EABBIAHI H.

Erlperrilosrq yLa ro pu0rlpu

flu pqvrKot Avtt6 p ootrl

EnrruTuvre

sq

APIXTOTEAEIO TIANEIIIITHNTIO OEEIAAONIKHI

EKAOEH: YfIHPEXIA AHMOXIEYMATQN

APIITOTEAEiO IlANErTI:THMIO
OEIEAT\ONIKHX

EI(AO:H

TMHMA EKAO>EQN
IIANEII I'THMIAK O TYII OIPAOEIO

2002

2043

IIEPIEXOMENA
KEOAAAIO

1:

TO NETPONIO

i.1.
1.2.

Erouycoyrl
I8rotq'ceg rou verpoviou

KEOAAAIO 2: AAAHAEIIIAPA>H TON NETPONION

ME THN YAH
2.1 Erouyc,:yrj
2.2.Evepyo., O,r..o1r,ri

I1

1l

...

2.3. Arurpopu<rj evepyoq Erotoprl

14

Mtotl

e).euOept 8roSpopri
2.5. fluprlvrr<eg o-vtr8pcroerq rcov verpovirrrv
2.4.

r5

l6

KEOAAAIO 3: EIIBPAAYNEH KAI AIAXYEH

TON NETPONION
rllg svepysroq rclv vetpovic,tv

ll

3.1. Ynopr0o.o1-rog

Mdotl ).oyuprOpuci peioroq trlg evdpyetcrq

trDv verpovic,tv
3.3. Ioxirg enrf3pu8uvolq KC(l )"6yog emBpd.Suvotlg
3.4. Aq0opyin
3.2.

24

)6
l()

KEOAAAIO 4: AIAXYEH TON NETPONOIN

4.1.

Erooyroyq

-\

l)

Srcrluoqg 'r(Dv

4.2. E(ioorol
vtrpovio)r,
4.3. M{rcog 6rd1uoqg, Lr,rtroq unoprpuoLtou
r<ur pqr<og petuvuoteuoqq

34

KEOAAAIO 5: IIYPHNIKOX ANIAPAXTHPAX

KAI KPIEIMH KATAETAEH
i. Ilupqvu<og

o ro.0poq fi o.po.y(,)yri q r1 l"e r< rpr

o 7luprl,,,tr<oq Aytt$pcr.o'rripuq
5.2. lluprlvrr<oi o.rrrr8puo'rrjpeg roxuoq
5.3. IIoi)"sn2,"uoruoru<oi ncrpcryovreg
5.4. H s(6)"r(r1 tqq u),uor6cotrig ruprlr,rr<riq
5.

Ko"r

o.r,'ri6pctorlg
5.-5.

lIupl vrrcu

ltr ro Xpo\/o

xo.uor;.ro.

O r<rir<),og rou vtrpoviou otov nupqvuco

uvttcSpo.otripo
5.7. I(piorprl e(iorooq ;nuq opu8ug
5.8. To rpiorpo peye0og rou uvrr8po.orlpo.

r<r1_c

evepy

ro g
.17

40
45
1r\

19

5.6.

-52
-5,5

51

CI,vtx,Kd,)"u\[n

rou vrrpoviou ro

1932 KCLI ornv ouvd1tlo" rqg

o1d,o1g (1939) 6pe)")"uv vo, u)").d(ouv

pr(rrd rnv rotopiu rlg

o.v0pcoru6tIr0.q.

cr)"uor6ortr1 nuprivrr<r1 oldoq npootpfpet tepd,ottu nood

ev6pyerug ro, onoiu pe rIV ponOeru rcrlv nuprlvrr<cilv crvtrSpuotr1pcrrv
tporpoSotrrco6v psxpi r(o,r onpepu Lrr r1)"erctprr<( ev6pyeru rTlv
$roprqluviq, r<o,r r0, vou<oKuprd.
fluprlvrr<oi oru0poi nupuycrlynq r1),er<tpu<r1g ev6pye rug
iertoupyouv 06 no),),ag xotpeg rou r<6opou. 'OLrcrrq, nupo)"r1 rrlv
uvrizrtu(r1 rrlg Telvo)"oyiug und,plouv fipo0),ILruro, nou CI,eopouv rIV
oo<pd,),ero ),erroupyiCI,q r(o,r rqv 6rd0eon rov pu6revepycov unoB}"rltrrlv
rrl>v rluplvuccov uvrr8po,otqpolv.
I(pepu Bpior<ovrur ot e(6)"r(n epeuvqttr<d rpoypd,ppro,tu Trou
uzrooronorjv ornv o1e6iuor1 KCr,r uvunru(1 povt6pvcrtv nupqvrrcrrrv
o,vtrSpuotrlpcrrv or onoior el,ulrotonororjv toug rctvSDvouq utulrlpd,tc'rv
rco,0org KCI,r rnv 7rCI,pCI,ycDyr1 pu8ravepyrrlv uno$),r1tcrlv.
Or nupotlorq onprrrrloerg crnorel,ouv plcx, erouycoyrl ornv <puorr<q
rcDV nuprlvu<orv uvrrSpuot"rlpcrrv ylo rouq <portqt6g rou Tprlputoq

Iro nprrrro. rcepd,)"uru, r8ruirapl

onpooiu 6o0qrce ornv rpuorr<t1

Tou verpoviou, r[ou aivur crrucrpuirqrrl yro rnv r(CI,TCI,vonon rnq
),ertoupyiuq ev6g nupqvrrorJ uvn6puor(po. Itrlv ouvfleru
no,pouord(ovrcn o1 onl-rovrlr(6tepor t6ruor ruuprivtxrrlv uvttSpuorr'lpcrrv
@uorrcr1g.

rcou Bpioxovto,r orlpepu

or

)"erroupyiu ru0crtq KCx,r rcr.

XcrpCI,Kr1protrrcd, rouq, o7roJg rcr. fiupnvrrcd r<uuolllcr,,

rou uvtr8puotrlpu

H).ios I,u00i6nq

r(uprCI,

ro rcpiorpo p6ye0og

r<.u.

@eoou)"ovircr1 1998

KE(DAAAIO I
TO NETPONIO
1.1 Erouycoyrl

rou vetpoviou (ercivrloe on6 ulv feppuvicr ouotcroru(d, oro

r6),oq tou 1930 orq,v 8rlpooteurTlKs pyoois, rorv Bothe rco,t Becker, oletucd, pre
rqv irnup(r1 Drero8unrcrlq urcrwoBo)"ioq, npoep1ol.tsvrlg ut6 trlv o,rctrvoBo)"rior1
210
Po.
e)"oqprirv ororleiorv pe ocrlpLd,nu d)"rpo o,zro rqyrl

uvo,rcd,)"u\lnl

Arco)"ou0rloCI,v ouorrlpuarc6repu nerpdpru.ra crT;o rouq Curie Ko,r Joliot ;,ts

lo1uporspq qyrl ''o Po (100 millicuries) or oroiot zrpoond,Orloo,v vo, eppLrlvefoouv
ro, neLpo,pLo,rrtcd, roug o,zrote)"6opo,tu 0eropo:vto,q or1 d,yvcootrl 8rero8urrrcrl
cucrwoBo),io, eivo,r uyrl),r1q ev6pysroq o,tcrivsq y. Triv uno0eorl rotv o,tcttvcDv y

tl

onfppnys o Ayy)"oq quorKog Cl-radwick o oroioq np6tervs orl

orcrroBoiio crnote)"eiror on6

ocopo,ao, no,popLorcr pe

rl SteroSurucrl

npror6vto,, cr)"),d q)"etctpucd,

oucS6tepcx. To, oorprd,uo, o,urd, ovopuoe verp6vto, (Dq)'u8r1, oou6etep6vto>) rcur
uzroT,"oyroe rrlv prd(o rouq pL6oco u1g ovri8pCI,oqq:
rCI,

Bll+Hea-+ Nla+n
roD verpoviou 66oroe tepd,otto ritOrloq oalv o,vd,ntu(q tl1g
rlupr1vrrcr1q @uoucrjq, r<q,O6oov o,pL6orrlq pretd, o,rco]"ori0r1oe q o,vu,rcd,]"urpr1 rIq
o1d,or1q, rrlq o,)"uor8roalq mprlvtn'1q o.vri8puorlq KCI,t oto t6)"og trlq 6erco,etlo,q rou
30 rco,tcrorcsud,orlrce o rpcbroq 7rsrpCI,l-r"o,ar(og fiupl1vucoq u,vtrSpoorrlpog on6 tov E,.

crvq,rcd,)"u\l/rl

Felnl.
1.2

I6r6qrsq ror; vetpovfoo.

i) To <popr[o

6rt ro qoprio rou verpoviou eivo,L pq66v. Edv

pLs),srrlooupLe nlv 6rd,ono,or1 rou verpoviou 61oupe vo ncrpurrlprlooufrs ra
Iurnl0rrrq uno06roupe

zroporcd,rrrr.:

tl-) lt+r +,

to Trporovro 61er ioo Kor o,vri0ero qoprio prt ro e t6re ro qoprio rou
rretpoviou 0u eivo,r ioo pre to <poprio rou vetpivo. E,dv to verpivo eivur lcopiq
Ed,v

--irrriio tots to tpoprtou rou vrrpovlou 0u eivo,rrl 8roqopir.trov rpopricr)vrou p Kor

:,-'r,) e. \4io. oerpu uzro perpiloerg 65er(e 6rr eir,v ro verpovto ya qopdo uuro 6ev
18e.
-.;opei vo. eivo,r peyu),urepo o,n6 10

iitHp6(u.
ArcprBrlg uno)"oyroproq rlq pLd(ug rou vsrpoviou ptzropei vo, yiver pe tq
,-'orlUsrn mlptlvucrirv nvrrdpd,oeorv , eprpr6ocog. 6tou yvropt(oupte pe cxrcpipero. ol,eq
:r: uc("(eg KCLI rtq evepTersq, erct6q t1g po(crq roD vtrpoviou. Onotg cr.vo,qep0lKr o
Cl-radrvrck uno),oyroe rrlv pd(o rou vsrpoviou pr6oo trlg ovri8poonq irB 1u.r-r;
\i-. ArcptB6orepq p6rp1or1 tr1g pLd(og roD vsrpoviou 6yrve o,ru6 rouq Chadwick
xor Golldhaber rc 1934 prc rllv Boq0ero qq ovrl6po,orlg.

tD*y-+'H+n+Q
y (2.614 MeV) , trq pd,(eg tou 'D
Ko.r rou
Mstpol-r.s nlv ev6pyera, rou 'H [m rov uvry,,veutrl rccrL uro06roul-m 6u ro
Q drnpLoLpu\e'r,u pLsro(u tou 'H KCI,r rou n. E<puppro(ovtog rqupytc, Erorrlpqorlq
t\/tpTercx,q r<ur oppLrlg uruo)"oyi(oups tr1v prd(o rou vetpoviou. TIv o,vt[orpoqrl
o,r,t[6poot.l XptlotpoTToirlocrv or Bell rcur Elliot.
fvropi(oupre ro),ri

rccr).it

rqv

ev6pyerCI, rcDV

1i-1.

'H+n+'D*y
IrlpLepo, yvropi(oupre

lrl,,

ort q pd(o rou vsrpoviou

= 1.0086 amu

r1

ori)"udr1 pLeyo,)"urepq rco,ro, 0.00139 amu

nporrovlou.

rn,,

eivcxr:

-939.51 MeYlcz

r1 1.29 MeYlcz o,n6

rqv

pLd,(u,

rou

iii) I

oro0ep6r1r0 roD vetpoviou

To e),suOepo vetpovto (ercroq rou zrupilv'*), elvo,r o,orcr06q pr Xpovo
qpLr(ror1q l5.5mrn. H o,r,ti6pclor1 6td.ono,or1q eivo.t q orco)"ou01:

n) p+a- +i+Q

6rouQ=782keV

iv) Spin KCrr poyvqrrxrl pozr1.

To verp6vro, 6ncog l(o,r ro rporrovto, 61er spin t/z ra1tli,g Ko,r frcyvtltu<r1
poq. H pLo,irvrlttr<q ponrl oqei)"etur oto spin KCI,r oTIV rOCDTrprKll rcCtrO,VO;rr1 rOU

eopriou rou verpoviou. To verp6vro prropei vcr eprrpo,vl(eto,r lrrrpiq goprio, ol-r(r)g
tXtL rooo Oetuco <poprio 6oo rcs,r upvrlrrrco. To Oertrco <poprio rco,tovsprerCI,r fipoq ro
r6rrtpo rou verpoviou evri ro CI,pvllrrKo Trpoq rIV fitprqeperu.'Eror ncrpouour(et
poyvqtrKrl poml -1.91 nuprlvrrc6q po,yrnlroveg, evrb ro nportovro eler po.yvrlttl(o
ponrl

v)

2.7

9 nu ptlrrrrcC Lroyvtlrovsg.

Kr:puttxfg r8t6rqteq

Iup<porvu ps ulv rcBowo1,"u11u,vrrcr1 0a nptnu KCI,t ro verp6vro \/o tprgrrvi(sr

rcupto,tu<69 r8rorqteg. 'Evo, verp6vro rcwqtrrcr1q svfpyeroq E rco,r oppulg P 0o 61er
pulrcoq rcupcrrog

).

! = +: (yru rr<<e )
P ,l2nE

1.1

'

IuvilO6orspo Xplorponorelro,r ro l"rnKoq Kuporoq Dirac X = )"l2n.Itov liivorco,

1.l. r\ivovror rrpL6q tou fi" yro, Srdqopeq ev6pyereg verpoviorv.

IIINAIUE
E(eV)

1.1
fi, (crn)

0.001
0.025

.44x 10 "
e
2.88x 10

100
106

4.55x10
4.55xlO
4.55x10

108

4.43xl0

10r0

1.82x 10

101

rr
t2
I3

ta
r's

ferrtrcct 61er eir8ruq6pov to pfyeOoq roD h oe oleol pe rlg 6ro,otd,oerq rou

ouorrlpLo,rog pr ro onoio o)")"q),eru6pcr ro vrrpovro 6rott r1 ryrpyoq SrutopLrl o
sivnL ouvri,puloll rou h.

vi) I(crtcrvoprl Maxwell-Boltzmann

0cr

To, verp6vto rrou Bpiorcovra,l os rooppoticr

slouv rcLvrlarcq v6pyslcx,

E =3/2 kT

6nori k etvo,r

r1 orcrOepd"

tou Boltzmann

pLe

neprBd)"),ov 0epprorcpooiuq T,

1.2

)a

Ie OeppLorcpo.oio,

nepiBd,i)"ovroq (20"C) q rcLvrlarcr'i ev6pyeLo. to:v verpoviotv

oTloc) zrporcfrrer CI,7ro tlv oX6or1 Q.2) eiva.t E = 0.025 eV. Tu verp6vru ul'cr1c trlc
neptolrlq evfpyercrq ovopLir,(ovtor 0epprrca vffipoy1.u. ArcprB6orcpCI,, rc{, vsrpovlc(
nou ppior(ovrur. pr6ocr os 6vcr. u)"1rc6 peoov nou 6ev ra afioppo<pd iolupir, or
0eppLorcpc,"oio, T, 6ev 0u 61ouv 6)"o o1v iEru ev6pyeru (kT), u),),ir Ocr orco)"ou0ouv
rllv svepysro.rcrl rco.ro,voprj Maxweii-Boltzlnann.
F

-----------;=

-tt = lnlcT )'''

kr
^l

1a

l.J

EclE

6tou cln eivur o opr0pog rcDV vtrpovicov

rov vrrpovirov.

pLe

ev6pyereq pLeru(u E rcur E+dE

KCI,l

o2'ucoq o,propLoq

I-i

oX6ori

1.3 yiveto,r:

rt
.

OTIOD

tr.(

E\ =

Ito
rrlv

o16o11

ltd;T)"'

t.4

^tt)

clrt

-,lE

o1r.1pLo

i.1 B),6noupLe

rIV r(crovollrl Maxwell-Boltzmann

oDpeCIvc

Q 4)

s
:

E+

87fi 1t a l . I . I{ar

av o pLry M cLxtv

ll - B o ltz.ntorul

oy

0 ep

p rccbv v erp ov i c,.tv.

1,rs

lt

Tu. rretpovrs

rcu'[o.TCI,ooovrCI.l oDl-rqcDvo,

pt ulv

ev6pyero,

orlg

no,po.rcu,rco

xu.trlyopieq.
).

Bpadta

l)Erpovrct

o) yuXpd -0.001 eV
B) 0eppucd -0.025eV

y) ezri0eppucd -0.5 eV
5) ouvrovropou 1-100 eV
2. tt67p[111a ev&apeoqg evipyslctg' lkeV - 500 keV
500 keV - 10 MeV
-1. raXirxt,trpdvn:
4. no)"u roqta verpdt,ra 10 MeV - 50 MeV
5. unepro"yiave7pi12161' 50 Mev - 10 GeV
6. oTeuruotucaverp6t,ta >10 GeV.

Izov

nivo,rcu, 1.2 6ivovrCI,1

verpovio:v.

ot

ev6pyereq

Kol ol "caybrqrr.g 8ritrpopov

IINAKAE

L,2

.,C

Evfpyero
(ev)

20
200
400
600
800

0.025
0.041
0.058
0.075
a.092

@eppoxpoo[o

Topiqto
(m/sec)
2200
2800
3400
3800
4200

0eppnrccbv

r3

KEOAA AIO

AAAHAETTTAPATH TON NETPOI{ION ME THN YAH

2.1 Erouycoyq

rr.rctwopo),r1or1 uiLrccbv ps o,rcttvoBo)'[eq (cr,B,y,ir, rc.i.n.) ty"et octv

o,:ror6),eoprCI, nlv nporc)"qoq nuprlvrrccbv uvrtbpu,otcDv orouq nuprlveg trov uluucrrl,.
O uprOproq rov Truprlvrrcrrtv o,vtr8pd,oecov ovd provd6o, Xpovou 0u 6tveto,r o,n6 rr"1v
o16o11:

clN/dt =

(D.M.o

2.1

6nou N = o o,pt0ptoq o.va8pd,oeoJv oro o,rcrrvoBo)"or5pLevo tl)"trc6 (otoloq)

cp = 6 opr0ptoq roV ocr)[tott8iotv rtlq ot(TloBo]"iuq crvd. cmr/sec.
M = o r,r.propLoq r(ov orol-rcOv (nuprlvcov) tou otolou

M = N,.\.nVA

6zrou

N,t = 6.023 x 102r o,topo,

r-n = tl p&(o rou u),rrcof or gr
A = clropuco pdpoq u)"ucorj
o = r'l rvepyoq SrcrtopLrl rqq ovd8puoqq oe c,n'

Ie

pro, urctwoBo)"r1or1 svoq u)"rrcou prfiopouv vo, oupBofv Srd,qopeq

nupqrzu<6q o,vrrbpd,oerg or oTroieq e(oprcbvtq,r un6 co u)"trc6, to ei6oq Kor rrlv
svspysto rlq CI.KrrvoBo)"r1or1q. fvcopi(ovro.q rlv evtpyo Srotoprl pnopoDpm vcr
uno)"oyiooupe rov crpt0p6 rrrrv rcuprlvoJv Tou ot61ou zrou Ocr ovtrSpir,oouv. Ecrv
pLetd, trlv orctrvoB6)"rlotl or lruprlveq nou q,vte6pu,oCI,v no,po,p6vouv oro,0epoi'to'tt;

to

u)"trco 6ev 0o, 61er evepyorlro, (nepintcooq e)"oourc1q or<66ooqq). E,ivor opoq
Suvo"torr or ruprlvsg TroD o,va8pouv l-m u'lv 5e5op6vr1 o,rcrroBo),io, vo, Bpe0oriv oe
c5rilye pprevrl rccrd,orooq rcoOroro,prevor o,oro,Oeig. 611)"o6ri paSrevepyoi. FI
o,no8releporl 11 6rdo7ro,o1l svoq CI,orCI,0ouq nuprlvo pnopei vo, ouprBsi ctpLeou pLeto,
rt1r, SlpLroupyio rrov pcr8rsvepyritv crr6prcrrv r1 zro7,u crpy6repo,, u,vd,ioyu, l-rc rov
Xpo\/o qpn(roqq r(,)v Truptivov.
Oro,v oplpcrrro0ei pey&)"og upr0pog pubrevepyri:r, ur6pLorv 0s eloupLe
Srcroncxoerg o optOpoq rov onolcov 0o, el.o,rrcovtrCI,r l-r"s rov Xpovo oroT,ou06vrcrg
rov srcOe'urrc6 v6pLo qq po8revepTou 6td,ono,or1q.

14

trrtv 6ro.onsoe0Jv ovu povodo XpovoD rccr)"eitur evep76rr1tcr, ro1)

-7.r:cori r1 5e Sio,Errcooi& nupayayilq pu8revepyrirv riuprlvcov tvtpTorioirlorl.
I{ urcrrvoBo},1or1 evog u}"rrcoD lrs oo)U.urtu, Eruqopov evepyerrbv nporcu7,ei
^.:r.),eg SLucpoperu<6q ovn8pd,oerq Trou o8rlyouv orllv 6rlpLroupyio 6ro,rp6po:v
o:oLTeiov pLs 6rcr.rpoperucd, 8ruypdpLpro,ro, 8rd,oftuoqq. FI svtpyoalro. roD u?,"rrcou
o:riv irspiTrroorl ctuui Ocr opi\erut ux6 'co ouvo)"o tcov Etuoriuoerov orrlv provir,8o
:ou Xpovo!. Iuryu yivercu 8ruXorproprog orig svpyorlreg d,irpu, Blro ycipLpro
rr,)".n. olrort yw rcd,0e svepyozroirlorl uno),oyi(eto,i ro noooor6 roJV
evspyoTroulOevtcov rupilvorv nou ercit6pLnouv ctrctwoBo)"ict cr)u<pcr, Brlrii. yicprpr,cr
i.,. ),. z. ctvtiororlu,.
o.pr0pLoq

2.2 H evepy6q 8rcrroprl o

@so:poupLs u)"rx6

zro).f pucpou nd,louq dx nou o,rcavopo)"ewut uno

66opLr1

ocopio,tr8irov. O o.pr0ploq rov

'Evo, oropurlo rriq 56opqq rcuOcitq ntqru orrlv tTlrqq,verci S rou
/povoD eivq,r (Do.
uiLrcorl fyet nt}aloulro vct ovrr8pd.osr pe rcd,rorov fiDpnvCI, tav rtpaoer rcovtd" u,r6
o.uto oy1ptct2.1.
Yno06roopLe, )"orr6v, LLro, rcur<),rrcrj etLrpd,veto pLe r<6vtpo rov nuprlvo. KCI,r
epLBo,Dov o, rroro, cbore suv ro oopirrro zrspd,osr pr6ou uz6 ctutrlv rore 0s Sloupre
uno ulv Trspro1rl nou
1007o rupqvrrcrl o,vti8puorl. Edv to ocopLdoo 6r6)"0e1
rco0opi(er ro o 0u, e(6)"0er tou or61ou lcopiq vo, u,)")"q),err8pir,oer.
'Eoto ort. o oxo6oc, fya N nupr1veq ovd pLovir,8cr oyrcou. Yzro06roupLe 6rr ro
u)uir<6 eivo,L t6oo ),enro rirore vu prlv ur&p1er o)")"r1)"oetucd,)"utytl ro)v nuprivrov rcur

oorpLuu6icov q,vc( piovd,6o, eniipo,r,eio,q r(c(t uvd. pLovir,Eo,

t\a

vu eler qv i6rcr. zn0uv5rrlro vCI, c(vrl8pdoer pe rcd.noro clrro ra

trlq 56opqq. Ms rlsnapcffiavro npo'Uro06oerc 0o, eivuL:

sr(cr,oroq nuprlvo,q
ocopLctti8rcr

U)

'o

_-__*i

--.H
--_-_._l}

-*-_o
---_-------}
i-..---

17 \7

()o

o o"

O-a o

r
I

)ox
Epjpo.2.1. ZX4parLrcq rapaor(tory rilE

evep))oD \ru'copujq

l-5

Nclx = o o,pr0pLoq rcDV TrDprivrov o,vd, provo8u emquvero,q.

Nodx = rl ouvo)"ucr1 8puomrcil enrqd,vero, o,vo povd6o, emqd,vercrg.
Edv 6e10oDps orr 6vo p6poq rcov oo[o,tr6fcov rqq beopLrlc o,vrdpd, pr6oo.
oto ot61o rl pori 0o e)"CI,rtcbvrrCI,r rccr.to, -d@ (@ elvo,r'n poti oe Bcr0oq x),onore Ocil
gir,rlt:

-d@ = ONodx
Ezrer6rl

q opprcrl porl eivo,r

= oo

2.2
@o

q o)"or<)"r1prooq "cqgQ.2) 6[ver:

e-No*

'.-1

O opog o ovopu,(ercr,r LnKpoorcoznnl rvspyog Sroroprl

r<u,t erc<ppd,(er yevuco.

r1v ntOcrvotrlrn vo, oupBei rcd,noro, nuprlvrrcr'1 o,vribpcr,or1.

H prrcpoorconu<q svspyoq 6roropl1 t\ anLa evepy6q Sto,ropLrl 61er povo8cr pr6rprlorlq

ro I barn.
lbalr-r

To

yrvopmvo

10-2a cm2

no ovopLo.(ero,1

o,ve(irpqrl rlq

pCI,Kpoorconrrcrl evspTog
nurcv6rqro,q roD u),mou,

8ruroprl

oroicr

I=No
r1

eivq,r

2.4

O=One-r*

H evvoto, tou ),enrou zrd,louq pliopei vcr yiver rritpo neproo6tepo rco,ro,voqrrl.
To noloq 0eropeltuL )"en'r,o otq,v Ix << 1, fiou orlr.ir/.ii'ct 6rt o,uro pTropei vn oupLBei
ed,v to x elvq,r no],u pu<po ri rl po,KpooKonrrcrl evepy6q 6rutol.r"ri I eivur no],ri
prKpri.

Itrlv repLnra ot1 o,ritr1, toliret:

.-t*-1-rx
O=On(1
O clpr0poq rov oofLo,ticorr fllG

ri

-Ix)
66opu1g

rou

0o, crvrr8po,oouv ()cr eivo,r:

16

d@

@o

-@

ri

d@ = <D" - @"(1 d@ =

@olx

Ix)

11

11

d(D = @nNox

n6<prer oe u)"rrcd, ps Tttptooorspo uno

rooronCI, q ouvo),rrcr'i po,rcpoorconucil svspyoq 8rotoprl 0o, 8ivetcrr on6

Edv r1 crrcrroBo),iu

Ir=N

ot

N,= ro

n)'t10oq

rov

6vo d,topro, 11
tqv o16o11:

*N 02*...*N;01

6tou N;o;=l'
rco.t

2.5

TTuptivrov

oto u)"trco uvd, povd8u 6yrcou.

IIo.pti"6erypo.:

A6opq XupLrl),r1q er,6pTeruq verpov[rrrv nt<pru oe H2O. H svepyoq 6ro.topr1

a
oiriT,qyrlq rcr)v vrrpovtov e[vor or = 0.33 barn yrc to H rcut oz= 2x10 bam ytCI, ro
C). H nurcvorlru (p) tou HzO aivo,t 1gr/crnr.
Apo I l-rorcpoorconrrcrl svspToq 8rotoprl CI,7roppogl'lolq rov vetpovlotv Oct
aivcrr:

IHzo = Il101 *fl2O2

o7to1)
l(o*

pNavl/Ms
11, = pNav2/Ms

n1 =

Ne = o cxpL0pLoq Avogadro (6.02x102r;

Me = ro floprq,K6 Bopoq tou H:O (18)
Y t = 2 = o opt0ptoq rov crrol"tov H oro p6pro too HzO
v: = 1 = o opt0poq rov uropotv O oto popto tou H2O
Ts)"rrco, 0o, eivo,L:

IHzo = pNa/Ms (2or+o:) = 0,022 cn1

svspyoq Erci-copr1 C\o.prutu aTLO rllv SvepYstu. roJv ocolLcr"tic':r' rri=

utcrrvoBo2"iug o=o(E). Iqv ftepirroot-l ,Tou I o,t(rLvo|3o)"icr. eivu,r Llovotvtp'/slo-r(]l
or ruupo,ncwot oXfoeLg LtTtopoUV vg1 eqgpprooQoriv roq 61ouv iupLBitvovrc(( rllv
rcord.),1r1)"r1 ttpLrl o YrCI, ttlv uvtiororr"l ev6pletu,.
Es,v 1l c(Krlvo|]o)"ici CI,Tors)"siru,r ctn6 oolpd,ttu oDvtxo1q rpd.opLutog
Autrl 11
evepyerrbv rors 0o xptine,,vc{ yivn rco'rir}"i,r1},r1 o}"ord"rlpcDoll ro)v oIsoecov.
sntn66ou rcur 6ev 0o'
u.vd,r,-uor-1. oLtcDg (erpeuyeL auo xa oplu, evoq Trpoitxl)XLarcorl

uv0.),D0ei.

2.3Atu<po

rxrl

evePY6 g

6rutoPrl

IIo7,u ou1vd, ortq 7lupllvrrc6q ovtr8pd,oetc, rcupicoq 5e orlv orc65ctor1' cloupte

uvro6tpotl1 l(ctrq,voilr1 rco,r eniorlq 6ru<popetrrc6q ev6pyersq os 6rct<popetu<69 yovieq'
7Io1)
EivcrL ),ornov evErctrpepov v0, yvropi(oupre ro n)"r10og rov ocopLotr8ioiv
yolvio,q do totl
orceSir(ovrur. uvd povd,6u xpovoD Kur CI,vd pLovd6o, ortpsdq
Opi(oup.e pLiu v6o
oySlpturtler. yroviu 0 pLe ,iv 6riu0uvorl r,q srotplol-tsvlq 66opr1q.
,rLpyo 6totoprl TroD ovo;.rd,(eto,r 6iurpop,<r1 evepl6q 6ru,topi'r1 c0q rnv evtpTo
(oyfiptu 2'Z)'
E Lo,ro plq ovd, pLov o.6 o orsp ed,q y crlvictq

dS

rd|
r s\n

Ad,P

r sirt
tdQ
I

.F
F

- rF

.F

,F-

Epfipa 2.2. f,yrypattrc7 xaPaotaotl qq haqopLKryE vpyoo bLaruPfig

l8

o(O,rP)
11

= clo/df)

o)"ucri ryepyoq 8turoprl 0o, eivo,r:

o,= L (do/cla)
E,( opropLou

r1

dfl

oreped, yrrrvio, eivur

Q = S(etrcpd,vero,)/r2

r1

df2 = clS/r2 =(rdO)(rsin0dq)/r2= sinOdOdrp

o)"ucr1 otepecr yrovicr,,

qq

orpoipo,q 0o eivo,r
on6re 0o eivo,r

6nou S = 4nr2

(ent<pd,vero, o<poipclq) Ko,t

t'= t1 o,tcttvo,

f), = 4n,

o, = i lclo/de)sinodod<p

Edv q Durqoprrcrl evrpyoq Dtutoprl eivo,r o,ve(dpti1rr1

o).ucr1

tvspyoq 8roroprl o, perd, s,no o),orc)"r1poor1 oq fipoq

<p

CI,no

rtlv yotvio, cp, r1

ylvetu,r:

ot= Znl (do/do)sinOdO

6nou

2.4

do/d,C2

= o(0)

eivu,r

Mfcrl e)"eri0epq

11

6roqopuo'1 rvpyog 6ro,ropr1.

6ro5poprl

Onroq ovuqfp0rlKr oro nporlyoriprsvo rcsrpd,)"q,ro rcu,rd, rrlv sioo8o 66opr1g

orrrprcrticr:v oe u),rrc6 11 ovrf8puorl ev6q oropo,riou pre rd,roro nuprlvcr eivcrr (rltqpLo
nr0o,v6u1tCI,q Trou s(o,ptd,to,r o,n6 rqv svspyo Erorolul o r(G,r tr1v rcurcv6rlrCI, roJV
nupqvcrrv rot) oToxoD n. Auro orlpo,iver 6rr r,; oorpd,rto eivur nr0o,v6 v0,
o.vtr6puoet pLe rcd,norov ruprlvu ro)"u ypriyopo 8ruvrSovruq pLucprl Dro6poprl x pr6oo,
oro oro1o r1 no)"u CI,pyorrpo, 6urvr5ovro,q peyd)"r1 8ro8popq x. @uoucd, uro,pXer
nOo.vott1to, evo, ocopd,tro vCI, l-nlv o,vtr6pd,oer Kor vo e(6)"0er o,n6 rov oroxo ps rt1v
iorcr Sreu0Dvorl rccrr ev6pyeru.

1;'

Mnopoupe ouvend)q vu optooul-ts rtlv pr6or1 unootCI,oll <x> orllv onofo,

oupLBu,tvsr prCI, TrDprlvucrl o,vt[6po,or1. 'Eotco On oorpir,ttu q,vd, povd,6u elrtrpd,vetcr"g

zrfcptouv td,vcrr oxov oro1o, O1 oorpd,rro, qtd,voilv ot Bo0oq Xl, Xopiq vo,
o.vnbpd,oouv, cD2 tptd,vouv on1 06oq x2 rc.)".n. Erir,'uno06ooupe orl o oro1oq 61er
d.nerpo Tto.Xo ,crore o),o. ru oorpLdtto. rqq 66op1q 0o o,vrr8pcrooDv
H peorl upnl <x> rov xi ()tr etvor:

<x>= (Orxr

(D2x2*..*

(D1xi

)/(

O1

+ 02 +..+O; )

@e

(X)=

I* do /oo
0

(D

Ener6rl

= 0o

e-No

dO/Oo

*o

*=

"-^o*

.1*

<x>= Jxt.\o@o a-*o* dx

0

<x> =

1A{o

<x>=

1/I

11

2.6

H pLeorl tLpul <x> ovopd,(eco,t

Xopor(ulptotu<r1 yro

p6or7 ile60epry 6ru6popri

rco,t eivcrt

ei8ouq nuprlvtrcrl ovt[6po,ot1.

zcrpd,SerypLo, 6vo, vetpovto ro onoio erofpleto,r oe 6vu, u)"rr<6 p6oo
rqv nepinrcool rlg
pzrope[ vo, rco,vet t],r1Ooq o.to nupqvuceq o,vtt8pd,oetg.
orce8o,orlq opi(oupe rqv pr6or1 e)"euOepr1 6ro8poprl or<65o,oqq
Tto rrlv
cr,noppoqllorl opi(outrrs rlv pr6or1 e)"euOepr1 8tu8poprl otopp6qqoqq 1n rc.)".n.
rcd,Oe

fru

frn

1.

1/I,

(I" = p"o,Kpooronrrcl rvrpyoq Sroroprl

iu

l/I,,

(I,,

Erer6rl

- l-lo,KpooKonrrcrl

11 o)"ucq svepyoq

6rcrto pLrir,

0cr.

1*

orc66uoqq)

evepy6g Sto.tctprrl otopp6<pr1or1q)

8roroprl eivo,r ro uOpotopu trov ezrtpr6poug

2.7
2.8
evepycitv

eivo,t:

\- _\- , \'

2.9

r(c{,1

1/1,=171"+1/1o

2.\0

l0

2.5. [Iopqvtxfg uvrt6pdoerq rrrrv vsrpov[rrrv.

Tu vetpovru, u)"),r1)'enr6pouv pt rov Tluptlvo ryoq

o,Tol-tou tco,td, tcuvtivo,

pL6ocLr ro)v Tiuprlvrrccbv 6uvd,pecov, )"6yco 6),)"eu;rqg rl)ltKrpu(ori rpopriou. I(o,rd, trlv
n)")"r1),szri6poorl to verp6vro ou)"}"crpBo,verur ano rov nuprlvo, op'lpLori(ovro,q evCI,v

v6o <oirvOero zruprlvo,> O ofv0eroq nuprlvo,q ppior<ercrt ot

6u1ysppL6vr1

rcoTcro'rcroq Kcr,r o,noSreyeipsror l-rs nouci)"oug rpoTrouq ercn6pnovrcrg verp6vLo,

q (r)r6vrcr, nprr:t6vtu, rc. )".n.

u) crxtrvoBo)"oriocl upnayfi rcov vsrpovtrov.

Mrcr o,z16 trq ouvrlOerq ovrr8pd,oe4 rcDV vsrpovicov eivo,t eretveq 6nou o
ouvOeroq zruprlvcrq rord, u1v o,zro6r6yepor'1 er<zr6pner rprot6vro, (o,rcrrvoBoi"tcr y) . Or
uvtt6pd,oerq o,utori rou rrSrou oupLBo)"i(ovro,t oq (n,y) uvtt8pdoeq ru,t slvo,t trlq
propqqq:

(A,Z) + n -) (A+1 ,Z)"

6nou

-)

(A+1, Z) + y

2.tt

(A+l,Z)'t'

eivat o orSv0eroq nupqvoq.

O ruuprlvuq (A+ l,Z) nou oXqpori(ero,r u,vr'1rcer ouvrlOrrlq otrlv r(o,ulyopiu rcrrv
B puDrcvepy6v nuprlvorv rccrr Srq,ond,ror oq o,rco),or10roq:

(A+l,Z)+

(A+1

,Z+I)+e + v

2.12

llopd8erypLu (n,y) o,vri8pooqq eivur ro nuporcdtco.

"tln

n -) l'uln* -, "uln +y

To olrlpurL(oprevo ro6rono rr6ln

l

eivq,r B- po6revepyo

-Slt+e +
lrl -) I lo^

16'

2.t3
pr Xpovo rlpn(or1q 54 min:

2.t4

p) owt6pdoerq er<aopnrlg nprrltovloo (n,p)

Or o,vnSpdoeq (n,p) nporco,)"o6yrcLl c\no verp6vro, pre evSpyercg on6 0.5
MeV tui,c,nepinou 20 MeV.

(A,Z)+ n

-) (A+1,2)"' ) (A,Z-l) + p

2.t5

rrrrv o,vtr6p6oecDv etvur ouvrl0roq opvrltuco (ev6o0tppeq uvtrdpo.oet:1.

slvut l(ot 0ettr<6 (e(rbOe pps:
evo:
oprop6veq o,va8pd,oe4 pLzropei
o.vn8pd,oerq).
llopube(ypo,rCI, (n,p) o,vrr8pd,oerov eivsr ts no,potcd,rro:

To

ot

vo

t'S+n -+ 32P+p ps Q=-0.92 MeV

'tN

+,, -+ 'tC + p

O 32P KCx,r. o ''C riro,r, B pu8revepyd,

5730y crvriororXo..

Fe Q=

rooro7iCI, l-tt

0.6

MeV

2.16
2.17

xpovouq qpLr(rlr1q itspinou l4c1

rcu,t

y) ovtt6pdoerq (n,u)
Ot o,vrr8pd,osrq (n,o) eivo,r rou ninou:

(A,Z) +

n -+ (A+1 ,Z)" -) (A-3, Z-21 +1He

2.18

ouvtlOc,tq sv6o0sppeq (Q<0) rccn yivovtor pt

'r,o.yeo" vrrpovro. Ie rcd,noreg zreptnrcitoerq 6pLroq ot o,vtr6pd.oetq eivor e(cit0eppreq rcur
l-LTropouv vcr npor<)'"r10ouv rccrr un6 0eppnrcd verp6vru.

OL uvtt8pdoetq

II.x.

uutfq elvor

t'Li + n
'nB +

-+ tH + oHe ps
-->

'Li

6) crvnSp&oerq olioqq (n,f)

Avtr8pd,oerq oldoqq pfiopoDl-m

Q = 4.5 MeV

2.19

oH" pr,e
Q = 2.8 MeV

2.20

rIV

vu

o)"7"r17"ezti6pCI,orl
nd,poupLe rco,td,
OeppLuccirv rcu,r ro,16cov vetpovtcov pre Bopeiq rcuprlveq (Th, Pa, U, rc.o.).

(A,Z) + n

-) (At,Z) + (A2,2) + .,.

2.2t

e) crvnSpriosrq Tropoycoyrlg 6oo 11 Trsprooor6pcov voDxl,aov[ov.

fro ev6pyswq vsrpovicov En > 10 MeV DTLapXl" nr0ovorqru vo, ouprBoov or
ur<6),ou0 eq 7ru prlvlK6q crvtr8 pd,oerg :

(rr,2n), (n,np), (n,3n)

I1.x.

''C

+,-,

-) "C + 2,-,

rc.),.n.

22

or) Iprs]"o.oru(I ox6Suoq rrov vrrpovlrov.

'EvrL. vetp6vro
,Lr svrpysro. En>O.1 VleV e[vc(t 6uvs.rt5v lLlra. rov
o/-rll-LCI,rlofL6 rou ofvOerou ;ruprlvct vo, rov eyt<aro.)"eirger rr.rprlvovruq 6vo pL6poc qq
,svepyeruq rou pLeou otov nuprlvu, o onoiog 0o Bpe0ei oe 6r1yeppL6v1 rco"ro,orooll.
O ouvOetog nuprlr'o,q 6ev ercn6pzrst unupo.trqro ro erotplo,LLevo vrrpovro. I-l
xu"pafiav.lr 6to,8rrcuoiu ovoprd,(etctr ilpLreio,orucrl orc66uoq. Ito o1r1pLu 2.3
B),fuoupLe ro eve pyercn<6 c\rd,irpo,pLpLu rlls 1ll-us)"CI,orrKriq Krrr rllg e),uo-rLr'r1q
or<5Ector1q rcoOcrrg r(CI,Inlv 6Lu8rrco,oio. rou oXIl-rCI,noliou rou o6v0erou ruuprlvu

i
I

I
I
I

l
I

l
I

inelasti

\l

orrpound
I

-,,^t-..llull9U)

neiasric
) -ra\/

I
+

_-!

\irrtual

en3r-E)l

nlactie

Capture

Epi pa.

2.

3 Evepy6 Larco 6 fi.i, pcqLlta. roD oxt?pcrLopou rou oov1erou irupfivo..

0 Ei"uotrxrl orc65o"orl rcov vetpovlotv.

e7'uotmtl or<66o"o11 o nuprlvug 7ro.pCI,l-Ltvti orllv tl.p1Lrcr1 rol)

rcs.'rd.ors,otl l(ul ro vetp6vro 6rualpei rIV 0,pxtt(11 tou rcrvltLrcrl ev6pysro oq Trpo( ro
orJorrl l-r"cr" rcfvtpou ps(o.q.
f2g rpoq to ouorrlpro, ro,rl epyooalpiou r1 o)"tr1 ruvq'utrci1 sv6pyero. vetpoviou rcut
nuprivcl ELuqpeitur. O nuprivoq CI,vc{KporieruL KCI,l ro vetpovro Xavil 6vCI, noo6
evepyeruq, rou e(uptir,tur rolup cL u"iLo qv ptd,(o tou nuprlvu.
I-I siuooar<r1 orc66uol o7ioJq 0o, 6o"upLe zruputcd,tot, tivttt no)"u orlpctvrmrl
oro\/ uruoBrBo.opLo rIq ev6pyeruq rcov vetpoviotv l(crt orllv )'ertoupyiu rcDV

I{aKt.

mu

alv

prlvirccbv o.vtr6 puorrl porv.

Xrcr oXrjpto.ro.2.4,2.5,2.6

rol2.l

BifnoupLs ttq evepyrlq c\tutoprsg Sto.tpopctlv

uvtr6pd,oeov rov vetpovirov.

IO

Cross sectron

r= r020"t(
r:720'K

.::

Constant to 0.01

=,+78"K

:,U
0.01

Neutron energi', eV
LO

_i

1.0

E
0,-i

t
l

I
I

tl

0.1
0. 0l

fyfipa

0.1

Neutron enelqv. MeV

2.4. Evep1,6q \La'ropti olLrcq

10

110

rcat ilao'rLrct1g orce\aot1E ),La

rcv C|:

21

0000
5000

000
500

r0

t01 102

103

Neutron energy. eV

Zpipa 2.5. O),ucq evpyoE \ruropnj ron Bl0

0.5

i
'

0.1

0.0_i

0.005

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.5

Neutron energ1,, MeV

ZTtitrtct 2.6. EvepToE 6raro,LLq 1tt,i,)

rou U2;'

25

-f*
f

0000

5000l-

-l-I

T
I

1000

!E
L

\o{

tL

L
l
l
I

1oo!L

L
if,
"'I

L
l

0.05

0.1

Neutron energy. eV

Zy(po.2.7.

O)trcr1 vpydq 6ruro1.Lry roD Cd.

::

KEOAAAIO

TIIIBPAAYNIH TfiN I\E TPONION

3.1. YaoBtpclop6q tqq evfpysro,g r(ov verpov[rrrv.

rlg

ijro"6uccroiq, rou unoBrBrxopou

ev6pye rcrq rov vetpot,iortr. Trou
Tlpoe pxovror o.7ro
cxTLo dl"7,q irrlyrj vetpoviov, yvrrrottl oq
o1dor1
enrBpdSuvoll. l-rTropsi vo zrpo6i,0et o,ruo rlpLre),u,orrrceq rco.t e),crotu<eg orceSd,osrq pLe
8rd,rpopouq nupqveq. Ie 6vov o,vo6po,oolpu ot t1prsilo.otrrce,, orce8croetq elvo,r
oqpLurztu<6g rcupiroq oe ouyrcporiosrg verpovtorv pe pupfcr ororleirx. oTroq o
oibrlpog r(0.r ro oupd,vro.
Irouq o,vac5pu,ornpsg, oroDq onotoug o pLeyo,)"utepoq opt0pr6q trov old,oeo:v
nlror<crT,sitcn cnlo vetpovLcr loprlirirv evepyercilv. eivcu a,vcilrrcoio vo
Xprlorl-roTroulooupre roq entBpo8uvr6g u)"ucd, pr l"u1(po ptu(rrco upr0pLo. Or nuprlvsq
rrov uirrcrbv uurolr, )"erroupyoriv oig oroxor s)uo.o'Tu(ti)V orce8itogcrtv. Onotq 0n
cSeigoupLe ruupo,rcd,rro ooo eT"uqpurspoL eivo,r oL zruprlveq - ot61or, t6oo pteyo,)"utepr1
eivur 11 unri;),eto" tvspyaog rov verpovirov.
Ener8rl oe evsv rupr1vrrc6 ovtt8pcxotrlpo r1 emppit8uvorl rov vetpoviorv
yiverur rcord, rcirpro )uolo pr6oco e)"crotrrcrbv orcebd,oeorv, 0cr pre)"etrlooupre
etdtrcorepo trlv 8tcr5uccroiu crutrl. frn u1v pra,0r1pcr"tucr1 nvcr)"uorl nlg Trcx,orucig
orce8crolq, 0o, uruoOeooul-m 6rt t6oo ru verp6vro, ooo Ko,l or nuprlvsq eivor pLmpSg
o<poipeq, oi onoieq ouyKpouovrq,r s)"sortrc0 pLe Fsol trg o,p1sg rqq r<7'trooucrlq

ulv

pLrlxovu<1q.

'Oros,

rn

verpovro, oKs6o.(ovrcr,1 e),cr.otrr<d. szro 6vo,r, cr.rcivqro zruprlvg. o

nuptlvctg o,vcr(poutro,r rcor rl Kn/rlrlro1 ev6pyero rou verpoviou LLerrbvtrCI,r" t6oo, oorl
eivu.r 11 ev6pyeru roD CI,vcr,Kpouoplsvou nuprlvct.
Eotro E1,P1 Ko.r Ez,Pz I KLvtlrrKtl ev6pyeru Ko,l rl oppti rou vrrpoviou npr
rco,r pLeto, ttlv orce8uoq, nvriororXo,. Eo'rcrt, enioqg Ea Kor Pa 11 ev6pyrlo, r(o,l 11 opprl
ro1) (/.vo1(pouoplrvou rupr1vu,, o ozroiog crppr<o, Oecopefro,L 6rL Bpiorcero,r or rlpeprto.
To, rretpovrn orceSo,(ovruL os yrovio, 0 ror o ruupr1vo,c o\/or(pourrc[1 or yorviu, rp
(oXrlpu 3.1).

t28

E:,Pz

,/

,//

o./*--

.+E,,P
e

/.
ftuptll,a.c

oe pyol"Levo

610/0;

vrpoyto

orceoaliltcro
vtrqovto

q)

o. o

__

\ )larzrrpouol(cro:
rutPtiraq
E;'P I

Eyri po. 3. l. E)"ctorr.xr1 orctc)cr"ot7 verpottiou oe trupfiva.

Iuprprovcr p olv
r1q oppLlq )cr eloupe:

oppl Sroriplorlg

llc ev6pyslo"g rcut trlv o,p11 Srurripqorlg

Er = Ez+En
'P'l

Ano tr1v c5ruvuopu,rrl<rj

3.1

3.2

Pr+Po

o,vd,),uor1

qg

Pi=P,'+P] -

opprlq BpiorcoupLe (oXr1po, 3.2).

a1

2P,P,ouv0

J.J

Pr

Iyrypct 3.2. ,4t.a:,uopaux6 6r.ai,pappa

u7g c\rurript?ot?c rryq

oppti;

29

Anti niv rciooorrcri priya,vu<ri yvcrtpi(ouprr orl:

[',, =

^]2E

,,

3.4

n, = 1Ez-1,

3.-5

=,lir.-

3.6

p.

oTtou M rccrr rn eivor oL pLcr(sq rou nuprlvcr, KCrr rou vrrpoviou o,vtioroLy.a".
AvrrKs0rorcirvrcr-c trc oxsorlq (3 4), (3,5) rcor (3.6) orrlv (3.3) eloupre:
ME
^

= ntE, + ntE-

- z,,,r[E,E

ouv7

3.1

i\l

Enerdrl

tll

--h

oTroD

A o pLcr(ucog npt0proq rou nuprjvo,, r1 o1eor1 (3.7) yivero.r:

AE^ = E, + E.

^[ErE"

ouv7

3.8

Ancl rrlv (3.1). ppiorcoupLe:

Er = Er-Ez
Avtrrcu0rorrbvro,c ro E,a o'rr1v (3.8) Bpiorcoupe:
(A +

l)8, -Z",lT[ouvT - (A - l)8, = Q

IJ o1so1 (3.9) eivcrr e(ioolol 6eut6pou Bu0pLou cDr, npo( ro

t;-

r:T
ut
. lout,e +
(.r\ + l)"

---1,
- t//t'o

)-

^[e,

3.9
rcor 61er ],iroi1

3.r0

Ano trlv

(3.10) Lrflopoul-rr vo e(iryoul-l.s otlLl"ctvru<o ouptzrspo.opto.rcr.

Tro. Trlv u.TLto)utlc evepyeru,g rcDV vstpovirov rco,to, ttq e)"oottrc6g orcebcroerq.
o16o11

Eur'0=0

Ir1,

Torc

nepiuirroorl outrl 6ev undpXst

E: =

Er

s,rur.,t),eto, ev6pyercxq

ro

Yto ro vetp6r'to.

verp6vto oupBuivet orllv

crnrrt)"era, ev6pyetug Ylot
zrepintotorl TTou eivo,r 0=n. Auro ro1usr yrct r<oOs Truptivo pe A>1. H teplnr(r)otl
rou TrpcDroviou o,note)'ei e(oipeol Ktxt 0o, e(eto,o'r,et ley.topwa..
peyoiuteprl

fLu 0=n crn6 tr1 o16oq (3.10) tporcfruter:

/a-r)' e,

=[O*,

(E,),,.,,,

111
-1

,J

.l I

Opi(oupe oqro.paperpo rcpo6o4g a rov opo

rA-r)-

3.12

A=i-

'A-l)

or6re

1.1

oxsorl (3. 1) yivetot: (E.),,u. = ctE,

3.i3

Itorz rivo,rcu (3.1) B),6noups a'lv na.pap.expo Kpofottq 8tcrqopcov u)"ucotv.

II or<65o.orl rou verpoviori oe uEpoyovo o.nore)"e[ (elcoprou\ ntpin'ccoorl ener8rl or
pcr(eq rou vrrpovlou rccx,t rou 7[poroviou eivur o1edov ioeq. E,ivo,t efro),"o vq,
o,"mo6eL10ei pLe u.lv rcio,ooucrl pr11cx,vrrcr'1, orl orCI,v Ltto, otpotpo ouyrcpofetcxr
rTuo.orrKd, prc o)")'r1 o<puipo iorlq pLd(uq, elvo,t u6uvo,ro vo 6xoDps oKt6o,ol] pte yolviu
pLsyo,).utepr1

crzro

I-I preytoll
zrpcot6vro 0u

eivCI,t

90".
ev6plercrq rou vsrpoviori rco,-us trlv orc66o,ot1 tor.r oe
1ro. yotvio, 0=n12, oru6re 11 oX6ot1 (3 . 1 0) 6iver:

o,nritTuero,

(Ez),nin

Ku0rirq

ro

=0

7rCI,pCI,7rd,vo uruot6),eopLu,

(3.11), Bcr(ovto,g A=1, oupnepo,ivoupe 6tr

vo to10si

rco,t CI,fio
11 o16o11 o,r.rrr1 rco,0ri:q

;rnopei

rolJ. oDv yrcr oiou," ave(ctrp6tcrtq xouq zruprlveq, oupLnept)'optBovopL6vou

rll o16oq

(3.12) 0o
l(CI,l rou H.

3l

IIIIVAIU'
o),rx6

3.1

([

opr0p6g
ooyxporiosrov

rtlv

ILEXqL
H
HzO
D

1.000

0eouono[non
t8.2

0.920

19.8

25.t

0.640
0.1 16

t2
l6

0.725
0.509
0.209
0.158

Na
Fe

/.3
56

238

0.719
0.840
0.931
0.983

0.120
0.0825
0.0351
0.00838

0 111

Dzo
Be
C

35.8
86
114
152
221
510
2112

yrrrvLcucrl rco,ro,vopLrl ro)v vsrpovictrv rtou orce8d(ovto,t eivq,r ouvrl0coq

o.oirpLpLetprl 1(o,l e(o,prd,ra,r o,zu6 tov pcr(uco cxpr0p6 rou ruupr1vu.
E,d.v to A eivcx,t no),u preyd),o 11 ycovro,rctl rcoto,voprl pLnopei vCI, Oeoipq0ei rog
yrovtoq
oul-rperpucj. fevrrcd, uro)"oyi(erot 11 p6or1 trpLrl tou ouvl1ptt6vou
or<66uor1q 0 oe ouvo,palorl l-rs rov pLo,(uco oprOpo A tou mpr1vo,.

qq

4r

louv0.dQ
I

ll"=OUr/=

*
l,lo
I

t\L!^=6LtV0=1

34

I{ pLeyo},ureprl CI,oDl-rperpio
rxoDl-rs:

oupBulver orIV TrepiTrrootl rou

3.14

H (A=1) otote

0u

')

u, -ouv?*1

\)

0=48"

riI

-)

3.2 M6oq ),oyopt0prKrl psi(oorl rrl-c vfpTstog rorv vsrpov[ov

To vsrpovro

ulv Kivrlorl rou l-tsoCI, ot

u)"rrc6 pt6oo, urpiototo.r

prsyo)ro opr0po ouyKpoDoeov p61pr rs)uLKd, vo. oTioppo<pr10ei u,no ro,norov nupqvo.
r1 otcrvr6tepo, vo 5ru,ono,o0ei. E[vo,r evSurq6pov vCI, yvopi(oupe trlv p6or1 anoo)vera
s\'pTrroq rou vsrpov(ou oz16 trq e7"oottrc6q orce8d,oetq rco,0cirg cnrr6g npos(d.pXouv
rvo,vn rov d,)")"rrrv o.)"),r1)"enL6pdoeov. frcr irpo,rcrrKouq )"oyouq, o,vti rrlg Sro,rpopo"<
trlq ev6pyercrg rou vsrpovtou . uruo),oyi(oupe rIV p6or1 ttprl rIq )"oTopr0prrcr1,c
psorl trprl rrlg
pLeiororlq rrlg ev6pyero,q cxvn or<66uor1. Aurrl opi(etcrt oq
rccrts,

6vCI,

8rcrcpopd.g

(ri ln
lnEl-lnE2-'!E2

), nou E1 eivor

orce8crol Krn E2 Tl evdpyero, pteit

ouprBoT"i(erq,r U.s ro ypoptpo, ( rco,r eivo,t:

f:

rllv

svspyslo roD vrpoviou

orc66uoq.

FI nopcrro.vo

;rpr

rr-1v

irootirrlrcr.

L}

1-,

A ln E

=ht E, -ln E, = lnf ta

3.15

L1

AnoDerrcvfetnr 6tr:

1=t+.#,,,ffi
11
Airo rq
evtpy.ero,q

rov

r,o
t=l+!1-a

3.16

3.17

(3.16) p),6roupLe 6a ro ( eivor ove(dpalro ulq nplLrcrlq

vsrpovlcov r(or e(o,prd,rcxr pt6vo ano rov pLo,(uco opr0pro r(r)\/

o16o11

ruupqvrov rou u)"rrcou pr6oou. @cr npener vCI, orlpsrrirooupe on ro fiapcfiLa\,(l

onore)"eopLoro, npoilno06rouv 6tr or ztuprlveq eivcrr os rlpepLio. Itrlv npd,(rl ofLo)q
urd"pXsr I Krvrlxu(q er,6pyeiu )"o10: to:v m,rioerov tov nuprlvov, rl onoitr otrlv
repizrrcootl rov ro.ytav verpoviorv eivo,r ooilplo,val, evcir yru ro, Oeppucd, verp6vro,
r'pLnle;r vo, ),crprBcrvrro,r ooBopo un' 6ytv.

Me tqv Borl0eur tou ( p?Topoupe vo, uno)uoytooupte rov ptoo o.prt]uo ti,tr'
oDYr(pouosov tvoq \/trpoviou o.pprcqq ev6pyeto,q Es, Vi-Xpt CI,uro vo. unoBrBo.otei
os ev6pyercr E;.
FI oiucrl

pLetoBo?,r'1

tou ),"oyopi0prou

qq ev6pyero.g

pLetd.

uz6 I(; ouyKpouosr:

0o. aivo.r:

ItlE,,-tnf, =lr?

3.18

E,

E[ opropiou

r1 p6or1 ),oyoprOpucr1 peiororl

o)"uc1 }'oyoprOpnnl peirooq

yro,I(, ouyKpoDoelq

yro piu oiryrcpouorl eivur (. Apo 1

OCI,

eivcn

I(;[.

Ar1io.c5r1:

t:

Kt-ln'

11

tl

ln"
E

,=-*s
Iov

3.19

D?roiroyiooupe Tov [-r.soo opL0po r(r)v ouyl(poi5osrorr,

rirore 6vg verp6vro c{,p11Kr1q ev6pyeros Eo = 2MeV vo.Oeppronoril0ei (E,i = 0.025
no,po,6erypro,

CI,q

ev)
Airo rqv o1sotl (3.19) BpiorcoupL (,.
(

zrto''
n_J

0.025 ) n.z
K_ [

Itov

3.20

rivq,rccr 3.1 B)"6roupe rq npsq rou ( rco,r tou I( yro 8rcr<popu u)"trccr.
Irtlrr repintrr:orl Trou o snrBpnSuwrlq 6ev o,nore)"eftut uno evcr povo otorlcio
opi(oupLe

ro iipo,oruco rj

pLsoo

luno

rr1 o16o11:

Y; r
\t)t

j_

5- Yv
/t
"
r

-1

.-

',

otou I"1 e[vo,r. r"l Lto,KpooKoTnKri svtpy6q 6roroprl oK66CI,olq rou 7ruplivCI, i.
Eret6rj Ini = Ni o.i 6rcou osi rl flurpooKornKti evtpYoq 8rutopLrl orc66croqc rou
7rDptivCI, i, t(o.r fl; to n),r10oq rcDV o,r6[-tov rorJ orol1slou i svd Ltovd8o oyt<ou,
oX6oI 3.21 yw*,at
t.1

ZN
i

'o '''

' I r,o,,
E_

fru

zropd,6srypu,

yrCI,

3.22

ro HzO 0s 61oupe:
.r

3
a_

zU,.,1

, -

-ru,A

-a

-'\./-J

3.3. IoXoq entBpd8uvoqq xot ),6yog entpp&8uvoqq

Ozrroq 5ei(o,pLe oro ,Tporlyoupevo rcerpd,)"u,to, ro ( eivcrt o,vrlorpoQoq
uvd,),oyo rou o,prOpof rorv ouyr(pouot0)v, r[ou o':ir,.trofvrCI,r yrCI, tt1v ezrBpir8uvoq
rrov ro,16cov vetpoviolv. To (, )"otr6v, eivo,t 6vu, Xo,pu,Kolptoarc6 rrlq uco,v6rlro,q
eznBpd,Suvolq ryoq uiLrcof pL6oou. I(o)"oq Xo,por(rlpi(etor o e:rtppu,8uvrrjq pLe
pLeyo)"i1 nprl (, Trou oqpo,lver peyd]"r1 o,nrrr]"eto ev6pyetCI,q svoq verpoviou uvd,
rcpoirori.
Ie evo,v o,vu8puorrlpu pru,q ev6ro,q6per enioqq Ko,t o ouvo)"u<6q crpr0pL6q tov
vsrpovirov rou 0o, enrBpo,6uv0oriv, o onoiog e(oprd,tcrr crn6 qv m0o,v6rr1to,
or<68o,or1q. To yrvopLevo (I. ovopLd,(ero,t to76g ex(ipd.6ov6tlE, olLol) I. eivot r1
pto,rcpoorconucrl svrpyoq 6roroprrl orc66oor1q roD enrBpo8uwr'1. fro, piypLuro 11
Xrlpnr<6q evri:oetq I roxDq enrBpo8uvorlq eivo,t:
\'L

-ts

LL

r15. _ r=l-V't
V

\r/

3.24

3-5

H Loluq snrBpir8uvoqq efvo,r nporrpLorspr]

rx?ro

ro (

yrcr.

tov npoo6ropropio

rrlq zroLotrlroq svoq snrBpu,Sovrri, rccrOooov o,un1 etvcn ioq pe (/7". (6rotr I, = 1/7".)
rco,L srcqpo.(er t1v pLeorl ),oyo,pr0pucr1 pelcool qq evepyeto.q rou verpoviou CI,r,o. ct-n
n1g c5ro,6populq rou.
H uzropp6(p1orl verpoviotv
yLCt.
lpqorponoirlorl rou

6vov entBpo.Suvtil elvo,t ototleio cr.pvrltrrco

rlv
or 6vov zruprlvu<6 ovrrdpootrlpo,, 6nou 6srr
crr0upLoupu vo Xoul-rs nncoiersq vetpovirrrv. ftu" zupo,8eLypLcr, ro popro tyet
psycr)"ritepr1 rol,p entBpd8uvorlq o,t6 tov crr'0purccr, a?")'ct. eivo.t svteT"oc
o,rcutd,7,7"r1)"o yro, enrBpo,8uvtrlg )"oyor rrlq ur1n1)'r1g crnoppoqlolq rov vsrpovicrtv,
rcupio:q 5e rorv 0eppucrilv.
Opi(oupLe )uormov pru di)"r1 ruoo6tqro,, rov )riyo ttrppa\ovorTg, o ozoioc
/.o p olcul pi(et qv 6 po.oruc6rllrc{, ryo q entB po"6uvo1.

)d

yo

g ttr t l) p

CI,ru6

d.6 ov o

17

,\'
t

IL

3.25

Itov

nivorct" 3.2. B),5noupLe rtq rrp6g rrlg to1uoq eznBpdEuvolq Kol rov )"6yo
cnrB pd,8uvor1 g 6ro,<po porv u),rrccirv.

II[varcaq 3.2

,r'
o),rx6

zoxv6rqtu
gr/cml

Es
-l
Ill

I-I2O

135

61

(CH:)n

0.92

161

6l

Dro

1.1

5700

Be
BeO
C
He
U

1.84

18.8
I 5.5

2.96
1.60
0.000178
18.7

l2
o.l
0.009
0.33

125
110

205
45
0.009

Onorq B)"eroupe o.z16 tov nirro,rco, 3.2 r,a u),ucu TroD TttpLslouv pteyo.),eq
irooorrlrsq uDpoyovou ruupouorcr(ouv alv u1n1i6tt:pt1 ucu,v6ttlro enLBpo,8uvorlc.
Oprorg r1 peyd)"r1 vrpToq Droroprl ou),7"q-1n19 rcuv vsrpovicov uzro ro u8polzovo
No.Ototd" tov )"o,rro entBptrSuvorlg to)"u 1ctpu17"o.

(_.

-fo

Bnpu vepo (D2O) eXer ro, rcoirirepo, Xcrpol(rrlproarco. enrBpo,ouvorl:. s.\'

i"d"poupLe urc' or1r1r,t6oo trlv ucm,,6tr1tcr snrBpd6uvolq ooo KoL rlv svspTo dro.ropLtl
ou)'ir1r1rr1q rrrlv vrrporzicrtv. To Bupir vspo unctpler oro quou(o vspo oe nooooro
0.015a/o r(o,1 ro rcootoq nopo,yr;rytjq roD eivct.r nupct. no)"u trlrq)"o.
O trrrOpcucug eivo,r o Deftepoq orn oeLpd,, pLeta ro D:O, ooo o,(popo
rrcuv6rrlro enrBpoouvorlg rov vsrpovirov, 516rr q prrcpq rou ro1uq eznppo,Stnroqc
nvttoro,0pLt(ero,r oro tl'1v no),u pLucprl svsp1o 6Lotoprl orii'ir1rpr1q. To pLeyd.)"o
pLerorr6rctlLro, roD d,vepo,rcu rco,rd, rrlv Xpriorl rou oroDg crvtt8po,orrlpeg, eivcn to
ysyovog, ott eivor eurp)"erctoq KCI,r LLTropsi vo, nporcciifoer ooBo,pd, utu7.r1pci.to" oe
nepirrcoorl nvd,<p),e(r1q, ofioJq ouv6Brl orov riirptlvu<6 uvtt8puorr'1pu rou
Chemobyl ro 1985.

l},

3.4. ),qOupyicr

Ie

no)"7"e9 neprnrriroelq sivCI,r Bo)*r<otepo

vo sKqpd(oilpte

qv

evSpyercr E,
svog vsrpoviou
7"oyuprOptn1 rc},ipurcu, Xprloq-tofiorcovtuq rrlv oErd,otu,rrl
noo6tqro, tr, q onoio ovopd,(ero,t )ry?apyia.

or

rr=

E^

lrtl

3.26

Otou Eo eivur r1 crplucrl

rvspysto, Tou vrpoviou ttou uvttororli,(ero,r oe

irl0crpyio pr156v. H opprcl ev6pyero, )'crppdveror ouvrlOcoq 0)q I u\l/1,1).orepr1 trpul
ot tvCI, X$po pts vetp6vtcl, rr.X. nepinou 10 MeV Trtr, ro vetp6vru rv6q Truptlvucou
rrvti8pctotrlpu, coore oiuu rcr vetp6vrcl, vcr s1or)v 0errrcr1 ),r1Ocrpyio, 'Onag <pcriveror
oTro a1 o16o11 G.26), r1 ),r10opyiCI, rvog verpoviou evfpysraq E o,u(o.r,er rcoOri:q uuto
cmBpo"6ur/rrcrl..

Edv Llr eivo,r 1 ),r1Oupyio evoq verpoviou evpyerog E1 ftprv CI,7ro ul\/
eiuotucl o165oo11 Ko.t Lu q ),q0opyio. prerir, rrlv e)"ootucr1 or<66uor1 tou verpoviou
pLe evfpyeru E2, 0u eloupre ylo ulv peroBoirl rrlq i'rlOopyiog:
tt-_

I(o0rir,=

ro ( eler oproOei

0)q 1l

tr

ttt=lnfr

peotl upul rou

-1

,8,
lr)
-:

OUV(IY8TUI

orl:

.'l

31

=,,. -

- Ltr

tr,

'Eotrl vetp6vto o"pxLlciS svepYeLo,q E,,, ro oTroio l"ttrd.

t1tr svtpYsro. Ei. Fi 7,r10upyi0r rou vtrpoviou u1 0{x elvcn:

3.28
o,iro

Nj ouyrcpouottq

E,

r1
Avtrrcn0rotrirvrcrq otrlv (3.30)

qv

tt,

ln7

3.29

t.,

=KAt,

3.30

(3.28) 6loupte:
tt, =

Ano trq (3.31)

KCn

K,(

3.3

(3.29) Bpiorcoupe:

K.t=ln

E.

"

3.32

t-_
I

Ir.t '

K,=

r1

7101)

rivrlr

1l

oxsoll (3.1e)
E, = Eoe'-o'i

r1

TroD l-t"CI,g 6iver,

szrrBpo,Duvrrl.

trlv svspYslu, svoq vrpoviou fttrcl o,fio I(; oDyKpoliosrq

rto oxrifrc{ 3.3

ol)vd.pllorl

l"tr

llv

BT"snou;r.e
7"r10o.pyio.

rrlv

1 a1

J.JJ
pt6oo,

l-r"sro,Bo7'I tq-q ev6py1CI,q tvo_C vrrpoviou

ot

]S

ZTtipo. 3.3. H pe-rapd"ry rqq evtplteruq evog ve'rpov[ou oe

),4?a.pyfa u.

ouvap^rryory

{t

rryv

l9

KEOAAAIO
AIAXYEH

Tfii\ NETPONION

4.1. Erouyrucyrl

Is

evuv nuprl;u<6 uvrL8ps.otrlpu 61oulL. TLu"pa"yoryr] vsrpovio:v o"?To r1g

o1o-osrq. To nirlOoq r(r)v o6,roeo:v, ripo, rco.r ropcryoprfvov vsrpoviorv, e(optritcr.r
aTLo trlv ps(ct KCr,r rov oyl(o rou nopqvrrcoir u,v';rdpoorripcr. Tu ncrpo,yopLevcr.
vtrpovro, sXouv r1v 6uvu,tou1ro, vo, CI,7ropporpq0ouv, :rporccrT"ri>vro,q o1u,o1 r1 rcoirorcr
u),),r1 zrupqvucq o,vri8poor1, q vo,6rucpr5youv 6(or o,zro tov crvtt8po,orrlpo,.
H yevucrl F.opqri rIq e(locoorlq rou zr),r1Oouq r(DV vetpovirov orov
avadpootl1po, situr:
dn

a
oruou

tl

sirzcn

nupory

rttr lLercr[]o]"ri qq
Jcivo.r
dt

Irrlv

LL

ro

oiiorrlpLcr Bplorcerar

ot

vo

oro0eprl

rcu,rd,oruot1,

(4.1) yivetur:

ncxpoyroyrl = 8toquyri + CI,TloppoQlloll

f rcr"

rccxr

ro 1p6vo.

nepinrcoorl Trou

-. )r 0, r1 e(ioooq
t\r12'udt1a=
dt

4.1

nurcv6rqtu roJv vsrpoyi6y (verpovrCI, uvir" povuEu, oyrcou)

r)t

ary\-6uquyr1 - onoppoqlol

e(u,o<po,)"iooupLe

4.2t

rlv ocoorj )"erroupyio, evo-c nuprlvucof

crvttDpcxorrlpu 0o npnu vu yvcrtpiooupre rcu)"o, trq tpciq nupuperpoug, 6r1),o,dr1. qv

7iCI,po,ycDyli rllv 6ro<puyr1 KCI,lllv ofioppoqnon rcDV verpovicrtv.
O unoT,oyropor, tr1g Trcpoyoylig verpoviorv orro rrq olo,oerg rco0cilg l(o,r rrlq
o.Troppoqloqg ro)v vsrpoviov, ywext,t yvropi(owo,g r<o,),d, rtq evepy6q 6ro,ropLeq to:v
grztrDpdoeo)v rrllv verpov[otv
l"rs ro, u]"ucd, rou o,vtr6pu,orrlpo,.
H Dro,<puyi1 torv verpovirov yiveror p"Era a.To to7'7"o,n),6q orce8croerq. ftcr torr
uno)"oyroplo rlq 8roquyrlq rCIv verpovirov pLzropotipLe pLe rKo,voTrolrltucrl urcpiprro, vo,
s(pc/.pl-t"oooufrc rouq v6pouq tt1C rc7"o"ooucr1g prlXuvucri<.
Merd, ono ptto, or<66o,o11 r1 6rcu0uvoq rou orcebo(op6vou vetpclviou dsv etvry.r
oDTr(st(ptl-Levq, u),)"u pLnopei vCI, eKqpCI,orsi pLe rouq v6poi)q rrrlv rr0uvotrlrotr'.
tuverurbq ed,r, 0eotprlooupe peycr.io crprOpo vtrpr\'!/io)v rore DT.a.p/il rro.0o.pt1

rl0

l-tsro,r(ivlloll vsrpovi(r)v ofio TtEpLoXCc) pt l-Ltyd2,rl ,ruK\,6rrlrrr, Trpoq Trrplo7,si l-Lr

Llil(porspll nurcv6rr1ro,. H pero,tcivilotl uurr1, r1 onoio, xo,pCI,r(rt1pi(ercn o4 6td7uo17.
pLziopei vcr uiro)"oyLorei pr o1srrKu an)"a pu0qpo,rucd,, rou)"rixrorov oe npioll
TrpooeYTroll.

Ie

evq,v TruprlvlKo uvuEpootrlpu ro verp6vro, TtolJ Tlaparyovrrx,L oTro Trq

olo,oerq eivutruyeo, Ko,L ld,vouv evepyero, pr ouyl(poiroerg pL6ou orov snrppu8uvtf .
I(o.rd, qv Erd,prcro, roD uroBtBuopoD rlq sv6pyero,q rcr verp6vro l-rTropouv vo.
6ro,quyouv nzr6 rov o,vrr8po,oolpo. Iuvenrui,gyw a1v n)"r1pq o,vd,)"oor1 o1g e(iocoorlq
4.1 Ocr npena vo, )"oBoupLe un'6ryrv 16oo rlv evepysLurcrl rco.to,vopLrl ro)v
vstpoviorv. ooo Kor rIV rcurcrvopq roDq oro ydtpo.
Mers rriv Oepponoirioq rcDV vrrpovicov, I oTroio, y[vero,r uprcetd, yprlyopci
orouq 1eppucouq awfipaou1peq, ^ca verp6vro, p"*a alro oirvroprl 8dXuorl r1 Oci
ctfioppoqlOouv 11 0o, 8ro,rpuyouv o,ru6 rov uvrLDpo,oalpo,.
fro, tr1v rco,)"rirepq rco,ro,v6qol Ko,r uKo),6rspq npoo6yylol'l oro np6B)"r1pro,
0cr pe),errlooupe upprcd, rIV 8rdXuorl povorvspyerorcd)v verpovlrrrv (n.X.
0eppLLrcrirv), 6rcou npoe(dp1er q e)"o,oarcri orc66croq.

4.2 E\taaorl 8rdlooqq rolv vetpovfcov

Aq

OecoprlooupLe 6vcr orlorilpLo,

, ).
(verpovrrx/crn-).

6nou I pori rov vetpovicov eivcn

H unoppoqlq rov vsrpoviov

uTroppoqqorl

0o, eivo,r:

- Io(D

4.3

6tou I,, elvur rl froKpooKorTrKq evepy6q Sroropr'1 oTroppoqqot]q r(r)v verpovirov.

H 6ru,quyr1 trrtv verpovicov 0o, bfveto,r o,n6 r1v o16oq:
6ro,quyr1 vetpov[cov (uvd, crn3 rco,t o,vd, sec)

--

/)

-D v

2rD

(a'a d:a a:a

Id^' a' &')

4.4

-f,-i

6ruou

D etvo,r o oovrc)"eouig 6td.yoor76 rcDV verpoviorv,

o onofoq sler

Srcxord,oerq

pLr1rcouq.

E,dv to13.rouv 01 npotno06oerq, cbore 11 Oeropio, tr1g Srd,luorlq

oe nprbtq npoofyyrotl vCI, eivo,r enrr penr'f, t6re o ouvrei,"eorrlq
divsror un6 rrlv o16o11:

rov verpoviotv

8dpoqg

0o.

-+l

rl-

I)

tinou

4.5

3(I, - L,1r,,)

Ir = |

olulr{tj po,l(pooKoTruci rvspyoq Dloroprl tou u7"rrcou pr6oou

Tr0, Liovo ev spysl0.r(0, vetp6vru.
= tl p0,Kpool(o;1r<r1 evepyoq fiLo,ropLtl or<66o,or',q rotl u)"ucori p6oou

I,
_y La LLovosvpTsro,Kd, vsrpovlCI,.
r(c[L lto = To pLeoo ouvrlpilrorzo qq

yrovioq oKe60,ollg roD verpoviou

CI,v0

ouYl(pouorl

oro orjoulfrCI, rou epyCI,orllpiou.

E,d.rz

rl oTroppoqloll

rCIv vetpovicov eivur piLrcprl to're:

Ir=I,

Ko,r

rl oleoq (4.5)

irivetcn:
)

D_
.11
(rnou )',

=3I,(l -trr,,) 3(l-l10)

4.6

eivnr peorl sieuOepq DroSpopLrl or<65oo'r1q.

Opt(oupe ag piorT ile60epq &aipopti porarpopdq ),,. 'cov opo

I'
I
,"":L,i-it-rl-11
IirpLqrrrvcr frr

ulv

o1eor1

(4.1) 0u
I

4.1
t

eivo,r:

D=-).

4.8

.)

ollpsrri:ooupe ort, ll(t-i I ercrppd,(er rlv o,vroorpozriu otrlv

orce8u,or'1 rov vrrpovicov. Edv r1 orc66o,ori yivero,r oe Bopeiq ruprlveq, rote floupre
ro6tpontl rco,tovopul ro)v vtrpovi6v (orpo,rpucrl rco,tuvoprl oto ouotrlpLu pLftprlorlg
rou spyCI,orrlptou) Ko,r o opoql/( t-nl n).qoro,(sr niv provd,6o,. Irqv rspinrcooil
o.uq 0o, tivu,r ),. = )",,..
@o, rup6tsr vcx

12

Irrlv nepintrrrorl Trou o

enrBpuDuvrrlq o,fiortTrtiror (coq ouvri0r,rg) a.fio

cT,urppri" uTuucd. (n.1. FI2O, DzO) t6rs rl ovr.oorpoTlicr eivor peyd},1 rcnt npsner vo"
7.11rpr)ci oopupu t)r' o\t/rv o opog [.
Iupqrovo, lis uq ol6osrg (4.3 ) rcor (4.4) t1 (4. 1 ) yivetot:
),,
--=.\-DV:rD-I,O

4.9

onou S = I Tro.poToyrl tcov verpovicrrv o,vri, cm3 rcor o,vd, sec.

H e(iorooq (1.9) ),tyerat e(ioaory 6fi.7oor7g 'caw vstpovirrrv rcnr 61er
Booucl

e<poppLoyrl

Eir,v

oroug 0eppLr<ouq o,vrr6pcxottipeq.

ro ouorlpo,

Bpiorcero,r

oe otuOeprl

rco.td,otcroq

(.dt =0)

TOffi rl

eJl

e(ioro or1 6rd7por1q yivercrr:

Dv2tD-IoO-S=0

H 8u,qopucrl

4.10

e(iootorl (4.10) pnopel vcr enr)"o0ei oe oqpLeict ercr6q rou

lcirpou ruopuycoyrlq verpovirov, 6nou 0o, etvo,t S = 0

r1

Dv2@-ro@=o

4.t\

v'o-rc'o=o

4.12

onou

A :-

EzrerSrl

ro I,,

eler 6Luorrl,oer,q

tuo

61er 8rootd,oerq

pLqrcooq(-

4.13

prirouq

-'

rco,r

ro D

SLo,oru,oetq prlrcoug

ro

r< Ocr

)'

4.3 Mrlxoq 5t61ooqq, prlKoq uzoBrBuopori xur prlxog petuvdorsoorlq.

'Eotro svCI, vrrpovro lrlv otrypr'1 rlq Tro,ptx,yoTriq roD ot 6vu oqpeio S tou
lLtoou, ev6pyerug E. Merd, ano not)lanXtg orce6d,oerq to verpcivro Ocr 1d,oer
e\/epTsLC{ r(o,r oro r6}"oq 0o, o,zroppoqq0ei ofio 6vov nupqvu,, ed,v 6av Lrrropsorl vo,
clro"qriyer. H a,n6oto,or1 SB (oplpLo 4.2) ano ro orlpLeio ncrpnyrLryrlq Lm7pl ro
orlLre

[o

o"Troppoqt]or1q eivcn r.

-r3

rtlv

ntpin'rototl TroD o"vuipep6po,orr

;.rso11 rrprrl rou rcrpcr.Ytr-rvorr rou r. {l ,).

or

ruo),),d,

verp6vrn ruo.ipvoi;pte

tr1r,

S (orlpsio na.puyaryfq roD verpoviou)

l-=)r

P,rrB

.l
6ro5popLrl tou

verpoviou

\
\

f,-----,_-------,--

{t..----.---}
\

\
\

(orlpte(oo.itoppo(prlollq

.o,r vcrpoviou)

=---:t'\

A (orlpeio

6zrou to verp6vro
6Xer evpyero, E,i )

Zyfipo 4.2. Ilapaor(xory

rryq chadpopuTq evoq verpovl.ou pt6oa oe

iltrcd

1.ttoo.

Anodeuo,risro,r 6tr:

;6

4.14

K-

Opi(oupre oo,v trrrlxog drdluoqq

f _

tr1v o16o11:

lnr

1l s
V

zn

4.r5

t_
rl
L =-t'

4.r6

Avrrrccr0rorcirvrug otqrz
BpiorcoupLe

oXf6I (4 15) to D

pe

rc ll3 L,. (4.8)

44

)L
3

r1

4.t]

1\'s

II on6oruorl SA sno ro orlprs;io ltupoyoyrlg S

ptbypt to oqpLe(o A onou to

(n.X.
rcct0iorcrrnt Oeppnr<o) , pterct crno
\/rrpovro sxr Lr"ro, rco,0opropLevrl evfpyetu
orceSuoetg, opi(eto.r og r'. (o1ripru 4.1). H pteoq'irpiil /:: yro" to2'2'd, vtrpovto..

crnoderKvuetsr 6rr e[vcn:

r , -Ar

4.18

O opog t ovopu,(eru ryhrcfa Ferni rco,r 61er 6ro,otd,oetg entqdvetcrg. H

rsrpo{rDvlr{rl pi(u. J; , ovopcr(eto.r pfircoq orop$aopof rat 61et 6to,oro,oerq
prlrcouq.

fLq, 6vq, Oeppurco vetp6vto q)"t.toq t,1,, to pr'1rcoq utoBtBo,opou, J, ,,,, Ocl"
ei,vur evo pLstpo trlc crn6otCI,orlq CI,7ro to orlpeio TropttyoTnq rou, p61pt ro orlpeio
Trou cluro 61eL yiver e eppruco.
flcr ro, OeppLu<o, verpovLo,, to Ll, 0o, eivo,L crvo,7,olo tou p6oou tetpcrycitvou
( r? ) 'rr1q ur6oro,or1q, o.ro to orlpteio onou to vetp6vto fiapayerct.r, prtypt to orlpeio
6nou ouro unoppoqcrro,r.
Aqi"o,bri:
rs

= o.Tr6oroorl u,?To ro orltrreio rupo.yroyrlg verpoviou

6coq ro o'1peio Oeppronoirlorlq

o.n6oro.or1 o,n6

to orlpreio 0eppLonoirloqq

tolq ro orlpeio oTToppoqrlollg

ftcr ro, OeppLrrcir, vetp6vtcr opi(oupre rqv errytd.vstr ltro.vaoreooryE M2 ro9:

M2=L2+t
r(rr1

ro prircog p*cr.v(torcD6ryq

4.le

@q:

=1f n,

4.10

Iror,rir,,otccl 4.1

B)"tnol)tr-Lt
pouq
rago
6
ezrrBpu8t)vrq:

eztppcr6ovrrlg

Hzo
Dzo
Be
C

rCI,

Xo.pcxt(rt'lptottrcd, prrlrrl to>v 0sppttrcrbv

TIIIVAIUD 4,1
prrlxoq
rli"rxio Fermi
pllKo6
uzroBrBuotrrori
orooq 20oC
(cm)
6uiXooqf
0epprrcdlv
"E

vetpoVt(r)\'6t

prlxoq
petcrv6orsDorls

M(cm)

vetpovIrrrv
,2,
(cnr
)

L(cm)

31

2.16

5.6

6.2

120
85
350

100
21

11

101

9.2

23

54.2

18.7

51

pr1rcoq petuvir,oteuoqq eivcn no).6 oilpto,vtrrci rrapa1r;"poq orov uno),"oyropto

tou ptsy60ouq Ku,t to oleStctop6 evoq rcplot;rou ttuprlvtrcorS o,vrr6pootripo.

To

41

KEOAAAIO

IIYPHI{IKOE ANTIAPAXTHPAI
KAI KPIIIMH KATAETAEH

r----4. -fluprlvrx6q oto.Op6q rrc{pcryoyrlq rliextpLKrlq

lr'r.'r,
r(ot o ztpqvrx6q uvtr8puorlpug

evfpyerug

nuprlvrrcoq uvtL8poorrlpuq eivui 11 <rcup8rd> svoq TrupllvrKou oruOpLou

lcoycoyrlq q)"ercrprrcrjg evepyeruq. Irov rupr1vrrc6 o,vrr6pu,orqpo., pSoco rlq
'*.b-><$r.o,oio,q
\' -,-r
nlq uiuoL8otrlq nuprlvrrcriq o,vti6puoriq, cr:re)"eu0epcbvero,r nuplvucrl
u
^rJ
r-.-dL
1 onoio, pterarptnercrl o 0eppLucrl. I{ 0epprrcr1 ev6pyero, un(tyerw o,n6 tov
r------rrlvuco
-'.
ovtr6pu,orrlpu pL6oco evoq ouooipLurog \/uIq Kor pLeru<pfperor or
, rt
-,
,
<--)pflTTivsq orou pLero,rp6:rerCI,r ot pLrlluvu<ri ev6pyetu, (oplpio 5.1). Oi touppniveq
i'ir<-->
oe rcivqorl riq r1)"ercrpoyevvrlrprsq ol oroieq rpo<po8orofv ro 8trcrro pLe
'_r:7,r
psul-r.o.. H otrI 51u61Ko,oio, u,rco)"ouOei trq apubq )"erroupyiuq pro,-q
pLucrlq pqxo,vrlg t(CI,l1,l nopuy6pevrl r1)"ercrprrcr1 evcpyerq, 0s, etvur:
'rl)rs s-1,-t<'rprrc6

G-

=-pytro,

ra

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c

T-

tt

uptlvtrcoc at.ttdpaouTpo.;

oupzrurcvoulg

Iytipo. 5.1 f,y66to evdq'runrrco'D

Tr

c.p Gy

ayrl g Lercrp
17

TrDprlvtKou ora?pou
rrcr1

g ev 6py

slsq.

.18

W=Qn-Qc
oztotr

-5i

Qp eivor 11 Oepprrcl1 evdpyera, nou nap|Xst o o,vtt6po,orrlpo.q

0e ppLucq er/6pyro. zrou o,noBd,2,")"eto"r

orov

Qc

rl

oupTrurcvrotrq.

H clno8oorl roll nupqvucof oroOpou

ll=l-,QN

rccu

Ocr etvs,r

nepino'tr:

o_.

5.2

uno8oorl e\aprarw u,no zto)")"6q nopop6rpouq tK rov ozroio:v no)"u

orll-rCI,vrtr<rj eivor q Oepporcpu,oiu rou o,rptou nou eto6p6tral ortlv rouppnivu T, rco,r

T. H o,zr65ooq

o,u(dvet 6tov o,u(d,vtrCI,r tl

0epptorcpo,oicx T, rccn clrcrv e)"q,trcoveru,t 11 0eppotcpo,oio T.
Ie 6vov 7rupl'lvLKo oro.Opro ri 0epporcpcxoio T,. elapr.aro:, c\Ito rt; ouvOilrceq
rou neprpd.)")-orrroq, olro)q q 0epprorcpcroiq, tou o.epu r1 11 0epptorcpooio tou vepof
\/uIq rou oul-r7rurcvotr1. Iuvrl0oq or Truprlvucot otu0pLot orlvovtut 6in)'c/. ot
0d,)"nooo., )"iptveq r1 peyoi,oug irorCI,l"roDq oTrou DTT,apX1" &q0ovo vspo ylct trlv rlru(r1.
Aur6 TroD l-rTropoul^rs vo, rcdvoupe yrCI, vCI, ou(rlooups lllv o,no6oci1 slvo.r q
uf(r1or1 rrlq Oepporcpo,oio,q T,, r1 ozrolo oLIcDq ruepropi(erq,t o,116 rqv CI,vroxt1 totv
u)"u<rbv Kcr,r rrlv u,oqo,)"ercr )"erroupyio,q roD uvtr6po,ou1po,.
I(crrd rIV 6rd,prcero, rqq )"ertoupyicrq svoq o,vrr6poottlpo, pLeyo)"o nood,
0spporrlro.q cxnoBd),)"ovror crno rov oupnurcvcorrl. Otcxv o oupnurcvroljq
rlrirTsrcrr a"rl,o r(t v.pa fi.X. puoq ),ipvrlg eivo,r 6uvur6 vu 6loupLe enrntrirosrg oro
rusprBo)"),ov e(o.rrto,q qq ou(r1ollg rllq Oepprorcpuo'toq tou vspou. To <pcrw6prevo
crur6 rco"ietru Qeppurcri pil.uvory KaL e(erd(erat ooBupd Trprv xrlv elrcutuotuorl
evoq tuprlvrKou oro,Opou oe !lo. reptoyil. fuv. vcr s)uo.ttoOei r1 0eppLuol po)"uvor1
ouvri0roq pi(owu oyrcco6erq rcu,r uyrl)"oi rupyor oTEoD afi,a:{rrCI,l rl Oepporqtu
rlrir(r1q roD oupzrurcvrrtrrl, peyu,),o pr6poq rrlg ozroio,g 8rolereuerut ortlv
11 0epporcpo,oiu,

rou

oupTrurcvcorr'1

o-tpL6oqo,rpo.

llpnz npoyriprlooupe orlv e{5roor1 rcDV Srcr<popcrrv ninrov zruprlvrrccbv

crvrtiipo,orripov 0o riro,v NpTlolpro vu, SoupLe rcl Boorrco preprl ev6q trlznrcof
;TUprl\/rKou o,vrL8po,orrjpo,. 'Oruroq <po,ivercrr
uvrr6poouipoq orore)"eiro,r o,n6 ro, e(r1q Kuptq,
(r.) Tov

i)

nupfivo. o ono[og xeprtyer:

ra, TrDptlvttcd" rcaoorptct"

ii) totl tnBpabuv-rfi

iii ) to tllDKrtlco

oro oplpLo 5.2

pr6pr1:

6vo,q ruuprlvuc6q

iO

iv) rov avarcLa.ou1pa

f)

uq pdl)6ouq d.iyy.oo

y) ulv \e(o.pevfi otytfltig tr[eoryq

6) u1v ?topd.rcrcry rpooraoiag
O ropfivaE unote),ei ro rcevrpuco pL6poq rou uvtr8pcloqpo, t(CI,r 7rcprcXeL ro
r(GUoLfro uiuco t(cu rov enrBpu8ovtl.
To rcaforyto anore)"eirat uno old,orpLct ro6roro ro, onoio, eire Bpioicovrol
otrlv <puor1 sits ftapaqovrcrl rcu,td, rqv 6rilprcercr rliq T,"erroupyicrq rou o,vtr6pcrotl1pcr.
Or neprooorspol uvtrbpo,orrlpeq mou eivs,r oe )"erroupyiu orlpepu orov
rcoopLo XprlorpoTroroov oq r<oriorpro rcupioq ro oupd,vio (U). Iro <puoirco oupd,vro 11
rooronu<1 u,vcr)"o.1ict eivur ri e(r1q:

u238 99.28
u235 o,7r4va
1J234 o.oo6Ta
old,orpLo ro6rono (U"') eivo,r no).u ),iyo, ouvrlOcoq
u),rrco spLzr2uoud(ezur ri:ors va nepttyet nepizou 2-3c/o 1J235
EzrerEq

ro

to rco,rlorpLo

pcrBSot e)"6yXou

u,vsr)"u,orlpoq

\/!K

Truplvcq

Ipipa 5.2.

Zyrypa'cLn1 ttapaoruorT voE TtDprlymob av^cr.6paorr7pa..

-50

I(oro rqv

tou

q,vrt6po,orr'1po, nopd,yovtut ye'1ct.r.e:

Pu'3e prnopei vo.
noootrlrsq Pulre p6oco nuprlvrrcrrrv crvn8pd,oecDv ror.) U23t.
Xprlorl-ro7rou1Osi rrrq rcuriorpro oTToq rco,t'co U235.
O er{}po.6ovrfig, onoiog Xptloll-toTroteito,r rcuplroq orouq Oepprtrcou:
crvtr8po,otripeq, 0epponorsi" ra ruyto, vetpclvro, to, onoia fiapayovtur rcotd, tqt'
oXd"or1. O unoprBo,opoq rlg ev6pysro,q rov vsrpovio:v yivero,r eurcoi6rtpoq 6tcrv o
Sru,prceur ).etrou

pyiaq

To

snrB pub'uv'n\c,

f'o

nepttyer e)"oqpouq mprlveq.

XprlorproTroror5vro,r ou1vd,

ro

Fopu vtpo
coq ezcrBpo8uvt6q. To Be

s)"oqpu vep6 (HzO),

(DrO)

KCrt

rco,0rbq Ko,t

ro

ypcripirrlq

BeO

eXouv

si TrtptorCI,olo,rcd, )"oyco tou ur41 )'"oD l(o orou g.

To or5orrypa yt5(ryg peto,rp6per tqv 0eppor'\ra aILo tov nuplivo, Ko,t tu, d,)'7'"u
0eppLcnvoprsvo psptl rou o,vtr6po,otrlpcr ortq rouppniveg yto, fio,poTolyrl 11)"srctpucrlC
ev6pysLog. To vep6, ro |3opu vspo rcu,Orbq KCrt Srdqopu o,epto, (n.X. COz)
XpnorLloTlototivtq,t rcupicoq os OspprKouq uvtrSpoorrlpeq ylCI, ro ouorlll-tct 1dt(qq.
Irouq uvrt8pnorrlpeg to,16CIv vrpovlcov ro vep6 rccrt to Bupu vepo eivut
ntccrrd,),)"q)"u, yru to oDorrll-1.o, \/DqIq ener6rl rucrpf")"),r1)"o ),ettoupyofv rcor rrlq
entBpo,6uvt6q rorv verpovirriv. H enrBpd8uvorl ro)v vtrpovicov eivo,t ovent0upLtlttl
orouq uvtrbpuorr'1peq raytav vetpoviotv Srotr 06)'oupLe vo rcpo,oiooupe rcL
rzerp6vtcr oe uy1),"6q oletucd, evfpyereq. Itoug o,vrt6puorr'1peq uutori tou tfnou
oro orio'ur1pu yu(qq Xploq.lorroretrs,r rcupiorg Dypo LrerCI,),)"trc6 Na nou eivut to)"u
rcCI,7'"o u)"uco yro, rl1v pero,<popd, tr1q 0epp6rtlxac), X@piq vo, entBpo,8uvet oqpto,vrtrco,
ro. vetp6vto.
O avo.rc)aorfiq onupyer yr5pco cLlto tov ttuprlvo, rou crvtt8po,otrlpu,. I{
T"ettouplritx, tou o,vcrrc).o,otr1 e[vur q c,rco]"oug1:
I(ord trlv ),ertoupyio, rou ovtt8puotrlpo to no,puy6ptevu vstp6vto, un6 rqv
cr"),uotDrorrl nuprlvrrcrl o,vrlEpo,orl uqiorcxvto,t zro)")"on)"6q orcebd,oeiq pL61pt vo
0eppLonoul0ouv. 'Evu Lr6poq rorv verpoviov 8toqeuyeL ert6g tou nuprlvo, l-Ls
o"roteleopo, vq, e),u,rtritvetuL o oprOp6g ro)v TrDprlvtrccrtv q,vtt6pd,oecov rco,0c(tq KCI,t 1l
r<prorp6rr1ro, roD o,vu8po,orrlpo. Edv oprog rono0etr'looupe evo, zrulu otprbpCI, CI,7ro
enrBpo6uvorv u).1rc6 yupcD u,n6 rov ruuprlvo, tou u,vrt8pcroolpo, (tov crvu,r<),crotrlpn),
tore 5vo, or1po,vrtrc6 noooor6 Tov vsrpovir.ov lrou 0,i si1o,v Drurpriyer, orce6o,(6pevo,
orov o,vo,rc)"oorrlpcr enrotp6qoDv orov nopqvcr ou(d,vovruq rov o,pr0pLo rrov
Xprl orLroTI

o u1 0

oTo,oecov.

Or pti"l)6or iliyyou elvo,t ouvrl0roq rcu]"w6ptrcou oplpotoq 11 oe pLop<pr1

oiri'i"rrrv. Anore),"oirvrq,r afio u)"rrcd, ru onoio, 61ouv pLeyd)"r1 svtpTo 8ro,ropLrl
c/.;roppoerlorlq 0eppLrrccbv vetpoviov r(o1 pfiopor5v vcr pLeto,nvofvtuL pLr17o,vuco..
Otuv ot pd,BSor Bu0i(ovror perrirvero,r rl roxuq rou o,vrr8po,orrlpu oonou orci.pLo.ro.
r.1 i"srroupyio, rou. 'Oruv oL pdB8or e(epXovror oto,6ro,rcd, o o,vtt8puoalpo.c ienvo.

-il

rl\u Tutiroupyicr roD 6ozrou \/o. qrdosl orrlv

s,"ct)Dprlrli LoXU. MetoBd.i.i.ovro.: trlr

06o11 rrrrv pd.B6o:v crTroppoellorlg pfiopoiipLe vct e(ooqui'iooupe r"eltoup';,irl. ror)
nvtrdpo"orilpo. ps oroOeprl LoXD
peya)'"rs" lpovucd" 6Loorr1pro"to.. To.
pdBSouq e)"6y1ou eivo.r to
ouvri0ropLevo, u)"rrcd, TroD Xp'norpozroror5vrCI,r TrcL

ylo

B6pro, ro ld.rpvro

KLx,r

ro

tq

rcd,6pLro.

6e(o,prevr1 uyrl),r1q

deorlq rou zrepr6xsr rov zruprlvo, tou

o,vrL8pcxotripo.

awoy\c, os espLLlKq rco,to,n6vqorl KC{t oy1}"6q nr6oerg. Or

Oepprorcpuoisq nou uvunruooovror an6 uq olctoerq e[r,u,t zro]"u uryrl],eq. Eniol-c
uno rrr nopo,yrrryo, rcDV olcx,oerov u<ntpnerar crrctrvoBo)"icr y rl onoio.
o.TroppoqoDprvrl afio ro, Dro<popo u)"rrcd, oDvrt)"si orlpo,vrrrco orlv enrzr)"eov
oir(r1oi1 niq Oepporcpcxoluq. fru, trlv npooro,oio, rou 8oxsiou oz16 rIV tx,KnvoBoT"io.
y, roroOereiro,r oro, socDrsplKd, rorlcirpo,ro, no,1i,l otpcrrpru, ouvrl0cDq CI,fto otod,)"r:rou
oltoppoqocr rolupd rlv CI,KrwoBo2,iu y Ku,r ropd)")"q}"u yrileto,r.
f ro, rryv rpootaofo. roD npoororctrcof roD zuplvucou otu0pLou o
o,vrt6puorrlpoq 0ropurcl(etur pLe u]"ucd, rurd]")'r1]"CI, ytCI, ulv onoppoQt1otl rlq
cr"rcrrvoBo)"tuq y rco,0rirq KCI,l nlv CI,Troppoellorl tcov Dto,tpuyovrov vetpovicov. To
l-rTrtro eivo,r 6vo, ro)"u rcu)"o u)"rrc6 yra, r6rorou eiSouq npooto,oict.
Is ouvOr1rceg opo7"r1q )"erroupyiu,q roD uvrt8pcrotlpo, t'l 8toquyil
poSrevspyiov c,epiotv oto neptBd,l")"ov eivo,r crpe).r1t6tx. Ed,v oprorq ),oyot crtuplpotog
oupLBe [ rcd.noro, prDypri orov cwrr8pu,otripo, DfiapXEL r<ivEuvoq 8roquyrlq
pcr6rsvspyri:v uepirov oulv cr,rpooqCI,rpo,. I-ru ttlv npootu,o[o, rou yevucoti
n)"r10uopoir o o,vrr6pcrorrlpoq oulverur p6oo, oe ruo)"u oyrccir8rl rcor. toTppd, rcl1pro
cirore ro,6noro,6ro,quyovro,v po,Srevepya aipto" vo, eyr<)"roBi(ovro.r p6ocl oro rcripro
lorpiq vcr pro),uvstcrr r1 nrp6oqo1po,.
Tei'og yupo afio rccroa nvfl8poou'1po urd,plouv ouottlpro,rcr o,o<pciT,eicrq
6rorpru rzu r\Lcucorl/ouv alv )"srroupyio, rou ovrrdpuoalpo, os nepinroroq B)"dpr1g rcur
eivcxt cxno u)"rrco pLeyd)"qq

\/ix TrspLopioouv

rqv

pLo)"uvor1.

5.2. tluprlvrxoI Avtt6puor( peq Iolrloq

Irrlv

o1ertrcd, pLLrcprl toropicr o,16 u1v o,vo,rcd,)"uytl ulg zruprlvucrjg ev6pyero,g

txou\/ olebtcrorsi no),)"oi rufior nupqvucotv ovri6pcrorlpov. Ie o)"ouq o1ebov rouq
rutouq rov Truprlvrrco:v svrrbpCI,orrlporv o oroxog eivur ercperd,),),euor1 rlg
Oeppnrcrlq ryspysrCI,q, nou er)"uerCI,r rcq,rd,
old,orl rou "-tU, y,o rrlv nupoyoryrl
11 )"srcrpucr1q ev6pyerog.

qv

ri

noo6rrlto, rou "tU zrou urud,p1sr oulv quol o,vd,yrcuoe touc

tptuvrlrsq vo. orpo,qouv oalv ole6to,orl vcov rirzrorv avtLSpo,otrlpctv ror).
OpLorg r1 prrcpr'1

nou )"erroDpyoDv l-re KCI,Dorpro, oTrog .o tttu ri ro rrrTh ;rou

u;rcrplourr oe pLeycr)"eq o1errrcu, noo6rrlreq orrlv qoorl. Or ozrou6ur6tspll ru;rt'rl
o.\'o.7rCI.poycDyu(oDq,

,51

fiuprl\/rKc;lv ovttbpo,ouipov Trou Bpiorcovtcrr oe )"srtoupyiu, orov Kool-to orlprepo.

eivo,L or o,rc6),ou0or:

i). Avtrdpaoni peg ilaqpoi 66o"ro9 (Light-Water Reactors)

Or nprirtor o,vtt8po,otqpeq roluoq TroD Xptlotporrotq0qrcov epnoprrco. Tto, rtl\
Trupo,Trrlyrl rlTurrcrpucrlq ev6pyeruq eivo,r" or iey6pevot 0epprrcoi crvttbpootrlpec.
Orzopgq.rto,r <0eppLucoi nvrt6puoojpeq> Dr.ort r1 )"eLtoupyiu rouq orlpi(ero.r ott}'
()eppionoirlol rcDV vetpoviov tou uvrr8pcrotripu, rco,r otrlv o1d,or1 pe Osppuco.
vstp6vrcr rou "'U.
Iroug ovtr6po,orrlpeq s)"urppoir u8oroq I ezrtBpdEuvorl ro)v verpovicrtv
rccrOritq KCrl t'l 1rf(r1 tou o,vtr6pootrlpo, yiveto,r pLe guou<6 vtpo. To quotrco vtpo
.4Xer tiuo no).u onou8uisq yLo, alv 7,"srroupyio, rou ovtt8pcrortipo t8torlreq. llprbtov
rccrioq
/iu/,"1)
sv0,q
slvur
enrBpusuvtrlg verpovicov rcur Eeurepov Lytt noLv rco)"6q Oepproduvupuceg tdrotqteq
eTnrpeTrovroq rIV ptrCI,rporur1 rrlq 0epptrcrlq ryspYttsq ot Ll"1'lxcrvttctl, pLforo tqC
Srlpnoupyioq o,tpLo6.

Avd,),oyu pt ulv 8tcr8rrcs,oiq, peturpomlg rIq 0epptrclq sv6pyercrq ot

r1)"ercrpucr1, ol ovn6pootqpeq rco,to,td,ooovro,1 oe 6uo rfnouq:
a) o:tudpo.orrypeg meopivou 66arog (pressurized-water reactors, PWR) rcar
fi) ctvrrdpo.onjpeq (iowoq 66aroq (boiling-water reactors, BWR).

Avu6paotfipeq rueopivoo 66arog.

Irouq o,vrr8poorrlpeg ntsopdvou uSutoq ro vepo Bpiorcetor nuvtote oe
uypri rccrrd,orq,ol r(CI,r oe oy1)"r'1 Oeppotcpooio (300"C). frcr tov )'oyo CI,Dro 1l tieoq
tou f8crroq orov crvtr6pcrorrjpo, elvcrr no]"u uyl]"r1 (100-240 Atm). H zro,poyroyrl
o.tpLori, yro, rrlv rcivrlorl rov roupprnivcttv nou zropuyoDv rtlv rll"erctpLrcq ev6pyeto,,
yivernr 6ppsoo oe evo,)"d,rcr1 TroD ovopo,(eto,r yevrnjtptu, o,tpou.To vtpo sto6pleto,r
ur6 tov nu0p6vo, tou o,vu8pcx,orr1po, rcor e(6p1sro1 ps ou(r1p6vr1 Oepptorcpo,oio,
a.no ro nd,vo: l-rpoq rou o,vtr6puotrlpu. 'Etot afiayu. Oepptrcr1 evepyslCI, on6 tov
ci.r,rrc\po,ou1po, r(o,l ro,ur6lpovu rov \/uxst. To rcrx6otpo rov txvtt6po,otrlpotv
cruorrcou u6o,toq eivur e)"o,qpd epn)"ourlopsvo oe '-ttu (2-470) rcot eivo,r oe popqrl
o.)

Uo:

E,nerdrl orrog crvoq6p0r1Kt, ro vepo eivcrr to)"r.l rco,)"6q enrBpo,8uvtqq or

cr.r'trdpoorrlpeq tou rirrou o,urof pTiopouv vu, )"erroupyrloouv o,r(opul r(or ot no),6
LLu<pfq 6ro,ord,oerq, rirote vo LlTropouv vo, XprlotpLonorq0ouv yto. ti'1v t<ivr1or1 n)"oirov
ro.L unoBpr:Xirov. Irov nepropropo tou pLey60ouq oupLBo)"et rcq,r q uu(qor1 tr1_c
;sprsrctrrcorlro,q rou rccruolpou os "-tU, ,.ou pnopei vo, qtd,oet rccxr pL61prco 907o.
Tcroror crvtL8puotrlpeq eivcrr opoq no)"ir ur1n1)"ou rc6otouq Ko.t cJel
','r)llolltoTrororivtut ytu ),ertoupyiu otcr0pLcbv nopo,yOYliq 11)'ercrprrcrlq evepizero.c.

_) -1

T------:--------l
330"C
I

11

T1-

lr
lr
lr
itlr

i300 MW

Li_

38OO NlW

I4ti1.to"

5.j.

IluprTvmog avu\paorqpaE rueopevoo r56arcq.

l)) Avttdpaon1peq (iovrog udarog

Itouq uvtrbpcrotripeq (6ovtoq u8uro, Troo )"ettoupl,oriv q,r6 to 1960, r1
rcivrlori roJV rouppLrivov yivsrur pe utpor5q iLoD rl,apayovro,t o,n'eu0eio,g o116 ro
vspo Trou 1/uxsr rov o,vu8po,orqpu, Xopiqaiv peoo)"dBr1oq evu),"d.rctr1 @y\ptu2.2).

87fipa 5.4. IlUpqt,tx1q

av'r$pa"or71pd.q (tov'roq o6aro

-c

H
pLorz o.6

oruouoiu

tou evo,)"d,rctr1 neptopi(er to

epTloptrco

rcooto:

rlli itrprr-'.,'.;-;

crq zrup uyroyrl q r1),srcr prrcrj q ev 6py etoq.

Eziiorlq I unop(q u,tptori envr,penet Illv s)"6ttcoor1 rlq nieorl: ir-t'L

uvrrbpo,oolpu (6ovtoq ubcrroq nepizrou oto pro6 tqq ruieoqq rou ovtrdpo.otrlpo.
zrteoptevou tiiirr.roq. Auto tytt oov o,nor6iveopo, fllv s)'d,ttrllot1 rou rcrlou:
Oopd.rctorlq rou nvtt8po,otrlpo (6ovtoq 66uroq KCLI rll\/ pLeicoorl rou rc6otouc
napo"yotyt\c,.

H nurcv6tlr0, toxlroq (watts/cm3)

orouq ovtt8puotqpeq (6ovtoq u8otoq

sivar purcporsprl oe oX6oq pr roug o,vrrEpo.otlpeq nreop6r,ou u6groq, yeYovoq Trou

srurpd.2'),sr pLsyo)uurspo pL6ye0oq, TtcL rllv napqoyil tEra,g toluoq.
To rco.irotpo rov uvrt6puotrlpotv (6ovroq u8otoq eivo,t e)'o,<ppd epn)"outtopL6vo
UOz.

ii). Awdpaouipeq rpoottcod 66aroq

eruflpo.\uvui yparpiuT

ovrtDpcrotrlpeq rou runou 0,Drou lprlotponotor5r' oq erutBpoc\uvrr1

ypoqirrl. H 1ru(q tou uvtr$po,otrlpu, ylveto,t pe quorrc6 vep6 rca,r I ptrCI,qopu tqq
0eppnrcr'1q ev6pyero,g prnope[ vo yiver pie evo,]"d,rcni (uvtr8pcioulpeq TIlsoU.tvot)
ir5uroq) 11 o,reuOeiuq (ovtr6po,otrlpeq (6ovtog u6otoq).
Or ctvtr8poozqpeq pe ypuqirrl eivo.t pLeyd)"1q lo1Dot Ko.l XpllotpoTlorouv 0)q
rcrrr5orpLo eprn)"outro'p6vo UOz QTo) Tuntrco nupd8etypu s.nore)"d o
crrrrr6puorripsg (6ovroq u6urog PBMK-1000, o o;roioq Ko.root(sud,o0t1rce orr1
Pcr:oiu r(o,t eivor roxuoq 1000 MW (|3)'6ne e(crlqu)')'o). O tuprlvo,q rou
cr"vtr8pcrorqpu 61er 8rdperpo 11.8 m, u\/oq 7 m rcut nep#yu 180 t oupcrviotl. H
crro8ooq tou oro0pLor5 eivo,r 3lTo. H yu(r1 rou o,vtt5pu,otl1po, yfvetut ps vspo Trou
r)roleteuercrr p5oo, o,no oc't),r1veg (rprcoviou, ot ofioiot nept6louv 2.5a/o vroBro. O
oC
rco,t nieorl 70 At.
CI.rpoq nou zicrpd,yetctr 61er 0eppiorcpuoia284
H ncr.pouoiu, rou ypc,tpiul rouq rcoOtotd, tfitKiv8uvouq ot nepintrootl
cr.vdqo)"e[r'1q (crtuXq pro Chernobyi),

Or

iii ). A ep d y t) tiro t o.vu6 p aoni p eg y p o.q irry

OL

o,vrr8pu,otrlpeq TroD ovu,ntu10r1rco,v VLXct tci:po, fL,TopoDV vo.

T"etroupyrloouv Lrovo pe rqv Xpnorponoirlorl epn)"ourrop6vou ouptrviou. E,ner8rl
6pro:q o eprn),ourLofroq rou oupoviou oa "tU onottei r8ro,iteprl telvo),oylu rco.t
urlrq)"o r<6o'toq or e peuvrlt6q oleEicrouv crvttdl..rotqpeq TroD l-tTropoov vo
T.srroupyrlooDv Ko,r ps <puorrc6 oupd,vto.

Eytipa 5.5.

AeporyDKroE nuprTvtrc6q av"udpao'rqpcE l-t cruppaduv'ct1 ypart{rq

1 ) o a irTv eq rca9 o 6r71tr7 o4 q, 2 ) p a.p 6 o t e 76y yo o, 3 ) nu p fi v aq,
4)avarcLo"o'rr1pag.

<6

'Evo.q rsrolog rDTroq uvttbpo,ort\po, npotro)"errofpylot oro Calder-Hall rtl;

Ayy)'iac, to 1956 (onips 5.5). Xprlorponorei tov ypoqltr1 coq em[3po,Euvu1 r(G,t ro
peru<popd
0eppnr<q-c ev6pyetug. To pLeto,)"i"Lxo
CO3 yro, trlv ryu(r1 KCI,r
O ypcrqitrlg peoo oto 6o1sio 61et
Eolsio 6Xer 8rdprerpo 11 m rnr u\/oq 22
8rdperpo 11 m, iryoq 8.2 m Kor 1l pa.ea tou eivot 1140 t. H 0eppLorcpo,oio, p6oo

rlv

qq
n.

orov ypo(pirr1 6e uzrspBcriver rouq 336 "C" To r<oriotpto rou ovtt8pctott\pu twat I27
t (puou(o oupd,vro. H roTpq rou crva8puoclpcr eivar 225 MW, evrb 11 TrCI,po,yopevtl
r17"erctprn1 rolug eivoL pLrivo 50 MW aTro ra oruoio, 10 MW Ero.ti0evro,l yro, rrl\/
7,,ertoupyio" rou otuOptou r(or ra uno)"otao 40 MW npooq6povtctt orl1v
rccrrcrvd,),oor1. Ar1),o8r1 11 rco,0opr1 o,ro6oorl rou oto,0pou eivat l\7o.
'Evuq Be)"trrop6voq runoq uutou rou uvtrSpu,otrlpu. Kclro,ot(tud,o0rirce
o"pyortpo, nd,)"r oqv Ayy)"iu ps KCI,uotl-to e)"oqpritq epLtTuouttopL6vo (1.4-2.6V0)
Uoz

iv). Avndpctonjpeq /)ctpfotq 66aru9 (Heavy Water Reactors)

Me r1v crvtucstdoro,orl rou e),ocppou vepoD pte Bo,pir, oroug o,vtr6po,orrlpeq
e)"cr.qpou irDutog , 6rlproupyoDl-tt roDq ovrtbpo,otrlpeg Bup6rrtq riSutoq.To
prerovercrlpo rrtlv uvtrSpo,otrlpcrrv Bop6roq riEo,toq eivcrt rou uyrl)"6 r<6otoq
nopcryroyrlq rou Bop6oq 66o,ro9, rrou crno,tteitcxr ylcx rrlv )"ettoupy[cx ro1)
avtrdpcrorripo,.
To peyd)"o zr)"eov6r(rqpo, tou ovn6po,oa1po, eivu,t 6uvo,t6tr1to, rccxiror'1c
tpuoucoir oupoviou orlv popqrl UO2.To Xopo.Kulprortrc6 tou Bup6cog u8uroq slvu,r
11 irnop(r1 tou Seutepiou (D) rou bev o:roppogd rcr verp6vrcr o7rorq ro nprbtro (H)
rcsr eTor prnopei vo undp(er u)"uor8rool nvri8pCI,oll oloorlq orcopLrl Ko.r pt ttlv
prrlorl <prioLrcoir UO2.Avtr8puoolpeq Boperoq ri8crog r(orc,roKtuooulrccrv ctpluccr

orov

i(cxvu,Do.

). Av olr o.p o.y a y r rc o I av ud p aotfi p eg ( B r e e de r Re act o rs )

H peyd,)"r1 (r1o1or1 oe ev6pye1o, or ouvSuo,opo l-m rr'lv pLtrcprl mooorrlro. oe
-rl5"ti- ruou uzro,pler ool quol 0o eler oo,v o,nor6)"eopo, o1v n)"l1pr1 rcaro,vd,),0tot1 rolv
uTro.pxovrov crro0epLu,trov p6oo ottq rpoo'e1siq 8erco,erfeq. 'Orcoq ovo<p6p0r1rce
o1e8ov 6),0r oL uno,plovreq o,vrLSpo,orTlprq rou 2,erroupyouv os spTooro,o'ro.
rup o."y ay fg 11 ),srct pucri g ev 6 py erCI,q Ko,rovCI,)"cirvouv 23 s U.
Itrlv q6o1 uaitplouv oprop6vcr ororxrio nou 0o pLruopouoov rd.rco ar6
opLo,Lltvsq rupotnoO6otrq vo, Xpllorf-ro7rou10ouv oCI,v Trupl1vtrcd, rco,rlorprc, l(or \/o.
v

cr.u-(rloouv or1pro,vtrrcd, ulv ,TCI,po.ycoyq r1)"ercrprrcr1g ev6pyero,q yro, zro)'),6q Serco.etiec.

t-t'Tl, Kix,r ro
Tetorq, u)"rrco, civo,r o
"8U. Tc, u),rrco, q,otd, 6ev o1u(ovtcir orou:
,,rro.p1ovteq TrDpt'lvrKouq u,vrr6po,ouipeq. Elvq,r 6pLog 6uvor6v 6prpteoo. \,,o.
;cr.po,yourr old,orpLcr ro6rons, prdoco ;rupqvrrccirv o,va6pdoecrlq onorq n.J-.

5l

rrrTh rn.y)2'Tti

2r'1N4

h,

risr.,..,r.r,)r,
u (n'T) u P- ) lrrNn
23.5,,, 'l

jj,

p2.?5(t

rsru

,,.,pr,

Tu ruo,po,yoprevo, roorons, "'U ,.o,r "'P., 61ouv no)"u ur41)"r1 svspyo bro,ropr1
oTdorlq pLs 0eppnr<o, vsrp6vrcr.
H napunavor 8uvurorlpo. 6otpeye roDq peurnlt6q onlv ole6io.orl vecov
rirnrov nopqvucrbv uva8pu,orrlpcov ritore vo, pnoporiv vCI, tKl-rsru),)"eu0ouv t6o'o to
238U ooo
1(or ro "'Th. or o,vu8poonlpeq q,urol ener8rl rco,td, a1v 6rd,prcslo, rqq
),ertoupylo,q roug zro,pd,youv v6o, old,orpcr u]"ucd, ovopir,o0rlKo,v crvcirrtr,po,yoyucoi
crvrrEpuorripeg.

IrlpLepo und,plouv oe
tr5 n o

s(6)'(I, or

TrtLpo,poxirco rcupicoq

orddro 8ro,qopoL

r o,v cr,7r CI,p oy roy Lrc rirv o,vr rD p crorrl p otv.

Opropevor o,n6 rouq ainouq r(,JV

ovCI,Tropo,Toyrrccbv

o,vrr6po,orrlpov

eivo,r

runprIrcutcrl:

ot ap o.y ay r rc o I o.vu 6 p o.or fi p q oy p o ti ptr il)o o, to.Tiav

(Liquid metal cooled.fast breeder reactors).

o.) Att

f ) Avo.ro"po.yayrrcoI avudpo.otripq

tct76@v

* p ov I ov

vtrpoviav o"epdyDtffot

(gcrs cooled .fast bre eder reactors ).

y

I olud p aorfi p eq u7 y piv o o d)aru

(molten salt breeder reactors).

) A v ar

o"p o.y

ay

rc o

Avarapayayrco[ avudpaorfiptq rpuoucoo 66atog

(Light-water breeder reactors ).

A)

5.3. To rco0uotsprlpfvo vetp6vru Kor or noLLa.nLaoruorrxoi zcrpdyovteg.

H )"erroupyio

orrlv

ev6q nuplvrrcori ovu6puorrlpo Booi(erur, 6nrog o,vo.qep0r1rce.

o1d,oq roor6ncrrv o7rolq ro U235, U233 rco,r ro Pu2ae.
rcuOe o1-u.o:1

Ie

nupcryovror 6uo 0po,riopLuro, po6rcvep1d, Ko,r zrepizrou 2-3 vrrpovro,. Tc-r

pteycr)"utepo fioooor6 rrrrv verpovfrov ro,pd,yovro,r o1e66v to,ur67povo. pte rrl\
oXuotl, ot Xpovo 10 rasec r1 pucpote po Kc,r ovopLd,(ovro,l oDy1povo, \/rrpo\'ro..

-58

Tu no,po,yopevCI, OpuuopLuro oldorlq e(urco),ou0ofv vo, etcn6pnouv verpovlo.

o.r<6pr1 Ko,r )"iyeq rbpeg Vera rlv oXdorl. To vetp6vro, o,urd, ovoptd,(ovtur
rco,0uotepq;"L6vo Ko,L o oprOpoq rouq perrltvetor orlpuvttrcd, pe rov Xpovo.
Avo.)uurrrcorspo, o ouvoT,"ucoq opr0p6q verpovicov nou ercn6ptovtq,t o,vd, o1dor1
(pL6or1 rrpri), yro, rcd,0e olo,orpro Lo6rono eivor 11 e(r1g:

U233 2.50 verp6vru I oyaoq

U23s 2.43 verp6vro, I oyaoq
Pu23e 2.go verp6vro, I oyaoq
H oupBo),r'1 rorv rcuOuoteprlp6vcov vetpovlorv eivo,t orlpuvtrrcq Yto, rov
E)"eyyo rlq rcptorpqq rco,rd,otuoqq ryoq tuprlvtrcor5 o,vtrSpo,ottipu. To,
rco,0uorepr1p6vcr vstp6vto, 8ro,rcpivovrCI,t ot 6 opd6eq o,vd)"oyo, pt rov Xpovo
ercnoprzirlq roDq.

IIINAIG'

5.1.

oprOp6q xcrOootepqp6vc,lv vetpov[cov

uv& oT&on X 10-a

Kut& apoofyyror"l
To6voq nur(coriq (sec)
56
23

6,2
/..J
0.61
0.23

ztoooot6
xo0uoteprlp6vcov
veroovirrrv

Irov

u233

u23s

Pu23e

5.1
19.7

2.t
t8.2

3.4
2.2

5.2
34.6
31.0
62.4
18.2
6.6

0.26Va

0.65Vo

t6.6
t8,4

12.9

t9.9
5.2
2.1

0.20%o

nivurcu 5.1 B)"6noupe rov pr6oo oprOpo rcDV rco,Ouoreprlpdvcorr

letpovtcov yro, rcd,Oe old,orpLo ro6rono, rcu0rbq KCI,r ro rcoooor6 rouq o oX6oq pre
rov ouvo2,.rrc6 opt0p6 crDrd)v, evrb oro oylpo 5.6 B)"6noupe rov prlxo,vLoLLo
exzo,unrlq rov rco,0uoreprlp6vov verpovirov yrCI, rllv mprirrrl oprd,6cr, o,no rvo.
rrpo.uolro. o1d,oqq, ro Br87' fioD tyet ypovo qpu(rorlg 55.6 sec. To vetpovro
:.r..irLr7rrro,r o,n6 ro ro6tono Kl87 rou Bpiorcerot oe 6u1yepp6vr1 rco,rd,orrlorl.

-59

ro

ot

I-I Der5reprl opd6o rcuOuoreprlpsvo)v verpoviov, rcov 23 sec, npotpyer,ut ctno

Opcruopcr oldorlq rou IIl7, to onoio tyetypovo tlpr(cDnq 22sec rco,r Ero.ono,ts,t
,",
c
r-.-,
-, l3l ([evo)
^ ,
oe 8ulyepprfrnl rco,to,oto,oll KCI,l etczr6ptet 6vo,
Xe'''
ro olroio Bpiorceto,r

\/rrpovro.

_ t7 _--

Br'' (55.6- sec)

KrS7 (6rlyepLL6vo)

\i"
\IJ

,-r
i\

Rb87

_----.-.-e
crcno;.rn11

>\

vcrpovlou,
i

Sr87 (orcrOepo)

V
Kr86 (otcrOepo)

Epi p a

5.

6. Mryyaw o p o q ercxo ptxrT q rca9u o're pr1 ltbv oo tt erp ov lo o.

'Evo, vetp6vro

ro onoio Tlapayffia.L

ro,rd,

rrlv o1d,oq 6Xer rrq

no,po,rcd,rcrr

nrOo,v6q 6re(o6ouq:

lVa oil)ryrp?ei ax6 btta oydotl,to nDpryvd. nporcalcbttraq vba oyaory KG.r. x(xpay@y??
1tgrp6v[6v.
f ) w" oil)ryrp1d ano 6vav xuprTva, oyd.oryto 17 pr1 oyd"oryto, rporcaActtwaq rcd.roru
xt-t pr1ttt.rcry aw{6paoq oxaq (n,y ).
y) N& 6ru1tuyer. antd rov avudpaott?pcx Dorpa and rcLLaxAbE orcedd"oaq.
o")

oo0oppulrrl 6td,ono,or1 rou verpoviou 0eropeiro,r o,;.re)"r116o,. Otcrv tl

;rr0crv6tr1ro, vo, oupBei o1dor1 unepBel pno, rtpr1, nou e(o,ptaraL cfito rov rDrro ror)

60

cvrt8po,orr'1po,, t6te tXoDl-rs fiopoyoyn o),uodrorrlq 7IDpllvtKl1q uvd8pooqq onoio.

pzropei vo, e[vo,r e]"ey1opevr1 11 ercpqrctucrl.
H e(6),r(rl proq u)"uor6o:tl1g nupqvucrlg ovri8puorlg sr(qp a\eror on6 rov
noTr)"o,n)"o,oro,otrrc6 no,pd,yovto, I( o onoioq opi(etot rog e(r1q:

O o,prOpoq rcDV vsrpovicov pto,q yevtoq

K_
O opr0poq rcDv vsrpoviolv u1q Trpollyoul-Levrlq ysvrdq

O nu,po,yovtuq I(

rccr0opi(er u1v tco,td,oto,oll svoq nuprlvrrcor5 crvrt8po,otrlpo, lco,r

tyetrrc,6(srq trp6g:

K - 1: H rcs,td,orCI,orl Xopo,rctrlpi(erot rcpiotprl rcq,r eivs,r oto,Oeprl. Ar17'o8rl o

old,oeorv eivo,r ots,Oepoq KCI,t ouvercrilq rl fiopoYoftvll lo1uq
o,pt0poq rov
o,vtrbpcrotrlpo, 0o, eivo,t e:tiorlq otu0eprl. H rco,rdoruorl o,uo1 eivcrt
ent0upqtrl yro, ulv rco)'q )'ettoupytu evoq fiDpllvttcoti o,vrr6po,otl1po,.

tou

r1

K < 1. FI rcorcrorcrorl XopoKrqpi\erut unorcpiorprq. O opt0poq rov old,oecov

yprlyopo l(0,t To oUoTIp0, enavtpyero,t oTllv oprrcr1 ro,td,otcxotl.
Ezrer8rl r1 u)"uor6corrj crvd6po,orl Dev prcopel vcx, o,Droouvtqprl0ei, orov
unorcp[orpo 7ropl]vu(o o,vrt8po,ottlpo,, rono0etofpe pro, n1y\ vetpovicrlv
pLerrrrvetot

ri:

ot e v o, ou pzr)"t1

p ril

oou pe

ro

ro,quy 6vto, vetp6vio,.

K > 1. H rco,td,oto,oq eivo,t uneprcpiorLrl

KCI,r

o opr0p6q rrov old,oerov o,u(d,ver

pcry6crto pre cxnor6)"sopq, a1v to,pcrycoyrl peyd).rrlv nooorqtorv evdpyeroq oe

fur(po XpovrKo 6rdon1po. To or5orrlpu tfic{,vsp1stot ortlv ufiorcpiorpr'1

rco,td,oto,or'1 6to,v prercoOet q ouyr<6vtprooq roD old,otpou u)"rrcof oro

oDorllpo,. T6toreq ercpr1rcrr.r<6g rco,rcrotd,oerq oupBo,lvouv rcotd, aq ercpil(erq
nupqvucrrrv BopBrilv oldoqq.

E,uv o oyKoq tou o,vrr6po,orrlpo,OeopqOei u,tepropiotcov Srsotdoerov, rort rl

Stclcpuyrl rcDV vrrpov[cov 0u, eivo,r pq6evrrcr1 rcut o o,vttorotlog ruo]"],ult2,"q,otcrottr6c

zrcrpo,yov 0o, eivo,r I(-, O no,pd,yorv K, Tro o,vrt8pu,otrlpo, neproprop6vov

6 ts,ord,oeov ovo pd(e'cat 6 p a ou rc 6 q r il)ar )a o ru on rc 6 q x o" p d,y a v.
Eivu,r rpoqo,v6q or1" yro ro i6to old,orpo piyt"Lu evoq TruprlvrKor)
o,va8po,orrlpo 0o, eivq,r I(<K-, 5r6rt q peicool tou 6ytcou ou(d,ver n1v nt0o.r,or1to.
Srcxcpuyrlq rov vsrpovicrtv. Iuvezrri>q ylu, vo, 6louprs rcplorpo zrupqvirc6 o.vtr8pootrlpo.
0o, np6nsr navrore vo, eivo,r I(* >1.

6t

Edv IQ >1 tots opi(etur 6vuq oyrcoq Tto. rov oltoio

eivo,r:

K=K,P=l
O opog

P=

ercqpd(er

ulv

zn0o,v6rlrCI, rrlg

pq Stcrquyriq tcrlv vetpoviolv

ozro T ov o,vrr5po,orrlpo,.

IupLnepo,opo,trrcd, LlTlopoupe vCI, Trofpe 6tt to npoB)"r1po rou ole8to,opoit

ouv0rlrccrtv ci:ote vcr SloupLe rcpiotpLq rccrtd,otool I( = 1 eivo,t 6rt)"o.

To zrprbro sivcn o rco,0opropoq rou no)")"o,t)"o,otootrrof nu,puyovto, yro

cxnepr6proteq Stuordoerq ( K*), nou tlupra.rut afio rCL tco,6otpu,, tov erutBpo,Suvttl,
ro \l/ur(nK6 rco,r tcr u)"trcd" tou rioprlvo roD crvu8po,otrlpo.
To Eeurepo elvcn o rcu0oprop6q trlc rr0crvorrltc(q pq 6roquyr1,, (P), I onoto,
e(npto,rur peprrcritq ano 'cu u)"ucd,. o),),d rcupicrtg afio r11v leorpetptn, 5r1)"o,5r1, to
pL6ye0og Kor ro oxnl-ro, rou Euptlvtrcori o,vrrSpuon'1pu. H ntOuvorrltcr P ou(ovsr pte
to pL6ye0og rou crvttDpu,otrlpo 6e5op6vqq ouoto,ong Ko,l lto,lpvet a1v ttp( 1 oe
crnepro

proteq Sruorooerq.

5.4. H e[6],(r1

m"1g

prsroBo)"r1

o].uot6or1g tloprlvrxrlg uvt[Spuoqq ps ro 1p6vo

rou opr0pori rov vrrpov[rrrv

rco,t ouvencbq KCI,l rc)v old,oeotv

oe 6vo,v zopqvrrc6 o,vrt8po,otrlpu e(optd,to,r o,n6 tqv u,norc)"lotl roD I( on6

rrlv provd,Do, Ko,r rov Xpovo rou rcr5rc)"ou rov vetpovirov to. Qq Xpovoq rou rc6rc),"ou
rov vsrpovicov opi(rror ro pr6oo 1povm6 Erd,otrlpo, CI,?To rnv ?rCI,pCI,Toryr1 touq 6ro9
rqv or5),)"r1r1n1 touq otov u,vn6poou'1pu.
'llotco 6rr or 6e6opr6vq XpovlKll orryprj undpXouv n verp6vto, orov
cr"r,rr6psorrlpcr. Iulv up6ocoq snollsvrl yevrd, 0o yivouv Kn. Apo. r1 o,ir(r1or1 rou
pL6oo

uprOpLou

rov vrpovio:v pero,(u 6uo

6ro,6o1uccov rcurc),corz 0cr sivor:

*n
Nt=n(K*1)
A,n= Kn

dn

to
clt-n(K-t)

t1
t1

5.3

H en[]"uor1 tr1q 5.3 cSiver:

(l

n(t) = n,,g

'"

5.1

62

ttlv lpovt;cr1 ort]["l"tl t=0.

Iov sqopFroyr1 u,q e(etoooupt rl1v nepilttcooq 0epprrcou Trupl'l\'tKou
crvtrc5po,otrlpo, ozrou tn=10-3sec. E,dv I( = 1.01 q oX6ot1$.2) 6iverytu, t = 1 sec.
6tou

u,, ivo,t o o.pr0pog ro)v vsrpovlcov

n(r)
;=e"'=Z2ooo
ro

Toirro orlpo,iver 6tr oe 1 sec o opr0p6q rov vtrpovio:v 0u, o"u(r1Oei rcnto"
22000 qop6q rccrt enop6voq o crpt0pr6g torv old,otov l(c/.t 1 ercT"uopsvq nupqvucrl
s\/rpylo. 0u uu(r1Oei'ro i8ro. A11)'o.611 euv o ovtr8po,otrlpuq o"no8i6er tolu I Mwatt
$era cr-no 6vcr sec Ocr ozro6i6 et ?.2 Gwatt. Eivor qCI,vspo 6tr teroro, repd"ono, zrooo.
ev6pysiuq e[vor o,6uvo,To vCI, e]"ey1Ooriv Ko,l ro cttot6T'eops, Ocr elvo,L q rccrtuotpotptl
rorr trvtr8po,orrlpu.

)o. nptnu e6rb vo, tovroOei orr 01 nupctncrvcrt ofioloTtoptoi 6ywo.v

0eroprbvtuq povo nlv nopoyotyri ouyxpovov vctpovirov Ko,t oyvodvrCI,q ra.
rcuOuoteplpr6vo verp6vto,. Onoq 0u Soupe 7ropo,Kd,rol ed,v ro I(-1 eivsr ouyrcpiorpo
Lrs ro noooor6 roJV r(oeuoreprlpr6vorv vrrpov[cDv t6te q ou(qoq rov vsrpovtcov pe
ro Xpovo aivo.r no)"ri prrcp6reprl aTro o,uc1 Trou Siver 11 o16o11 (5.4; KCI,t o
uvrr6pcr.oripoq rs0ioro,ro,r e).eylopevoq pe qv Boq0eto rov pdBbotv e)'6y1ou.

Irrlv

zrepilrro)orl ruou 61oups ptCI, noo6rqro, rco,0u,pou old,orpou u)"rrcou n.1.

IJ'-'-' cr).uor8corrl uvd8puoq e(e),iooerCI,t to)"ri Biuu. ftu, ro,pd,Deryp.o, oolv
neplnrororl Trou e[vo,r K=l.1, to = 10-8sec rco.r (envu, 11 oldoq pe 6vo vetp6vro, oe
Xpovo 6 ptsec 0n eloupe rupuyo4,rl vetpovlov, urt6 tqv o16o11 5.4 :
_ _r1<

,l

llll)=1.9

r1

rllsT
=(

l()-.lo'

n= L14x10?6

=()

t,o

verp6vro

llpo,rcurcd, u,uro olpCI,tver 6tr pio, o1dor1 rporco,)"ef npiTrou 1026 olo.osrg Trou
o\/rlorolIel oe oluoq 40 kg oupo,viou-235 rcd0e 6 psec.
I-{ otrypLru,iu, erc}"uor1 ev6pyeto,q eivur pLiu, zruprlvucrl 6rcpq(r1 . Tqv LoZU !no.:
nuprlvLrcrlq 6rcpllq rqv pLerpd,pre ouvrlOcoq oe roo8uvoprl noo6tqro, nou erc7,tero.r
rco,to,

pe

alv XrlfnKq ercpq(ri TNT.

H evfpletcr fiou o.nei"eu0eprirvetur

rcs,to,

ttlv old,orl 1 kg oupcr.r,iou eivcn iorl

rlv t\/tpysro. nou er<)"riercil" afio rqv 6rcpr1(q 20,000 rovorv TN'T.

63

FI uncrp(i1 rrlq rcpiorprlg prs(oq Kor roD rcplotpou oTKoD Tto rqv u]"uor6otrr1
nuprlvrrcrl o,vri6po,or1 , neptopilsr rrlv zroo6triro, rlq sKpllKttrcrlg uirlg tou przropei
vo. clTroerltceueei ot prCI. ruprivrrcrl 0oppo". Atott e&v 11 pd,(cr utspBo(vet ulrr rcpior;rri
trpLrl rote evn rco.r pr6vo vetp6vro npoep1optvo eire ano rlv t(ool-ntcq crrctrvoBoi,io.
elts axo rcd,roto. cru0opprlrrl o1d,oq, 0o pzropor5oe vu, rpoKq,].6oer ztuprlvrrcll
ercpnI. ftCI, ro ),oyo u,uro 11 o,noOr1<euoq yivstcrr yopi(ovtoq ro old,orpo ui'uco oe
6uo rcoppd,rto,, ,Tou ro rco,06vo, 61et unorcpiotprl pd(u. fro, vo, tpor<)"r10ei 1
nuprlvucrl 6rcplr1 pe rd.zoro Lrl1ovrol.Lo ot 6uo utorcpiotpreq putl5tq 6plovtcrt oe
eruqrl cbore vo. o1lipCI,r[oouv rcpiorpo, pLaea trcu,vr1 vo, ercpo,yei.
Irov zrivcrrca 5.2 p)"6noupre rtq rcpiortrreq pd(sq ytcr rct ro6toto, U2t3, U2t-t tco,t
Pn2te.

IIIAIAIUE
I(p(orpq pd(a
Xorpig

o(b)
uvuxi,oomqpcr
E, = l MeV)
K
r.g
16
l.z2
52

u2rr

f1::5

PLll.r') 1.13

l0

5.2

Kpiorprl oxtivn Kp(orpq pdt(a

pe nvuxl.uorlpo
xo)pig
ovaxl.ootqpo
ctll

Kpforpr1 trxrivu

pe

ctVcixls6'rt,ri'ct

Ksr
5- l0

={

8.7

t3-25

=6

5-

l0

={

cr11

vo otll,rslco0ei orr I Xpilorl uvo,rc)"o,ozlpoJv vetpovicov eluCI,ttcbvsL

prd(eq 2-3 <poptc, os o16o11 pe crur6q rou fiopouord,(ovto,r orov nivo,rcr

@cr. np6zreL

rrq rcpiorpLeq
5.2.

5.5. floprlvtxd xcrriorpcr

To orlpu,vrtrc6repo Ko,uorl-r.o orouq neproo6repouq a,vtr6po,otrlpeq rcou eivo,r

orlpLepu ot ),erroupyio, eivut ro oupdvro, ro onoio ppiorceror onl qDoll or
rucovonoulrucrl noo6tr1ro,. Itoug 0e pprrcouq rcuprlvrrcofq o,vo6po,orrlpeq I
iro,poyopsvrl evepyera rpo6pleto,r rcuptorg aro rrlv olo,orl rou Uttt. H svrplo(
8uxroprl qq oldoqq rou U23't (o) ou(dva olpo,vttrcd, rco.Ocbq e)"urrrbvsrcr,r rl
sv6pyero, roJV vtrpovicov rco,r gOdver oulv peyiorrl trprl trov 580 barn yla ra.
verp6vro, (o'y1pro 5,7).
To U238 o1d(ercxr pe ro)"f pnrcp6repr'1 nt0o,v6a1ro, rco,t pt6vo p"e
vstpovro ev6pyetoq peyu)"utep1q on6 I MeV (o7;r1pLu 5.7).
OeppLucu

'r.o.7ect.

(r.i

fiapayovrar u7r6 TLC) cxalcrq eivur rax\a Ko,r ouvtTrcbc zpn,

uropLl3uotei r1 evepyeru'coug orov emBpcr6uvtrl Tipor(ct)"ouv evs,v upL0uo oT.o"osorv
,,tts
Lt..l to LJ
Erc'cog aro rllv oxaolj, T u, verpovto tpotco,)"ouv i(ut u)"7"eg ruupr1,uce:
rv.r,rrr\pcr,oeLq orll-rcr.vrl1(orpr( Tolv oTroiov eivcrr ri or<66uol 1(o,t o.Troppo(pllorl LLr
svspysq Sro,ropLfq o\ r(o.r o",uvrio'cotyu.
Or uvrL8pd,oerq (n,y) oreporiv rov cwtrSpo,otrlpu CI,7ro vtrpovru lprlotpLcl a{Lo.
tilv olo,orl l-rs crTror6),eopro, rrlv e)"d,rrool rou rwparyovra IQ. AvrL6pd,oerq (n,7)
oupLBuivouv r(cu oro enrBpo6uvrrl ps oIl-rovrlKorspil rqv xeprnrcoorl roD rpuorrou
vrpou I{,O, 6nou ri o,vti8puorl rH 1n,y;H2 tyet evepyo 8ro,ropLrl oy = 330 mb oro,
OeppLrrcir vetpovro,. H pelitirl oTroppoeTlon rorv verpoviov o,7ro vrpo eyet ou"uror6),eopro nl\/ olpro,vruol e)"inrcrrorl rou IC rot aore
Tc,. vetpovrCI, TroD

Puzre l ,,z.t

/t

n1

Epfipa 5.7. Evepybg \ru'roptq

oyd"oryg 6Laqopcov oyaoLl-tcot, toor1ncov

oo ouvap'rqo4 lt rqv evipye tcx r(Dv- verpovfav.

65

orrlv TreplrrcDorl

Trou 61oDpre quorK6 oupd,vto cDg r(o,uotl-l.o vCI, tivo.t

nsltott K-<1

r(or vu, rcu,0[oro,to,r" o,8rivurrl q ]"erroupyiu rou TrDptlvtKou uvrtbpu,otrlpo.. Eo.r' ro

vepo uvruco,ts,oru0et pe Bopu vepo (D2O), ?,"oyco qq uotlpCI,vrtlq CI,Troppoollotl:
verpovi,cov, o ovrr8po,otrlpu,g pruopei vo, yivet rcpiorpoq (IQ>l) orcopu1 Ko.t prs
<puou<6 oupd,vro.

Iuvrl0rog ro oupd,vro oroug u,vrr8po,orrlpsq epn)"outi(eto,r rrtote ro Tlooooro

,,tt5
rou U-" vo, yiver 2-3Vo. 'Erot neroyaLvoupe rcpiotpq rcotuoru,otl CI,I(opq rco"r so.r'
XprlotpoTroulooupLe otq eznppo8uvrq H2O.
H zroootlirCI, rou oupo,viou oe o16o11 pe rqv too6rqro, tou ercrBpq,Duvrrl.
rcoOcoq Ko,r or o,vrlororlot 6yrcor roug, no,i(ouv o'r1pu,vttrc6 pci],o u1v rcprotp6rqtu.
rou Truprlvrrcoi5 crvrrbpuoulpu. Irov nivu,rco, 5.3 B),6zcoups rCI, o1ettrcd, pey60r1 yro.

8ru<popouq enrBpo,6uvr6q rco,r <puorrc6 oupdvto, onou

poprurcrbv ouyrcevtpcirorov
TCDV

rou enrppo,8uvtrl

Tlpoq

ro

A/

*N,,

eivo,t

oupu,vto

'

o )"oyoq rr,lv

rcsr

-l(
V,,

o ),oyoc

oyr(ov o,vriororlu.

IIINAIUE

5.3

N,no,l

(un,r

NU

V,,

K*

HzO

t.4

<1

Dzo

20
80

30
50

t.2

EzrrBpo6ovtrlq

1.08

lprloLpLonoirloq quorrcorS r1 epn)"ourrop6vou oupo,viou or rvo,v

ovtt6puorrjpo, eivo,t 06po (rouro'1q orlpooio,g yro, 6vu, rcpd,roq. TIv Suvo,r6rqru
ept2,"ourrop.ou rou <puoucori oupo,viou 61ouv )"iyu povo rcpd,rr1. Iuvenrirq 6vo.
rcd,noro rcpd,tog tytt o,no06po,ru, oupuvlou KG,r 6ev 6yu trlv rs1vo],oyio
epLzr),ourroprou 61er 615o 6uvu,t6o1req. u) No oreii,"et ro quorrc6 oupd,vro rpoc
ept)"ouTropL6 rcor vo, rrEo,vrlodyer ylo, rouq o,vnSpcrorr'1peq rou. Toirto guorrcdoqpufvsr e(6pa1oq Lr.r rrq uwiorotyeq ouvfTrerrq TroD u,utr1 ouver,ayeraL. F) Xo.
Xpt1otftoTrouloer quorKo oupdvro, enr)"6yovto,q rov rcotd)")"r1)"o nino nuprlvircou
crvrrS

uort\p u, n.y.

Bcrp6coq u6o,ro q.

66

M eru.op1 p o"r t o p o f r @ v r D p tl v uc d)v

r c cr.tt

o ip

a v.

To U23s pt6oo orov q,vrr$pooalpo 6iver rcupiotq Erio o,vu8pooerg ps ro

\/trpov10,.
U23s

+ r-r

u23s +

(U"u) ->

n -> (u"u)

olcrorl

u23t'+

olcrotpo u-pu8revepyo pe xp6vo rlpr(cor1q 2.4x107 6tr1. To

U2rt' pLe o.noppo(prlo'rl tvog vetpoviou yivsror Np"', I8roireprlq orlpo,oiug sivur oi
prtroo1t1l-to,ttoptoi tou U238 6tott rco,0Lorotv Suvcrtrl rlv sKLrerd,ileuoq tou Yts,
nopoyotyri tvspyelo,q. To U238 o,vtt8pd, Ltt ro vstpovto, tou crvtt8po,otllpct r<upiroq

To

LI23(' eivo.r pn1

rrlg e(r1q:
U23* +

To
Tov

U23e

n ->

(U"')"

-->

oldor'1 (pe to16o verp6vrn > lMeV).

eivot Bpoppr,o Il-po,8revepyo Kul peroo/,Iparilerw oe Pu23e psoco

7rCI,p0,rcd.ro: 6tnorq,oeorv.

"tui,,.y;

I''u

#*o

#""Ptl

ps Npovo rlpr(or1c 2.4xl0a sul KCI.l o,tote)"ei to

orlpLcrvru<6repo olir,otiro ro6rozro Trou no,pd,yeto,L rccrtd, ttlv 8rd,prcercr a1c
)"ertoupyicrq voq nuprlvucori o,vrt8poorrlpo. Irouq Oeppucouq rxvtt6po,orripeg I
oXd,orl roD 7rCI,pCI,T6prevou r)"ourorviou aivo,r pu(porspll o,n6 trlv zro,po,yoryrl rou, f-rr
unore7,"eoprCI, ttlv ouoorirpeuorl rou orCI, Truprlvucd un6B),Iro, Ko,r trlv 6rlproupyio.
oopcrpou npoB),r1poroq orIV po),uvor1 rou neprBd,)")"ovrog.
Tcr re)"euratu ypovro, rco,to,po)")"ovrur oqpovttrc6c) llpoofta.Oereg yro, rrlv
eni)"uor1 rou npoB)"i'lpLoroq pe rrlv ).erroupyio trov )"eyopr.tvov CI,vo"?ro,pu,ycr:yrrccbv
ovn5pcrorrlpo:v. Or ovCI,ficpCI,yroyrrcoi o,vrr6po,orrlpeq rco,Tctvo,),cbvouv ro
Tro.poyofievo r),.ourritvro F ozor6)"eopcr ro rcep8og vu eivo,r 6rn),o. flpc'oror, ,vivsro.r
ercpLsro)"i"euol r(or" tou U2rt rco,r 8eurepov o,zrnTr],d,ooovtcrr rCI, Truplvrrco. unoBi.lro.
un6 to no)"u sntrcivEuvo y1o" ro neprpd,),)"ov n)"outcovro.

To

Pu23e eivo,r pu8revepyo

-:!.q

(t-

rl\'

o,vo,ncr"pcrToyrKoi CI,vrr8po,oripsq npooq6pouv tniolq

eKpsro,)")"eoor1g rou Tirlll (,)g Ko,uoipou, ro oitoio Bptorceroi

Or

nlg

6Dvo.rotrlro.
ortlv quorl os

To Th23' Lyet purcpr1 ryspyo 8rutopul o/,o.orl: Ko.r

verp6vLo (E,,,>1.5 MeV). Me fl1 ou)")'r1r;rr1 o,ua). tYo:

ercpLeru),),euorpeq Trooonlrcg.

pLovo

pe svspysruKd,

licrq 6riroer pLetg cxn6 piu oerpd, 8ro,ozrd,oerov, U'3r. nou silo.r
olo.orpLo l-rs Xo.pCI.Krrlprorrrccr rapun)"t\o1o, ue u,u'rd, 'rou U23s. Or o,r.'rrdpo.oei:
napayaryfq rou Ur33 eivo,r or e(r1q:

rre'rporziou, pLzropei

vCI,

t"Tl', (n.yr2rrTh

Io -.)11
u-"

rrvor

o, pcrSrevepy6 pre

"ttitii *

lpovo rlpt(cor1q 1.6 x

233u

10s 6rq.

5.6. O x6x),oq roD vsrpovioo orov zropr;vrx6 ovtt6puortlpct

Ie evcrv rcpiorpo nuprlvu<6 o,vrt6pcio'rr1po. ot ),ettoupyin o

zio)"1.crn)"ooruotrrcoq no,pd,ycov eivo,r I(=1. fru, vu, 61oupe I(=1 0s nptnu o
no)"io,r)"o,oro,oarc6q zro,pd,ycov yrCI, CI,Treproploreq Sru,ordoetq vo, eivot I(->1,

FI apLq roD K*

rlv

nrOo,vottltu ev6q verporrfou vCI,

rco0opl(erCI,r on6
nporco.7,6oer o1o,or1, onoct 0o ruo,po,10ouv 2-3 verp6vto,, rccr0rirq rccn clTto rrg
tt0ov6alreg ou)"),r11n1q tou un6 ro ror5orpro u)"trc6, tov erurBpoSuwq q tu d,),)"o
u),ucd, tou nuprjvCI, rou o,vrr6po,orr1pu. }lpovtu<69 ra,pdyorv sivo,r rco,r q 6ru<puyr1
rov \/srpoviov, q onoiu e(o,prd,ra,r rcuptroq aTEo rLC) 8ruord,oerq rou o,vuDpoorrlpo,
rcuOriq KCn rov sLrn).oDrropr6 rou rcouoipou.
Ilopurcd,tco 0o, e(erd,ooups ro rc6r<)"o rou vrrpovlou, fiou rcuOopt(ero,r o,ro
ulv orryl-Lr1 rrlq ropuycoyrlq rou oTro lnCI, yevrd, old,oeov 6coq o1v 8rlproupyio
eTrol-ltvlq rqq ysvrd,g oldoecov, oe u,vrrbpo,otr1po, u,neiporv Srs,ord,oecov pe rco,riorpo
oupcrvro. 'Eror 6ev )"opBd,vou;.rs lt7ro\[t] oe nprbrrl <pdol roy fiapayovro rlq
c\rcr<puy11q.

Aq uno06ooupLe 6tt oe rcu,norCI, otryprl fiapwonran u,n6 tl1v o1d,or1 tou U23-t
n vstp6vro (oXt'1pLo 5.8). Ko0rbc,ro 50%o, nepizrou, rcov vtrpovtorv 61ouv ev6pyereq
uy1),orepeq o,n6 ro rcutcorpir oldoqg rou U238, 0o 61oupe 6vo,v o,prOpo old,oecov
tou U2i8. Is rcd.0e o1dor1 ld,voupe 6vct verpovro s),),u Trapryoyrat 2.8 'co"ytct.
vetpovrct crvd, o1d,or1. Eror 11 6ro,5rrco,oio, o,urr1 ouvrs),el orov rco],]"o,n],o.oro,op6 rotv
rzerpovicrrv. H ou(qor1 rcDV o,plucrirv verpoviorv (n), Xq,po,Kolp[(ero,r uro rov
nupcryovro, l-r o ozroioq ovopd,(sto,t no)")"an)"ooru,onrc6g rapayovraq "cay,tott,
verpovlcov.

-:!!.!l68

Metd rrlv

o1d,ot1, i,,orn6v,

tou

U238,

orov crvtrSpootrlpu 0a

6Toupre

nu

r.a-7-sct.

verp6vLo, ru onoio. o,rco)"ouOouv rnv Drq,8rrccroto unoBtBcropoD rlq evepTero,:. eo:

rqv OeppLonoiqorl roDq.
Otq,v "r,a r,uyto" verp6vru, yivouv ev6rd,preocr epquvi(ovra1' r"spto1-tc orrou tl
evsp1oq Drutoprl CI,Troppoqqoqq nopouord,(er p6yroro, pe o,not6)"eoLro" rr1' pre7o.7.r1
oTroppogr"lorl
verpovlorv (ozropporprlorl ouvrovroptor5) Eter6rl ]l
cr,Troppoetlorl perritver to r)"r10oq rov verpovtcov CI,Troqtuyoufts rt1v Xptlotl ui"rrcor'
pLe ur;n1)"r1 ryepTo 6rotoprl oTroppoqlolq ouvrovropou.
To U23s no,pouord,(er uy1)"r1 svspyo 8rutoprl ori)")"qy1q oto, ev8td,psoo.
verp6vLcr (oXripo 5.9) rco,r <puorrcd, elvo,t cr6r5voru \r{.L o,TroquYoupts rlq oDvtntttc
rcu0rirq s.no'ce)vei BooLrc6 ouoro,rtrc6 oro oupd,vto roD uvtr8po,otllpo,. Otcoc
ovoqepOrlre r1 o,vri6po,o1l ourr'1 o8rlyei orrlv ruopoycoyrl n)"outcoviou to onoio etvcl
ovent0uprlro pcr6revepyo rcotd,).orro oroDq 0epptrcouq o,vtr8pu,otripsq, s)")"d.
XprlorpLo tco,tiotpo orouq c{,vo,7ro,po,ycoytrcoriq ovtt8po,orripeg. BeBoiotg KCLI oroug
Oepprrcoriq o,vu6po,orrlpeg 6vo pspoq rou 7lo,pCI,yoptsvou Pu23e oyaleru
orore),eopro rrlv ouprBo)"r1 oolv cru(r1ol rou upt0pLou roJV vtrpovlorv.
Edv oplooDpe oJq f ro ni'd,opr.CI, rov vetpovlorv nou 6ev o,ltoppocpd,ru,r, ro,0cbg
vetpoviotv, ro'"e ro, vetp6vro fiou 0s
uzroprpd,(ovror
evspyersg
0eppLonoul0ouv 0o eivo,r npf. Ouorrcu 1-f 0o, eivor ro Ttoooor6 trov vetpovtrov lrou
ozropporpoto.r rcupicog o.no to Ul'8.
Oruv ro verp6vro, Oepponoul0ouv 6vs, nooooro cxTlo o,utd OCI, o,topporpilOei
orov enrBpcrEuvrrl. Ynev0upi(ouFrr ulv urpl),ri evepyo 6ro,topu1 ou)"),r1r1rr1g oto
quouc6 vep6, ),oyro rqq ovri8poorlc 'H1n,y)D. nou to rco,Orotir, cuco,rd,),)"q),o yru
Xpriorl os TrDpIVUcouq o,vu6poorrlpeq pre rcuriotpLo <Du,ou<6 oupd,vro.

rov

[t

ot

rov

,=-!q

69

[Irxpr4trtyli

t1

rc/Xtav vs;pev{6s1t lrp(br4q

yet,rd.q

tt tct"lirx vetp6:,ta,
I

V,

oxo.ory

2---'
np( I -f): o.prctytT lt67pelt[6;11t atrri

//'

,,tlS

'-./-

IJ238

0eDutrc(t verp6t,ta

npf( l -0):

(x7topp6Q4oq orov emBprxduvu\ rcat

np1'( I -x):

cxtroppr|rpryory

ru" a.),Act uhrc(t

oro ot)pdvrc XapiE oyao4

npfex:

oXd.or1 tJz3s

,t
at, v 6xp 61t i1s1t
\ehtpryq ,'rtt16q,

xap ay ay 4 tayt

nprfOxv

Z4fipa 5.8. O KnKToE rou vrpoviou oe 6vav 9ryptmo Gvu\paorrypo..

1,.',

I
b

En(eV)

ETtjpa 5.9. H
v e p",t

evpyoq 6ruropu7 u1g av'r{6paor7g (n.,y)'rou

6, 1

6[v o t o,t q aiv

(J't'

ov r ct L o t Xcp o.KT ryp rcr uciE tt o pu

oe ltta. fteprcXry

rp b

g oov'c ott t o p o[

oplooupre cDq 0 ro r<7"d,opu, ro)v Oepprrcrirv vetpovicrtv Trou 6ev

oroppoqri:v'rur u;r6 rov eznBpu8uvrrl, rCI, svcTropeivcrrc{, 0eppnrcit verp6vrct 0u

Av

eivo,r: npfO.
T5),oq ed.v x e.ivo,i ro noooot6 ror, OepLurccirv verpoviov nou rporcu),oriv rtlv
en6pLevrl yevro old,oecov oto U23s, ro n)"r10oq rov vrrpovirlv tr1q 8eftepqq yllac)
0o, sivctr:

npLf0xv

6nou v eivctr o p6ooq opL0pog vetpovicrtv TT,oD T.apaye'tat ava o1ir,or1.

E,( opropiou o ro)")"u,n).o,oro,orLrcoq ro,pdyovrCI,q 0o eivo,r:

IQ = nprf0xv/n

(*
Ioiv

np

= pifOxv

u\t1 ouvrl 0 o:q XpI ollroTro ror5 pe rov o po

q
5.5

ll=xv
zrou rcoOopi(er tov u,pr0po rov lru,pCI,yop6vrov vetpovicov 8efreprlq yevruc. o.;o
rccrOs vetpovro nou o,noppoqo,rrr,r oro rcoriorpro.'Etot 1l o1solj 5.5 yiverctr:
11_

= pf01

5.6

I-l oXeorl (5.6) ovoprd,(etaL rcat oyior1 ratv uood.pav oovre)eorrbv.

O 8ruXopropog rou ro)")"sr),uoro,orrrcori nopdyovrCI, yto, orepr6proto p6oo
(IL) oe 4 xa"pcttlotrsc,, ctnLonotei. rr1, 6ro,6ucuoiu uno),oytopLoit tou I(* oe 6vo.v
nu pqvr rco o,vrt6 p o,otr1 po,.

5.7. Kpiorprl s[iorooq proq op&6crg

Ie

6vo,v crvrt8puorrlpo neproprop6vcrrv Srcrotdoeov

X0p0.r(nlpile^cw on6 tr1v o16oq:

I(=I(-P=1

Ito

11

rcptorprrl rcutd,otrx,or1

5.1

rtq

rlq
onoieq e(uprd,ro,t o opog IQ nou u<popd, o,vo6po,orrjpu o,zrepropiotcrrv Stuotooerov.
frcr vu o(ronoulooupe )"orn6v rqv e(iorrlorl $.1),6tor coore vCI, pr.rropouprt vCI,
zrpoo8ropiooDl-r.s ro rcpiorpo pr6ye0og Evoc) npa.ypo,nrcor5 o.vtr6po,orrlpct, Ocr nplna.
vcr erqpd,ooups r(o,1 rov 6po P oe ouvdprlol l-r"s rtc <puotr6,; nopupr6tpoDq rou
enrBpo.8uvrq rco,r tou rcuuoipou.
Irov crvu8poorrlpo ro, verpovle 6xouv 6vo, eupu rpd.opu evepyetcirv, o,7ro
tuyta pttypt 0epprrco. 'Evu, peyd).o p6poq arn o,utd, uvrr8pouv pr6ocr orov
cxvtrbpo,otrlpo, evcir ts, un6)"ouru, Sro,qefyouv. T6oo i1 e(iocooq 8rdluorlq rov
vetpovicov 6oo rcu,r or evepy6g 6rorop6q rcov broqoporv o,vrr8pdoerov e(o.prcbvrar
uzro ttg ev6pyemq rcr)v vsrpovlorv rco,r rco,0(oro,ro,r ro]"u 8uorco]"oq o irpoo8roprol-toc

rov

TiporlToul"r.svo rce<pd,)"o,ro e[6oprs

<puotrceg Tro,pol-tsrpoDq u"IT,o

CI,vaotoilcrtv na,po,p6rprov.
Mnopoupr opoJg vu sr)"onou'looups touq uno),oyropofq Ko,r vo rco,voupre
fLLo nporcq TrpoosTyroll oprcercr lrccrvonorqarcq, 0err:prirvtaq Fovorvepyeicro.
vtrpovr.CI, (rcupicoq 0epprrcn), oe p6o'o 6ruou or o,fioppoet1osrq rov vrrpov[cov sivo.r
ttptoprop6veq rco,r r1 o,nri:),ereg ev6pyeu,q rorcr rrq orceDd,oerg o,or'1prCI,vrrq . H
pLf0oc\og uual ovopLd,(etur prsOo6oq Erdluorlq pruq opu8cr"g Kor cx,vcr"rriroosro.r
nCrpcrrcotCrl.

12

yLo-

fevrrcd, oe 6vu,v o,va8po,ocrjpo,, o onoioq )"ertoupyei oe otoeep6g ouv0tlrcec.

ra. \/trpovlc, rolireL 1 yerrucrl e[iocoorl:
-5ruquyr1 - oTloppoerlorl +rro,poltcoyrl = g

5.8

r1

Dv2

(D

+S - o

- r.@

5.9

onou @ eivo,r- I pori puo"q opd6o,q vrrpoviaw (n.y. tcov 0eppLrrcri:v). To D Ko.t to I,,
eivul o ouvre),"eotr1q Srdporlq Ko,r rl pcrrcpootcorutrcrl sv.epyoq 6rutopLrl
cr,Troppoqlorlq ovriorol1o,. S eivcn opr0pog ro)v vtrpovicrtv nou ercneplrovtcr"t crvd,
pLovn8cr 6yrcou rco,r o,vo, povd8o 1p6vou (n.y. veqovto, / cm-'/sec).
Itouq rcpiorpLouq ovrr6po,orrlpsq ro verp6vto tKfisptTtovrat ax6 ttg oldostq'i'.
Ery.v

I{*

eivo.L o no}"io.n}.ootcrotrrc6q zrcrpd,ycov Tro, o,Trsptopiorsg Siq,orooetq

rors 0o

eivcn:
S=

K-

Io.@

5.

r0

*froDe

uxorcp[otptoDq xDptlvr.rcor5q avuflroortlpe ry oyaory roo oupavfoo

ou,rrypeftat. Lte rryv) []or11eru trryytlE verpovfav (r.X. trqyrl Am-Be) mo1eqtrttvrTq oro
rch,tpo rou an tt \paorr1 pa.
@a nptntr vo, orll.mtco0ei 6tr orrlv rspiTrrcDorl o,vtr5po,ott1po, o,teptopiotcov

5ro.ord,oeov, Dev 61oupe 6ro<puyr1 verpoviorv o)"tr6 p6vo o,ruoppoqlq q orcoiu

ptnope[ vcr yiver ar.o ro old,orpo ro6roro KCr.r \/o 8cboer v6o verpovtu rj vo, yirrer un6
aX)uo. ro6ro;ro, Sivovto,q rcupiroq u,vtr6pd,oerq (n,T).
I{ oX6or1 (5.9) oe ouv8uuopo Lre rIV (5.10) 6[ver:

Dv2o-ro@+ICr.@

-o

Dv2o+(K*-1)I^o -0
,

V-0

cr.v

ozou

06ooupre

Yirrgl*t,

ro

t,

r1

(-(

''-" cD+''-- D- l)Irr

=0

"D
-

r1

(o16o11

5.1

4.15)

pLrlrcoq 8rd,1uor1q rrov

l-rovorvtpTeruxov verpovlcov,

ri oX6oq (5. 1 1)

(K

^
-l)
v_o+_,-o=0
H

tco,ro,vol"ni

rlq porlg rcov vetpovicov

crvtr6pcrotr'1po rcpiorpo

5.12

oe ouvd,prlon W

qv 06oq oe evuv

{ pI rcpiorpro, propei vCI, 7reptypCI,<pei o,zto rr1 o16o11:

vzo + B'@

5.13

O opog Br ovopLd(er,atbucling roD oDorqpCI,roq.

Itrlv zrepizrrrrtorl rou rcpiorpou ruupr1vrrcor5 u,vtt8poorllpCI, o.7lo tLc olfostq
(5.12) rco,r (5.13) nporcunr,et 6'r,t

K -l

Dl

5.t4

n---------:(nt
I:

bucling ran o)uccbv rou o.vttdpo,otl1po,, 6rotr

elvnr ouvd,prrlol roD IQ rco,r'uou L, 'ca onoiu eivo,r la,po,KTIplortKu tou tco,uotpou
O opoq

B,],, ovopd,(eru,r rcpfotpo

rou enrBpubuvrri rou ouorrlprcxroq

Eivur 6uvor6v vo eril"riooupe rqv e(iorooq (5.13) yto r<o,0oprop6vq
yeorpLerpio, rou o,vrr8po,orrlpo, on6re 0o Bpoupe pru o16o11 tou B' oe ouvd,pnlorl
Lr.e rrg 8Luord,oerq rou o,vrr8pu,orqpo,, nou 0o ercqpd(s.ro ys@perpucd bucling rcv
r(crl

crvu8po,orripo.
H o16o11 (5.14) ypd,qero,r

Ko,r

og erlq:

K*

---:---.]-_l.ll

T.-B'+

I(-( L-B^. +l )=1

I

D-

r1

LlBr +l

5.15

I lll

6rr 11 napanuvo po,0r1puarcr1 npoo6yyroq, ru0coc

rcu,r ouul rou urco),ouOei oalv ouv61ao, CI,vCI,(p6povru,r oe opoysvetq nuprlvtKoDc
uvtt8po,ouiptq, 6rou ro fiDpllvrKo rco,riorpLo eivo,r un6 popqr1 5ru.}"upLurog orov
@o, np6ner vCI, orlp.sirrr0ei

1.1

eruBpo8uvnl rcu,r opoyevrbq KCI,rCI,vepnp6vo otov tuprlvo, tou o.l'ttdpo.olipro.. \-rl\'

npa.\t1 ro, nuprlvrrcd, rco,foLpru, Bpiorcovro,r p6ou, ot pretuT'i"trcec pcr.Bdou; os
rcuOoprop6vq yeorpLerpio,. To, o,rore)"6o;.rCI,rCI, rqq o,vd,),uor1q TtCI, opoTsr'1 ;rup-,r1r'16p
uvrt8puotrlpo, rupooeyyi(ouv zro)"u tKCI,vozrolr1rtrcd tqv ?Tpo,ypCI,rlKr1 rco.ro.oto.orl os
6vcl erepoyevrl o,vrr8puoalpo,, yroDTo Kol rcopouord,(ovrctr o,vo,),"urtrccx.

5.8. To xplotpo p6ys0og rou crvtr6puoqpo

Oncoq o,vorp6p0r1rce pnopoul-r"s vo, ezn)"iiooups rnv e(ioroorl (5.13) ^{w"
5e6op6vr1 yeopetpia, rou uvrLSpu,orqpo rcu,r 5e6op6veq ouvOr1rceq. fru, un)"orito, o.c
0 eco pr1

oou l-m oqo,rprrcq yerr: perpio,.

H ),uor1 qq e(iooorlq 5.13 eivor rrlq pLopcprlq:

Cl1Br
rr

Q(r) - ---jj--

6nou C rcq,r C'

CouvBr

5.16

ofi6 ro rcfvtpo rou ouor(pCI,roq.

Ed,v 06oouf-Ls r=0 (rc6vrpo u'19 o<poipoG) o 8erirepoq opoq rlq (5.16) yivsro,r
u,zrsrpoq rco,r ener8rl 'n pori 61er rcu0oprop6vr1 rrprl eu nptnetvu, eivo,r C'= 0.
Onote 11 o16oq (5.16) yivetcn yro r>0:
eivo,r oro,0ep6g Kq,r

@(r)

Itcr

d,rcpo,

r rl

o,zr6oru,or1

ctttt(Br)
r

5.t]

rou ouorqpo,roq (r = R) n pol prl6evi(erot,

O(r)=Q yro,R=r
C

nu(
,, BR\,_()

tj

r1

C qp(BR) = a

tltt(BR) =

r1

1l

on6'ce 0o, eivo,r:

15

nn

BR=

82=

(!af

-5'18

6nou n = 7.2,3,.........
To bucling rrou opi(eror o,16 rr1 o16o11 (5.18) eivo,r ro yoltsrplt;d buclirtg,
cjLofl sivo,t ouvo,prtlotl rov ysoperplKrbv 1o,po,rctlpLortrccov tou crYttopc-r.ot'rit)o. Kul
oupLpo)"i(sto,t

pLe B,l

An'6 o),sq rLg Suvureg )"uoerg provo pio,lKovofiorri rrq oui'Or1xe:

)"ertoupyio rou ouorrll-rCI,roq, uurr'1 yro, n = 1. Onore 0o eivo,r:
- ./f t
B'=(-)( 'R'

re

rcpiorpro TrDpIVrKo ovrr8puorqpo

8i,,, =

r(crl l-rTropoirpLe vo, uno]"oyiooul,m

(5.14) rco,r (5.19):

(l(=1) roluer

nlv rcplorp1

qq porlq rcrtv verpovic,tv

5.19

Bi
o,rctivo.

lr

R..B
FI rcurovoprq

,,ro. oto.Oepr1

R. e(rocbvovro,q r1g ol6oerq

5.20

0o, eivq,r:

@(r) =

9',ut*.'
"'R
r

5.2\

fevLrccr I erui).uor1 rlg o1sotlq (5. 13) yro o,vn6pcrotrlpeg Eruqopcrlv

olnpLcxtolv poq 6iver ro ytoJperprrco bucling oe ouvd,prqorl l"rs rrg 6ro,otd,osrg rcDV
cr.vrrDpo"orrlprov. Iro or1po, (5.10) B)"6noupe rLq 6ro,oto.o'erg rprcbv
Xcpcu(rrlprortrcorv oplpdrrrlv KG,l o_rov nivorco, (5.4) :.rc, crvriororleg np6q tou
br.rcling nou 61er Sro,ord,oerq pLnrcoq-'.
To. rrapafiayo XCI,pol(olplorrrd, u,voqfpovto,r or ctvrrEpcrotrlpu, lrDpi,c
q,vo,rc),u,orri psq.
p ctp 6ouq cTro p poql olq KCI,r
No piq

-C

IIo.pddtrypta 8.1.
'Eo'ro: TrupllvrKoq o,vti8puotrlpo,q oe oy\ptu rcui"iv8pou Ltt Ko.uollLo rr- tlKL
oupd,vro rcctr erurBpu,8uv-cri Bopu vepo (DzO). Tu yapat<u1protrrco. ;ou ei', ?.t:
)
-l
L'
= 175 cm' yrCI, rc( OeppLrrcit vetp6vto, I(* = I .28 rat H./2R. = 1.1.
@ecrpcbiztuq verp6vru pnctg opLir8uq (OeppLrrcu) 1 oy6o1 (5.14) 6ive r:

I
I

/,
0:'

I
I

)--

ZTti

pa

5.

I 0 / Laora.orE avu 6paor4 p an rp rcbv 6mrp o p erucdtv oyrT pLdr atv

(oqaipaq, ttapa77r77emr66oo rcat rcu)"ivdpou) rou xilarca 5.4.

IIINAIUE

5.4

s),&porog

Buclins

ferDuerp[s

. /[

.R
-

o<puipo
op0oyrrrvto
rupu)')"r1)"eruine 6o

rcpiorpoq 6yxoq
r30

_.t

------

)-

B:

li,t
lt,"
. lt ,t
(-)+(;)+(-)al)c

i61

---:-

B:
yLU.

rcu)"rvDpog

zl05 "

7r

{_.)+{-|
'H'
'R
,'-

CL

=b=

1,1 Q

,L

I ?t)

-'

l)

yru H = 1.847R

11

B2

K -r
l,

l 6 x i0 ;nt'-

115

ArcprB6oreprl 7,foi1. 0eropritvro,q o1r p6vo

tu 0eppLrrcd. \/rpo\

to bucling rqv ttprl:

8..,,,

An6 rov

nivo,tco, 5.4

yu-t.

ro

= 0.9

ro.. Lt,:.: diver 7Lo.

10-'t cm-2

rcu)"rv8prrco o,vrr8po,orrlpu eivcrr:

2.405 t
*r
B'=(
r( \
R

(t'

E .t
'H

Ener8rl H./2R. = 7.2

Bpiorcouprt aro trq 6uo lla.pafiavtuo e(roritoerq:

R, = 9f

cm Kol H, = 218 cnt

noo6ulrq, rou r<o,uoig.rou ylq, rov o.va6po,orrpo err fipillt. vo, eivor
tou)"u,poro 2.9 r6vor quoucori oupo,viou cbors vo, plfiopri o svrrSpctorrlpcrq vo,
)"urroupyei oe rcp[orpui rco.rd,oro,or1.
rrrlv npa\t1 8rcrord,oerg Ko,r rl pd(o eivo,r rfroreq cbore ro orlorrlpro, vo,
pptorceto,r os uTrepKpiorpLrl rco,rd,oro,ori ((>1). onore
Bu0i(ovro,g rLg pdB8ouq
e7'ey1ou, or ozroieq q,rroppoqouv olpq,vrrrco o,pr0p6 verpovlcov, ro oilo.rqpo propei
rrcl llpeOei, o,vd,),oyo, Lrs rl1v Bti0roq, oe rcpiorpul rco,rd,oto,or1 ((=1) r1 oe uzrorcpiorprl
rco"rdorcrorl (I(<1).
Me rrlv nopo8o roD xpovou ro rcs,forpo percirvero,r. fro vo, Drctqpqooups
rov ovrrbpuorripo, or rcpiorprl rco,td,orrxor1 ufi),u, uveBd(oupre otu,6ro,rcd, 1q
poBSouq e)"6y1ou drore to oriomlpo, vCI, 7ro,pCI,peiver rcpiorpo. Ilopcrn).r1oro p6)"o
pLnopofv vo, nof(ouv Ko,r or uvCI,rc]"o,orr1peq rcDV vrrpovicov.

72

BIBAIOTPAOIA
Arya A."Fundamentals of nuclear physici'. Allyn and Bacon Boston 1970.
2.) Barbier M. " fnduced radioactivits/'. Amsterdam 1969.
3.) Davey W., Redman W. "Techniques in fast reactor critical experiments".
New York 1970.
1)

4.) Gerasimov V., Monakhov A, "Nuclear engineering materiais", N{oscou, 1983.

5.) Glastone S. Sesonske A. " Nuclear reactot' engineet'ing'.Neu.' York 1967.
6.) K1imov A."It/uclear physics and nuclear reactotC'. Moscou'1975.
7.) Lamarsh L " Introduction to nucleat' engineet'ing'.Neu' York 1975.
8.) Mukhin K. " Experimental nuclear physicl'. Moscow 1987.
'.
9.) Ott K., Neuhold R. " Introductory nuclear reactot' clt nantici Iliinois 1985.
10.) Xupcr),dpnouq Lr. " Etoayclyi orryv IIuprTwrrT cDuotrri'. Oeooo")'ovir<1 1973.
11.) Xcrpo,)"dpnoug Ir. " @uortiri verpovicotl'. @soocr.)"ovixr1 l9l9.