, Jxo Jyo.
Jxo = Jx Fy2 = 84,11 22,861,582 = 27,04 cm4
Jyo = Jy Fx2 = 463,11 22,863,92 = 115,41 cm4
) , ,
:
ix

iy

i xo

i yo

Jx
F

Jy
F
J xo
F

J yo
F

84,11
22,86

= 1,92 cm

463,11
22,86

= 4,5 cm

27,04
22,86

115,41
= 2,25 cm.
22,86

= 1,09 cm

5.5
F
xOy. Jp
F ,
dF
.
68

. -

,
, :
Jp

dF ,

dF 2
.
,

.
, :

Jx

F y

dF

Jy

F x

dF

Jx + Jy

F (x

+ y 2 dF

= 2 dF
F

Jp .

()

.
, ,

, 5.1.4.

5.5.1
:
) r,

) , .

69

) dF
d, dF = 2d.

:
Jp

dF =
2

2 d
2

) , J x

4
= 2
4 o

r4
2

d4
32

Jy.

() :
Jp

= 2J x

Jx

Jy

= 2J y ,

Jp
2

r4
4

d4
64

5.6
5.1,
J xy

F xydF

dF
,
F
x y.

,
(
),
.
70

. -

, .. y,
x, y .
, dF x, ,
, dF x y.

xydF xydF
, xydF ,
F

, .
( ),
Jxy = 0.

5.7
,
.

dF m ,
.

,
m r .
.

71

,
,
.
,
,
m r.
r2m

.
r2m
m .
, ,

m ,
( ),
.

72

. -

,
,
.
:
1.
.
2.
.
, , :

2. ,
.
2. , ,
, .
,
.
, :
,
( ).
.

73

3. ,

. ,
:
3.
3. ,
,
3.
3. ,
.

6.1
, ,
( 3),

.
,
.
,
. ,

, .

.
,
.

l
lw
.
74

. -

.
,
. l .

().
,
.
,
.

, Gerber.
, ..
, ,
.
.
,
,

.
,
,

.
.


, .

, .

75

,

() 3
.
, > 3,
= 3.

6.2

.

1. .

,
.

,
,
.


.

2.

,
.

76

. -

, ,
,
x Ay.

3.
,
.

, , Ax Ay
, ,
.

.

6.3
,
.
, ,
, .
1. i
.

A B , ,

. , i i
i , :

77

( M )A + = 0
( M )B + = 0

( P1 1 ) + P2 2 + P3 3 + P4 4 B l = 0 Pi i = B l
P11' P2 2' P3 3' + P4 ( 4' ) + A l = 0 Pi i' = A l

A =

1
Pi i' ,

B =

1
Pi i
l

(1)

(1), i i i
i .
y

= 0 ,

A + B = Pi
.
2. ,
.

, .
q
. ..
2/m,
, 2
.

, , ,
.
, ,
q, .

,
,
, ,
78

. -

Q=q
.
, (1), :
A' = Q
B' = Q

'
l

= q
= q

+ /2
l
a+ /2
l

3. ,

,

,
.
, Q (
) xo ()
, :

A' = Q

l xo
,
l

B' = Q

xo
l

qo.

, :

Q =

1
qo l ,
2

, 2l/3.
:

A' =

Q '
l

qo l l

2 3l

qo l

79

qo l
Q
=
l
3
:
,
( )
1, .
B' =

6.4

.
. ,
, , .
,
,
,
.
, N,
Q, M, :
1. ()
2. (Q)
3. ()
, Q, , ,
,
,
(), (Q), ().
,
, Mt.

P 2 45.
P 2 ,
, ,
.

( ) +

= 0 P 2a B 4a = 0 B =

y + = 0

80

Ay P +

P
= 0
2

Ay =

P
2

P
2

. -

x = 0

Ax P = 0

Ax = P

,
.

x+ = 0,
, = ,
x = .
,
, .
,
y+ = 0, ,
, Q = P/2, Ay =
P/2.
,
(Q).
,
()+ = 0, , ,
= /2
() y, = y = /2.
, ().

6.5
Q

.

81

( )
.
,
.
:
) ()
) ()
) ,
:
)
) Q
) .

() ,
,
.
, (), (Q) ()
.

,

.

, (
):

1.
. ,
.

2. Q

82

. -

. ,
.

3.

. ,
.

.
, ( )
.

6.6
,
, , Q,
, .

( ) +

= 0 2,5

y + = 0

x = 0

Ay

4 1,5
0,5 + 4 2 + 2 3 3,5 5 = 0 = 6
2

4 1,5
4 23+ 6 = 0
2

Ax + 3 = 0

Ay = 7 N

Ax = 3 N

83

x x
.
, y ,
y,
, .

( )+

= 2,5

4 1,5
5,5 + 7 5 4 3 2 3 1,5 = 0 !
2

( )
,
,
:
=0
Q=0
= 0
= + 2,5 m
( )

,
, :
= + 3
= 0
Q = 4 + 23 6 = + 4
Q = 23 6 = 0

= - 231,5 + 63 = + 9 m

( )

,
.
,

. :
=0
Q = 22 - 6 = - 2
= - 221 + 62 = 8 m.
84

. -

6.7 q, Q &

q = q(x).
dx,
, x x+dx,
dx , ,
q.
, Q M
, ,
,
, , Q+dQ +d.
dQ dM .

, ,
, :

y + = 0 Q q dx Q dQ = 0

dQ
= q
dx

(i)

,
, :

( )+

= 0 M + q dx

dx
+ (Q + dQ )dx M dM = 0 ,
2

,
, :
.

q dx 2
dQ dx
2

85

dM
= Q.
dx

(ii)

(i) (ii) , :
1. , q=0, Q,
q, , ,
Q, .
2. , q= .,
Q x,
.
3. (
), q=x+, Q
x, 3 ...
,
, +1,
+2.
4. ,
Q.
5. H M ,


. , x
x, (ii), :
dM = Q dx ,

xo x, :

M
Mo

dM =

x
xo

Q dx

M Mo =

x
xo

Q dx ,

M = M o + Q dx
xo

6.
,
q .
,
(),
Q
.

86

. -

6.8 Q


.

,
, ,
.
()
,
(Q) (), :
)
) .

,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
Q
, :
1. , , :

( Q),
( ),

,
, .
2. ,
( )
, ,
, .
3. ,
,

87

.
, .
4. , x,
, ,
, :
( Q)

( ).
5.
, ( i
ii 6.7).
6. , x, ,
.
,
, .
,
. , ,
7. ( 6
6.7) ,
, :
) ,
, .
x
(
). y,
, :

88

. -

q
( Q)

Q
( )

.
, q Q 0,
(Q) () , .

)
, (), l
q,
,
,
= =

ql 2
,
8

.
.
)
,

:

89

, ,
,
. ,
A
.
: Q
.

. ,
,
.

90

. -

6.9

(Q)
().

()

= 0 1,61 + 2,222,5 3,5 = 0 = 3,6

y+ = 0 1,6 2,22 + 3,6 = 0 = 2,4

()

= 2,41,5 1,60,5 +2,221 3,62 = 0 !

Q
.

91

( 0 < x < 1 )
QI = 2,4 N
( 1 < x 1,5 )
QII = 2,4 1,6 = 0,8 N .
( 0 < x 2 ) .
QIII = 2,2x 3,6
x = 0 QB = 3,6
x = 2 Q = 0,8

, . :
QIII = 0 , 2,2x 3,6 = 0 x = 1,64 m.

( 0 x 1 )
MI = 2,4x.
x = 0 MA = 0
x = 1 M = 2,4 m
( 1 x 1,5 )
= 2,4x 1,6(x 1).
x = 1 M = 2,4 m,
x = 1,5 M = 2,8 m.
( 0 x 2 ) .
= 3,6x 2,2xx/2 = 3,6x 1,1x2
x = 0 MB = 0,
x = 2 M = 2,8 m,
x = 1,64 m MIII max = 2,95 Nm
:
() ,
(1) .

(Q)
() .

92

. -

4 1,5
0,5 + 2,5 1 + 2 3 2,5 B 4 = 0 = 4
2
4 1,5
y+ = 0 A
2,5 2 3 + 4 = 0 = 7,5
2
4 1,5
: ()+ =
1,5 + 7,5 1 + 2 3 1,5 4 3 = 0 !
2
Q
( 0 x < 1,5 )

()

=0

qx
x ,
:

93

qx
4
x
=
qx =
x
4 1,5
1,5

: Q I =

qx x
4
x
2 2
x .
=
x =
2
1,5
2
1,5

x = 0 Q = 0
x = 1,5 Q = 3
( 1,5 < x 2,5 )
QII = 41,5/2 +7,5 = 4,5 N .
( 0 < x < 3 )
QI = 2x 4.
x = 0 Q = 4
x = 3 Q = + 2 .
Q = 0, 2x 4 = 0 x = 2 m.
:
2,5 , ,
, y+ = 0 .

( 0 x 1,5 )
MI =

qx x x
4
x x
2 3
x =
x
=
2
3
1,5 2 3
4,5

x = 0 M = 0,
x = 1,5 M = 1,5 m
( 1,5 x 2,5 )
=

4 1,5
(x 1) + 7,5(x 1,5)
2

x = 1,5 M = 1,5 m
x = 2,5 M = + 3 m.
= 0 , 3x + 3 +7,5x 11,25 = 0 x = 1,83 m.
:
,
,
.
( 0 x 3 ) .
94

. -

MI = 4 x 2 x

x
= 4x x 2
2

x = 0 M = 0
x = 3 M = + 3 m
x = 2 m MIII max = 42 22 = 4 Nm
,

.

4 1,5
2,5 + 1 4,5 5 = 0 = 11 m
2
4 1,5
y+ = 0 A 2 2
1 = 8
2
4 1.5
: ()+ = 11 + 8 4,5 2 2 3,5 5
2 = 0 !
2

()

= 0 M A + 2 2 1 +

Q
.

95

( 0 < x 2 )
QI = 8 2x
x = 0 Q = 8
x = 2 Q = 4
( 1 x 2,5 ) .
:

qx x 1
4
(x 1)
qx =
=
4
1,5
1,5

: QI = 1 + q x

x 1
4
(x 1) x 1 = 1 + 2 (x 1)2 .
= 1+
2
1,5
2
1,5

x = 1 Q = 1
x = 2,5 Q = 4 ( Q )
( 0 < x 1 ) .
QI = 1 .

( 0 < x < 2 )
MI = 11 + 8x 2xx/2 = 11 + 8x x2
x = 0 MA = 11 Nm,
x = 2 M = + 1 m.
: = 0, x2 8x +11 = 0 . ,
x1, 2

8 64 4 11 1
2 1

8 4,47 6,24

,
1,76
2

x1 = 6,24 m x .
( 1 x < 2,5 ) .
= 1 x q x

(x 1)2 = x 2 (x 1)3
x 1 x 1
4

= x ( x 1)
2
3
1,5
6
4,5

x = 1 M = 1 m,
x = 2,5 M = 4 m.
:
2,
, = 5 m, ,
+

, ()

96

=0.

. -

, ,


.
( 0 x 1 ) .
= 1x .
x = 0 ME = 0,
x = 1 M = 1 m.
:
,
(5)
( 1).
,

.

()

= 0 2 2 1 2 1 + 4 3 1,5 + 5 3 6 B 5 +

y+ = 0 A 2 1 2 4 3 5 + 10,5

33
7 = 0 =10,5
2

33
= 0 = 15 .
2

()

= 2 5 1 2 4 + 15 3 4 3 1,5 6 10,5 2 +

33
4 = 0 !
2

Q
( 0 < x < 2 )
QI = 2 1x
x = 0 Q = 2 ,
x = 2 Q = 4 .
( 2 < x < 5 )
QI = 2 12 + 15 4(x 2) = 11 4(x 2).
x = 2 QA = 11 ,
x = 5 Q = 1 .
.

97

Q = 0 , 11 4x + 8 = 0,

x = 4,75 m.

( 3 < x < 5 ) .
QI =

33
10,5 = 6 .
2

V ( 0 x < 3 ) .
,
,
:
98

. -

, 3 /m ,
, 3 /m ,
( , ).
qx ( )
x , :

qx x
=
qx = x .
3 3
: QIV = 3 x

qx x
x2
.
= 3x
2
2

x = 0 Q = 0,
x = 3 Q = 4,5 .

( 0 x 2 )
MI = 2 x 1 x

x
x2
.
= 2x
2
2

x = 0 M = 0,
x = 2 M = 6 m.
( 2 x < 5 )
= 2 x 1 2( x 1) + 15( x 2 )

4( x 2 )
2

x = 2 M = 6 m,
x = 5 M = 9 m.
x = 4,75 m, MII max = 9,125 Nm.
: = 0, 2x 2x + 2 + 15x 30 2x2 + 8x 8 = 0 .
x2 9,5x + 18 = 0. ,
x1, 2

9,5 90,25 4 1 18
2 1

9,5 4,27 6,89

,
2,49
2

x1 = 6,89 m .
I ( 3 x < 5 ) .
=

33
(x 1) + 10,5(x 3) .
2

x = 3 M = 9 m,
x = 5 M = 3 m.
.

99

: = 0, 4,5x + 4,5 +10,5x 31,5 = 0 x = 4,5 m.

V ( 0 x 3 ) .
, ,
,
V = 3 x

3x 2 x 3
x
x x
.
+ qx =
+
2
2 3
2
6

x = 0 ME = 0,
x = 3 MB = 9 m.
,

(Q), ()
() .

x y
,
Bx
= 30 x = 0,58 y
By
()+ = 0
:

4,5 3
2 + 2 4 2 B y 4 0,58 B y 3 = 0 y = 5,14
2

x = 2,98

= 5,94 .
y+ = 0 y 24 + 5,14 = 0 y = 2,86
x+ = 0 Ax +

4,5 3
2,98 = 0 x = 3,77
2

: ()+ = 3,77 3

4,5 3
1 + 2 4 2 5,14 4 = 0 !
2

Q
( 0 < x < 3 )
qx
x , :
qx
x
q x = 1,5 x .
=
4,5 3
100

. -

101

qx x
1,5 x 2
= 3,77
: QI = 3,77
.
2
2
x = 0 Q = 3,77 ,
x = 3 Q = 2,98 .
QI = 0 x2 = 3,772/1,5 x = 2,24 m.
.
( 0 < x < 4 ) .
QI = 5,14 + 2x .
x = 0 Q = 5,14 ,
x = 4 Q = 2,86 .
QII = 0 2x = 5,14 x = 2,57 m.

( )
, ,
, ,
.
(Q) ().
( 0 x 3 )
qx x x
x3
MI = 3,77 x
.
= 3,77 x
2
3
4

x = 0 M = 0,
x = 3 M = 4,56 m.
x = 2,24 m, MI max = 5,63 Nm.
( 0 x 4 ) .
= 5,14 x 2 x

x
= 5,14 x x 2 .
2

x = 2 M = 0,
x = 4 M = 4,56 m.
x = 2,57 m, MII max = 6,6 Nm.

,

, .

102

. -

,
.
,
(Q) (), ().
( 0 < x < 3 )
= y = 2,86 N .
( 0 < x < 4 ) .
= x = 2,98 N .

6.10
1. (),

,
,
(
1 3)
2.
,
,
,
.
3. (Q),

,

(
Q 3).
4.
, Q

().

6.11
,
,

103

,
.
:
1. () (g)
2. (p)
3. (s).
,
() .
,
, :
1. (w)
2.
3. ().
,
().
,
.
,
, :
) (g),

) (p),
,
.
, q = g + p,
.
q g, ,
.

q.
,
,
.

, :
104

. -

1) :
(max B) ( )
(min MB).

2) :
(max A) (max MAB).

3) :
(min MAB) (min A).
,
.

,

.
,
, . :
1) : : min MA, min MB, min MAB.

2) : max A.

105

3) : max B.

4) : max MAB.

5) : min MA min B.

6) : min M min .

106

. -

,
.
,
,
.

.
, ,
, ( ),
( ).

,
.
:
) ,

) ,
.
,
. .

( ),
,
( ).

, , ,

107

,
.

, ,

,
, ( ).


, ( ).

:
) .

.
, ,
.
) ,
.
,
.
,

.
,
, :
+ = 2 ,
: ,
,
,
(2
1 )

108

.
, :
+ = 3 .
:
) () .
)
,
.
,
.

, :
i)

ii) .
,
,
:
1. .
2. Cremona.
3. Ritter.

7.1



(30, 45, 60).

, ,

.

,
, :
+

x = 0

y + = 0

109

( M ) +

= 0

.

.

.
: :
)
) ,

.
.

7.1.1

,
.

( M ) A + = 0

y +

4 a 1 a B 3a = 0

= 0

Ay 4 + 1 = 0

110

B = 1 k

y = 3 k

x = 1 k .

x = 0 A + 1 = 0

, ,
, .

( = 1 k), ..
S1 S2 .

y+ = 0, S2:

y + = 0 1 S1 45 = 0 S1 =

1
= + 1,41 kN
0,707

= 0 S 2 1,41 45 = 0 S 2 = 1,41 0,707 = + 1 kN

S1 S2
, .
. 7_3,
, ,
, , ,
.
1 ,
1,41 k,
, .

111

(
),
1, + 1,41 (k).
2 ,
1 k, ,
.
1.
,

.

S3 S6,
:
+

x = 0 S 6 + 1,41 45 + 1 = 0 S6 = + 2 kN
y + = 0 S 3 + 1,41 45 = 0

S3 = - 1 kN

S6
, S3
, .
. 7_3
, 6
3,
+ 2 1 .
: ,


.
.

, :

112

y + = 0 1 S 5 45 = 0

S5 = + 1,41 kN

= 0 S 4 1,41 45 = 0 S4 = - 2 kN .

= 0 S8 2 = 0

S8 = - 2 kN

y + = 0 S 7 4 = 0 S7 = - 4 kN

,
.

= 0 S 9 45 + 1,41 45 + 2 = 0
S9 = (1 + 2)/0,707 = + 4,24 kN

= 0 4,24 45 4 + 1,41 45 = 3 4 + 1 = 0 !

()

= 0 1 + 4,24 45 2 = 1 + 3 2 = 0 !

y + = 0 3 4,24 45 = 3 3 = 0!

113

1
-1

, , ,

. 2, ,
,
.

.
,
.

, ,
.
,

, ,
.
, k , 2k3
, 3
,
2k 3 + 3 = 2k ,
2k
+

k ( x = 0 , y + = 0 ) .

2
,
.

114

7.2 Cremona

,
,
Cremona.
,
, ,
.

3
,
,
, ,
.

. ,
, ,
,
.
, ,

,
,
,
.

,
Bow Bow Cremona.

,
. , ,
, ,
, .

7.2.1
,
Cremona
. .

115

( M ) A +
+
y

= 0 53+ 26 B 3 = 0

= 0

A55+92 = 0

B = 9 k

= 3 k

,
.
) , .. ,
.
..
2,
, 3,
, 5 kN 5 6.
) , ,

,
, .
) ,
,
( ),
, .

, .. 1
( 1 cm) 1 kN, ( ) 2 kN,

, ,

116

,
2 kN, .

1,
i , i
.
Cremona
1 i .
2,
i .
i ,
2,
1 ( ), i .
i,
i.

,
i,
.

117

,
, ( ),
, .
, .
(. ) 1 ..
, Cremona,
i ( i), .
i = 6
1 - 6
kN.

(kN)

-6

+5,1

-3,1

-5,4

-2

+2

-2,8

-3

2 , i =
5,1 kN, + 5,1 ,
3 .

3 4
(. ), 1,
i .
( )
i (),
, .
, 4,
. Cremona
4 .
, 3
i, i 3, .
ii,
,
, i, , ,
.
, , , ,
.
4 3
. Cremona i
5,4 3,1 .
118

a = 5 kN.
, ,
= 5 .
,
i 2, ,
i
,
, .
i
3.
, .
5, 6 .
Cremona ,
,
5 6 .
Cremona , ,
, 5
6, 2 +2 .

a = 5 kN
, 6.
7,
9 .
2,8 7,
( ),
-3 9.


8,
7.1.

, =

= 3 kN,
3 .
9 3 kN,

119

. 8,
( ), .


, ,
.
,
8, 7, 5 4

, ,
9 kN (= 9 )
.
: ,

( ), , ( ),
( 1 2).

,
.

7.3 (Ritter)
,
+ = 2,
.
.
..
,
, ,
, ,
.
,

.
, ,
,
3
.

120

, ,
Ritter,
.
,
.
,
,
, .
:
) ,
) 3 4.
3,

.
,
, 3.

,

( M )i

= 0 ,

i .
:
) ,

( M ) i + = 0

.
) ,
(x

=0

y + = 0 ), ,

.
,

=0

y + = 0 ,

.

.

( ) .
.

121

,
,
.

.
, ,
( ).
,
.
,
,
.
.

7.3.1

12, 13 14.

,
= = 7 kN, . 7_13,
, (
).

= 7 kN,
2 kN,
12, 13 14 .

122

,

( ) S12, S13, S14,
.
,
.
h ( 12 13)
14, r ( 13 14)
12 ( 12 14) 13,
, :

y + = 0 ,

= 0,

( M ) i +

= 0.

, ,
h, r
.

1
h
=
2
3a

= 26,57

h = 1,5 a

= 0,447, = 0,894

r = 4 = 1,79

1,5

= 1,5 = 56,31,

= 0,832, = 0,555

= 4 = 3,33
:

( M ) +

= 0 7 3 2 2 2 S14 1,5a = 0
S14

21 4 2
1,5

= 10 kN

123

( M ) + = 0

7 4 2 3 2 2 2 + S12 1,79a = 0

S12

( M ) A + = 0

28 6 4 2
1,79

= 8,94 kN

2 + 2 2a + 2 3 + S13 3,33a = 0

S13

2+4+6
3,33

= 3,6 kN

= 0

y + = 0 ,

S12 S13.
+

x = 10 3,6 8,94

= 10 2 8 = 0 !

y + = 7 2 2 2 8,94 + 3,6 = 1 3,99 + 2,99 = 0!

(29 + 3
= 216), ( )
,
.
,
.

( )
.

.

.
, :
+ = 2,

9 + 3 = 26

(M ) A + = 0 1 3 + 3 a B 3a = 0 B = 2 kN

124

y + = 0
x

Ay 3 + 2 = 0

= 0 Ax + 1 = 0

Ay

Ax

= 1 kN

= 1 kN

, ,

Cremona.
(. ),
.

(. )
, 1 kN, S2, S4 S7,
.
(M ) + = 0 1 1,5 + S 2 3a = 0 S 2 = 0,5 kN

y + = S 4 + 0,5 = 0 S 4 = 0,5 kN

= 0 1 S7

= 0 S7

= 1 kN .

125

2, 4 7,
,
( ).
:
,

.
,
.
,
, ,
.

,

. + = 2,
15 + 3 = 29.
, ,
:

(M ) A + = 0 2 2 + 4 3a B 4a = 0 B = 4 kN

y + = Ay + 4 = 0

Ay

= 4 kN

x = 0 Ax + 2 + 4 = 0
126

Ax

= 6 kN .

, Cremona
.

(. ), 1,
2 3. (. ),
= 4 kN S1, S2 S3
. :

(M ) P + = 0 S1 4 2a = 0 S1 = 8 kN

y + = 4 + S 3 45o

= 0 S3 =

4
0,707

= 5,657 kN

= 0 8 S 2 + 5,657 45o = 0 S 2 = 8 + 4 = 12 kN .

S3 S1,
,
.

,
.

, , ,
(37 + 3 = 220).
, ,
, Cremona , ..

127

, 1, 2
3 4 .

, ,
,
,
.
,
(. 7_19).
7, 8, 9 10 , :
(M ) + = 0

A S10 a = 0 S10 = A

= 0 S 7 + S10 = 0 S 7 = S10 = A

,
,
( ),
, ,
.

128

.

.

, 4 ,
.

,
.




. ,
,
!

, .

.

129

8.1
)
,
, ,
.
:
)
) ,
1 2.

.
1,
1 1,

1 1.
, 2 ,
2 2,
2 2.
,
.
1 2 ,
.
) 1
130

) 1 2

) .
1, 1, 2
.
1, 2 .
(1 2)
.

So, S2 S1
.

.
:


.
= 1 + 2

= 1 + 2 .

)
,
,
, .
VA, HA VB, HB.
,

( M ) +

= 0,

+
y = 0,

= 0,

,
, ,
+
( M )
. =0

+
( M )

=0 ,

.

. :

131

) (),

( M ) + = 0 ,
+
( M )
= 0 .

VB,

, x
VA.

= 0 y + = 0 ,

) ,
+
( M )

= 0

( M ) +

= 0,

HB VB. ,
+

VA ( x = 0 , y + = 0 ).

8.2
,
M, Q, N ,
( ) (
).
:

= Q ( )

= Q ( )

132

, Q
,
.
, :
= 0 .

8.3
,

)
) G.

, VA, VB
,
, 8.1 (),
:

( M ) +

= 0 4 3 + 3 6 V B 10 = 0

VB = 3 k

+
( M )G

= 0 = 3 1 3 5 + H B 4 = 0

B = 3 k

VA = 4 k

A = 3 k

y + = 0 V A 4 3 + 3 = 0

= 0 = HA 3= 0

133

HG VG
G,
(. ), :

= 0 = HG 3 = 0

y + = 0 VG 3 + 3 = 0

G = 3 k

VG = 0

() BG 1 1,
G 2 2.
()
1 2.
1 1 1,
1 1.
2 2 2,
2 2.
5 4, 2
, 4
6 , ,
.

, :

VA = 4 kN

HA = 3 kN

VB = 3 kN

HB = 3 kN.

26 = B1 A2 ,

, 62 = (B1 A2 ) ,
.

(. ),
3 kN.

134

.
.
,
,
,
.

Coulomb.
:
1.

2.

3. ,
.
F,
,
.

F =
,
.
F
, .
F

135

,
.
,
.

9.1
, ,
.

F
,

.

F T

,
,
. .
F
:
= F

F = = ,
= / = /.

= ,

136

9.2


.

(, ).

.
.

.
,
, ,
.
= F/
,
0,03,
0,004.

9.3
,
. ,
F .

F,
F .

137

,
F F.
l ,
,
= l.
.

FK = N

MK = FK l .

F
. l
.
, F
.

, R , :
FR = N l = FK l
:

l
FK .
R

9.4

.

, .
, ,
. ,
.
,
, .
l.
FK ,
,
, , ,
:
()+ = 0 -R - N l + (B + )R = 0

138

N l = R

(i)

y+ = 0 N B FK (B + ) = 0

= FK + 2B + .

(i) l
l

R
FK + 2 B +

9.5
.
= 0,25.

, , ) ) .

, .
1 2 ,
, .

.
, (5) :
(4) 1, 1
2, 2 1 2.
(4) ,
(5) , (3)
, (1)
.
:

139

()2+ = 0

1(01) 1(02) (0) = 0

(1)

y+ = 0

1 = 2 = 0

(2)

x+ = 0

1 2 = 0

(3)

1 = 1

(4)

2 = 2

(5)

, (2) (3)
(4) (5):
(2):

1 + 2 =

(2)

(3):

1 = 2

(3)

(2) 2 (3),
1 + 21 =

1(1 + 2) =

(2)

(102)
(01) = (12)

(02) = (12)

OE =

(01) = (01)
2

(1) :
1(12) 1(12) (12)/2 = 0

21 21 = 0

, 1 (4)
(2), :
21 21 1(1 + 2) = 0
2 = 2 (1 + 2) = 0

2 = (2 1 2) .
140

1 2
2

, = 0,25,

1 0,0625
0,5

= 1,875 .

= 61 55 39.

)
, ,
, ,
.
) :
i)

,
ii)
,
.
.
, ,

, (3)
.
.
:
,
, 1,
1 1
(1 = 0,25 1).

, .
, 1.
, 2,
2 (= 0,252) .

141

2,
.

,
,
, = 62.

1. l ,
. , = l
, ,
.
2. , ,
,
,
.
, = 100 , :
= 97

= 24 ,

142

1 = 23,5

2 23,5

1 = 94

2 = 6

3.
. :
(2)

N1

B
1+ 2

100
1 + 0,0625

= 94,12 N

(4) 1 = 1 = 0,2594,12 = 23,53

(3) 2 = 1 = 23,53
(5) 2 = 2 = 0,2523.53 = 5,88 .

143

 10

. ,
, :
)

,
)
, ( )
.


, .

,
.


,

.

10.1
,
,
xOy.

144

10

F
xOy.

Ox .
F ,
, ,
.

,
, , ,
.
,

.

( ), .
,
r ,
, r,
.
.
,
,
.

, , ,
,
, Q.

145

 10

,
.
, ,
.

,
, x,
y.

y x
, .
,

xB

= 2l

= l ,

x B

= 2l

= l

,

, .

10.2



.

.
146

 10

Pi , ,
si
. Pi ,
si Pii
.

Ui Pi
si,

U i

= Pi i si .

()

x

.

kpcm kNm, , ,
. (
, ).
Pi
s, ()
.

Ui

Pi i si .
s

i, si i, s
.
,
, ,
,
, .
,

.
,

147

 10

.
,
.
,
, .
, M = Pr,
,
.

=
.
,
-
.
,
.

dU

= P ds 2

= P (r ) = M ,

()

.

.

10.3

() () ,

.

148

10

, ,
. , .
,
.
.

.
,
,

.

:
,
,
.
() ()
,

U = 0 Pi i s i + M i i = 0

()

,
, .
)
,

) ,
, ,
.


()
.

10.4

149

 10

9.1, ,
.

()
F
, :

Pi i si
s p =

= 0

P s p F s F

= 0

s F =

.
P

Pa
.
F

F P

= 0 ,

,

, (M ) A + = 0 .

, ,
.
,
9.1, Q
,
. ( ).

()
P Q, ,
.
,
y x
P Q, :

V = 0

150

P y Q x = 0 .

10

y
,
,
.
Q,
P l Q 2l = 0 ,

Q =

P
.
2

. ,
Q,
,
.
Q
, .
, .

,

,
.

,
, = 2.

h ,
Q
.

Q .

,
.

151

 10

, , ,
, ,

U1 = M = 2 P a .
h ,
,

s2

h ,
2

U2

= Q s2

= Qh

.
2

Q
s2 .
Q .
:

U = 0
Q =

4a
P =
h

2 Pa Qh

= 0 ,
2

2
M.
h

Q
, .

152

 10

U1 = P s1 = P r 1 .
, Q,
,
.
, , ,
,
h =

H
2

1
( r 1 r 2 ) ,
2

U2

= Qh = Q

U = 0

P =

r 1 r 2
Q
2r 1

r 1 r 2
.
2

P r 1 Q
Q =

r 1 r 2

2

= 0 ,

2r 1
P .
r 1 r 2

10.5

, ,
.

153

 10

,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
,
W , .

,

W,
W .
,

= 0

P s W s F s = 0 ,

()

s
F W .
, F
F

= W .

, ()
P s W s W s = 0 ,

P = W ( + )

()

(), s
s,
W s,
.

154

 10

, Ws ,
s
.

W.

, :
a =

.
+

= 0,
, .
, W,
,
,

P s + W s W s = 0 ,

P = W ( ) .

= 0 ,

= ,

, ,
.
, .
= , = ,
a =

1
.
2

10.6

Q .
= 0,25,
r = 28 cm d = 8 cm,
:

)
Q
) .
.

155

 10

) ,

U1 = P s1 = P r .
, Q
F
.
Q

U 2 = Q s2 ,
s 2 =

s1
2

Q.

U 3 = F s3 = N s3 ,
= 2

d
, s3 =

2
.

, ,
,

= 0

r
d
P r Q 2 P
2
2

= 0 ,

P( r d ) =

156

Qr
2

P =

r
Q .
2( r d )

 10

P =

28
Q = 0,538 Q .
2 (28 0,25 8)

)
, Q,
, .

a =

r
Q
2
P r

Q
2
P

Q
2
0,538 Q

0,5
= 0,929 .
0,538

,
,
Q, .

y
.

, y
.

157

 10

x, , y,
,

= l .

= l .

, x
y, ,

xA

= l

x A = l .

x
,
.
,

Q, F.

, ( /2),
.
, ,

U = 0

P y 2Q x A 2

P y 2Q x A 2 F x A
P
xA
2

= 0 ,

= 0

P( y x A ) = 2Q x A .

,

P(l l ) = 2Q l ,

P( ) = 2Q .
,

P(1 ) = 2Q ,
P =

158

2Q
.
1

 10

,
Q,
.

a =

2Q x A
,
P y

, ,

2Q l
2Q
l
1

= 1 .

159


1.

. ,
, , 1977.

2.

. ,
, , 1988.

3.

. ,
, , 1990.

4.

. , , , 1968.

5.

. . ,
, , 1968.

6.

. . , , , 1967.

7.

. . , , ,
1965.

8.

, ,
, 1983.

9.

. . , ,
, 1989.

10.

.. , , , 1994.

11.

.. , , , 1994.

12.

.. , ,
, 2002.

13.

.. ,
, , 2002.

14.

S. Timoshenko, D.H. Young, , , 1964.

15.

Gere & Timoshenko, Mechanics of Materials, Stanford

University, Monterey, California.

16.

Raymond F. Neathery, Statics and Applied Strength of

Materials, Canada, 1985.

160