Chapter3 GeometricalOptics

GabrielPopescu
UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign
y
p g
BeckmanInstitute
QuantitativeLightImagingLaboratory
Quantitative
Light Imaging Laboratory
http://light.ece.uiuc.edu
Principles of Optical Imaging

Electrical and Computer Engineering, UIUC

ECE460 OpticalImaging

Objectives
IntroductiontogeometricalopticsandFourieroptics
g
p
p
precedesMicroscopy

Chapter3:Imaging

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3.1 Geometrical Optics

3.1GeometricalOptics
Iftheobjectsencounteredbylightarelargecomparedto
j
y g
g
p
wavelength,theequationsofpropagationcanbegreatly
simplified(0)
i.e.thewavephenomena
i th
h
( tt i i t f
(scattering,interference,etc)are
t )
neglected
y
Inhomogeneousmedia,lighttravelsinstraightlinesrays
g
, g
g
G.O.dealswithraypropagationtroughopticalmedia(eg.
Imagingsystems)
Ob

Chapter3:Imaging

blackbox
imaging
imaging
system

Im

OpticalAxis

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3.1 Geometrical Optics

3.1GeometricalOptics
G.O.predictsimagelocationtroughcomplicatedsystems;
p
g
g
p
y
;
accuracyisfairlygood
Nowadaystherearesoftwareprogramsthatcanrunray
propagationtrougharbitrarymaterials
ti t
h bit
t i l
So,whatarethelawsofG.O.?

Chapter3:Imaging

ECE460 OpticalImaging

3.2 Fermatssprinciple
3.2Fermat
principle
a)) n=constant

b)n=n()=functionof
)
(r )
position
B

ds

L
A

c
v
n

L 1
Time:t AB v c nL
straightline
Chapter3:Imaging

c
n( r )
ds 1
dt n( s )ds
vB c
1
t AB c n( s )ds
A
v(r )

(3.1)
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3.2 Fermatssprinciple
3.2Fermat
principle
FermatsPrincipleisreminiscentofthefollowingproblemthat
p
gp
youmighthaveseeninhighschool:
SomeoneisdrowningintheOceanatpoint(x,y)Thelifeguardatpoint(u,w)
p
p
cantravelacrossthebeachatspeedv
1 andinthewateratspeedv
2.Whatishis
bestpossiblepath?
(x,y)
v2
v1
(u,w)

Chapter3:Imaging

ECE460 OpticalImaging

3.2 Fermatssprinciple
3.2Fermat
principle
Definition:
(3.2)
S ct n( s )ds opticalpathlength
Howcanwepredictraybending(eg.mirage)?
FermatsPrinciple:
Lightconnectsanytwopointsbyapathofminimumtime
(the least time principle)
(theleasttimeprinciple)
B

n( S )dS 0
A

(3.3)

Ifn=constantinspace,AB=line,ofcourse
Chapter3:Imaging

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3.3 SnellssLaw
3.3Snell
Law
Consideraninterfacebetween2media:
y
1

n1

B
2

x
n2

Theraysarebentsuchthat:
n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2

(3.4)

Snell
Snellsslaw(3.4)canbeeasilyderivedfromFermat
law (3 4) can be easily derived from Fermatssprinciple,
principle
byminimizing:
S n1 AO n2 OB totalpathlength
Takeitasanexercise
Chapter3:Imaging

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3.3 SnellssLaw
3.3Snell
Law

n2 n1

ConsequencesofSnellsLaw:
a)) Ifn
f 2> n1 2< 1 (raygetsclosertonormal)
(
l
l)
b)Ifn2<n1 quiteinteresting!

1 n1
2 sin sin 1
(3.5)
n2

Raygetsawayfromnormal
Ray gets away from normal
y
n

n2 <n1
n2

k2
1
k1

2
x

n1

i 1 1 2 NOTRANSMISSION
So,if sin
2
n2

Chapter3:Imaging

demoavailable

2
k

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3.3 SnellssLaw
3.3Snell
Law
c
Theangleofincidenceforwhich
g
n1 sin c n2

(3.6)

iscalledcriticalangle
Thisistotalinternalreflection
n1

c)) lawofreflection
n2 n1 Snellslawis:
n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2
1 2 (reflectionlaw)
Energyconservation:P
Energy conservation: Ptt +P
Pr =P
Pi
Chapter3:Imaging

n2
t

2
1

i
(3.7)

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3.4 Propagation Matrices in G.O

3.4PropagationMatricesinG.O
Efficientwayofpropagatingraysthroughopticalsystems
y p p g
g y
g p
y
y
1

OpticalSystem
y1

y2

OA OpticalAxis

Anygivenrayiscompletelydeterminedatacertainplaneby
the angle with OA 11 ,andheightw.r.tOA,y
theanglewithOA,
and height w r t OA y1
Letspropagate(y1, 1),assumesmallanglesGaussian
approximation

Chapter3:Imaging

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3.4 Propagation Matrices in G.O

3.4PropagationMatricesinG.O
a)) Translation
y1

y2

OA
d

2 1
y2 y1 d tan 1
Small angles:
Smallangles:

y2 y1 d1

2 0 y1 11
Chapter3:Imaging

(3.8)

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3.4 Propagation Matrices in G.O

3.4PropagationMatricesinG.O
a)) Translation
Wecanrewriteincompactform:

y2 1 d y1

0
1
1
2

Chapter3:Imaging

(3.9)

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3.4 Propagation Matrices in G.O

3.4PropagationMatricesinG.O
b)Refractionsphericaldielectricinterface
)
p
y

n1

2
y1

n2
OA

Snellslaw: n11 n2 2
Geometry: 1 1

2 2

y1 y2

R R
n1
n2
1
n11 y1 n2 2 y2 |

R
R
n2
Chapter3:Imaging

(3 10)
(3.10)

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3.4 Propagation Matrices in G.O

3.4PropagationMatricesinG.O
b)Refractionsphericaldieletricinterface
)
p
So: y2 y1 0 1

n1
y1 n1
2 ( 1) 1
n2
R n2

Chapter3:Imaging

1
y2
n1 n2
2 n R
2

0
y1

n1
1

n2

(3.11)

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3.4 Propagation Matrices in G.O

3.4PropagationMatricesinG.O
b)Refractionsphericaldieletricinterface
)
p
Important:Toavoidconfusionbetween and angles,
usesignconvention
1. angleconvention
+

OA

Counterclockwise=positive
2
convention
2. distance
distanceconvention
Left negative
Right positive
A

OA
B

Chapter3:Imaging

+
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3.4 Propagation Matrices in G.O

3.4PropagationMatricesinG.O
b)Refractionsphericaldieletricinterface
)
p
Example:
R
R
+

1
We found n1 n2
Wefound
nR
2

0
1
n1 and
and n2 n1
nR
n2
2

0
n1
n2

Same+/
Same
/ conventionappliestosphericalmirrors.Without
convention applies to spherical mirrors. Without
signconvention,itseasytogetthewrongnumbers.
Chapter3:Imaging

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3.4 Propagation Matrices in G.O

3.4PropagationMatricesinG.O
c)) Dielectricinterface p
particularcaseofR
n1

n2
OA

1
n n
lim
2
R 1
nR
2

Chapter3:Imaging

0 1
n1
0

n2

0
n1
n2

(3.12)

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3.4 Propagation Matrices in G.O

3.4PropagationMatricesinG.O
Thenicethingisthatcascadingmultipleopticalcomponents
g
g
p p
p
reducestomultiplyingmatrices(linearsystems)
Example:
n2

n1

n3

n4

B
T1

R1

T2

R2

T3

R3

yB
yA
T4 R3 T3 R2 T2 R1 T1
B
A

T4
(3.13)

Notethereverseordermultiplication(chronologicalorder)
Chapter3:Imaging

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3.4 Propagation Matrices in G.O

3.4PropagationMatricesinG.O
Notethereverseordermultiplication(chronologicalorder)
p
(
g
)
1 d
T=Translationmatrix=

0
1

R=refractionmatrix=

Chapter3:Imaging

1
n n
2 1
nR
2

0
n1
n2

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3.5
The thick Lens
3.5ThethickLens
t

n1=1

n2=1
B
A
R1

R2
n

Typicalglass:n=1.5
Basicopticalcomponent:typically
Basic optical component: typically 2sphericalsurfaces
2 spherical surfaces
yB
yA
RB Tt RA .
B
A
0
0
1
1
yA
1 t

n 1

1 n 1 .

A
n 0 1
R

nR1 n
M
Chapter3:Imaging

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3.5 The thick Lens

3.5ThethickLens
Aftersomealgebra:
g

t
t

1
C

R1
n

M
t
t

(C1 C2 C1C2 n ) 1 C2 nR

2
Ingeneral C

(3 14)
(3.14)

n2 n1
convergenceofsphericalsurface
R

R1 >0,R2 <0 C1 >0&C2 >0 convergent

Note [C]
[C] =m
m1 =dioptries
dioptries
Chapter3:Imaging

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3.5 The thick Lens

3.5ThethickLens
1
t
Definition: C1 C2 C1C2
f
n

((3.15))

fisthefocaldistanceoflens
Eq(3.15)isthelensmakersequation

Chapter3:Imaging

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3.6
Cardinal points
3.6Cardinalpoints
ImageFormation
RayTracing
Ray Tracing
y
O

O
F

F
z

O=object;O=image;OO=conjugatepoints
F=focalpointimage(imageofobjectsfrom)
F = focal point object
F=focalpointobject
Transversemagnification:
y'
M
(3.16)
y

Chapter3:Imaging

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3.6 Cardinal points

3.6Cardinalpoints
Definition:principalplanes
p
p p
aretheconjugateplanesforwhich
j g p
M=1

f
f

F
H

Chapter3:Imaging

H,H=principalplanes
f f focal distances
f,f=focaldistances
!f,fmeasuredfromH

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3.7 Thin lens

3.7Thinlens
Particularuse:t 0
Transfermatrixforthinlens:
t
t

1
C
1

R1
n
1
0

lim
t 0
t
t (C1 C2 ) 1
(C1 C2 C1C2 n ) 1 C2 nR

2
1
1 1
C1 C2 (n 1)( )
Since
f
R1 R2

(Note R1 >0,R
> 0 R2 <0)
< 0)
1
1
Mthinlens
thin lens =

Chapter3:Imaging

(3 17)
(3.17)

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3.7 Thin lens

3.7Thinlens
Rememberothermatrices:

1 d
Translation: T

0
1

Refractionsphericalsurface: R n2 n1

nR
2
1 0

Sphericalmirror: M 2

1
(f =R/2)
(f
R/2)
R

Chapter3:Imaging

(3.18)

0
n1
n2

(3.19)

(3.20)

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3.7 Spherical Mirrors

3.7SphericalMirrors
Convergent

R
f
2

Divergent

Chapter3:Imaging

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3.8
Ray Tracing thin
lenses
3.8RayTracing
thinlenses
L
B

y
A

x
x

=convergent lens;f>0
=divergent lens;f<0

Chapter3:Imaging

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3.8 Ray Tracing thinlenses

3.8RayTracing
thin lenses
y '
y
' Tx ' M f Tx


1 0
1 x '
1 x y

0 1 f 1 0 1

x'
1 f

1
f

Chapter3:Imaging

xx '
x x '
f y

x
1

(3.21)

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3.8 Ray Tracing thinlenses

3.8RayTracing
thin lenses
y ' A B y
; ycanbefoundas:
can be found as:
' C D ;y


y ' Ay B

((3.22))

Conditionforconjugateplanes:

OA
y

(FigurepageIII13)
Forconjugateplanes,yshouldbeindependentofangle
B=0
i.e.stigmatism
i e stigmatism condition(pointsareimagedintopoints)
condition (points are imaged into points)
Weneglectgeometric/chromaticaberrations
Chapter3:Imaging

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Quiz

OA
y

Explain how Fermatssprincipleworkshere

ExplainhowFermat
principle works here.

S l ti
Solution
nS

n 1

S n( s )ds

Becausealloftheraysleavingagivenpointconvergeagainintheimage,weknow
fromFermatsprinciplethattheirpathsmustalltakethesameamountoftime.
Another way to say this is that all the paths have the same optical path length This
Anotherwaytosaythisisthatallthepathshavethesameopticalpathlength.This
isbecausethosepathsthattravelfurtherintheair,haveashorterdistanceto
travelinthemoretimeexpensiveglass.Iftheopticalpathlengthswerenotthe
same,theimagewouldnotbeinfocusbecauseraysfromasinglepointwouldbe
mappedtoseveralpoints.

ECE460 OpticalImaging

3.8 Ray Tracing thinlenses

3.8RayTracing
thin lenses
xx '
0
So,B=0
So B 0 x x '
f
1 1 1

x' x f

(3.23)

Eqaboveistheconjugatepointsequation(thinlens)
Eq3.22becomes:y=yA

x'
M A 1 Transversemagnification
f

Chapter3:Imaging

(3.24)

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3.8 Ray Tracing thinlenses

3.8RayTracing
thin lenses
Use
UseEq3.23:
Eq 3 23:
x'
1 1
M 1 1 x '
f
x' x
x'
0 (invertedimage)
x

x'
M
x

y' ?
1

(3.25)

Ifobjectandimagespacehavedifferentrefractiveindices,
3.23hasthemoregeneralform:
n' n 1
(3.26)

x' x f
Chapter3:Imaging

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3.8 Ray Tracing thinlenses

3.8RayTracing
thin lenses
x x' n' f
f = focal distance in air
f=focaldistanceinair
x ' x nf
Letsdifferentiate(3.26)forair,n=n=1:

dx '
dx
2
2
x'
x
2

x'
dx ' dx
x
dx ' M 2 dx

(3.27)

Eq3.27saysthatiftheobjectgetsclosertolens,theimage
Eq 3.27 says that if the object gets closer to lens, the image
movesaway!
Chapter3:Imaging

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3.8 Ray Tracing thinlenses

3.8RayTracing
thin lenses
OA

y
F

OA

Chapter3:Imaging

F
y

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3.8 Ray Tracing thinlenses

3.8RayTracing
thin lenses
Whathappenswhenx<f?
pp
1 1 1
1 1 1
0 ?
x' x f
x' f x

y
F

y
x

This
Thisimageisformedbycontinuationsofrays
image is formed by continuations of rays
Sometimescalledvirtualimages
Theseimagescannotberecordeddirectly
These images cannot be recorded directly
(need reimaging)
Chapter3:Imaging

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3.8 Ray Tracing thinlenses

3.8RayTracing
thin lenses
OtherusefulformulasinG.O(figureabove:,)
( g
, )
' f 2 (Newtonsformula)

y' ' f
(lensformula)

y
f

Chapter3:Imaging

(3.28)

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3.9 System of lenses

3.9Systemoflenses
Theimagethroughonelensbecomesobjectforthenextlens,
x2
etc
L2
L1
x2
y1

f2
f1

f1
x1

y1
x1

f2

y2

F1

y1=y2

Applylensequationrepeteatly.Or,usematrices
L2

L1
B
A

A
T1

A,A=conjugatethroughL
A A conj gate thro gh L1
B,B=conjugatethroughL2
Chapter3:Imaging

B
T2

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3.9 System of lenses

3.9Systemoflenses
UseT=T2.T1 ;;Tmatrixfrom3.21

x1 '

1
0

f1

T1
x
1
1
f
f

(
(3.29)
)

Note: 1 x1 1 x1 1 1
f1
x1 x1 '
x
1
11 1
magnification
x1 ' M 1

Chapter3:Imaging

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3.9 System of lenses

3.9Systemoflenses
x1
1
1
f1 M 1
also: 1

(3.30)

x1 '
M1
f1

det(T1)=1
T T2 .T1

Transverse Magnification
TransverseMagnification

0 M 1
0
M2
1

1
1
1

M
f
M
2
2
1
1
0
M 1M 2

M1
1
1

f fM

M
M

2
1 2
1 2

Chapter3:Imaging

'
f'

y'

y'
M
y
' y 1

y' M
(3.31)
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3.9 System of lenses

3.9Systemoflenses
2lenssystemisequivalentto:

1 M1
1

f
f2
f1M 2
M M1 M 2
MicroscopesachieveM=10100easily
Canbereducedto2lenssystem
Question:cascadingmanylensessuchthatM=106,wouldwe
b bl t
beabletoseeatoms?
t
?
Well,G.Ocantanswerthat.
So,backtowaveoptics
So back to wave optics
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