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Chp-15 B. L. Theraja. 2005. A Textbook of Electrical Technology. Vol. 1 PDF
Chp-15 B. L. Theraja. 2005. A Textbook of Electrical Technology. Vol. 1 PDF
Chp-15 B. L. Theraja. 2005. A Textbook of Electrical Technology. Vol. 1 PDF
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Kirchhoff's Laws
Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis
Superposition Theorem
Thevenins Theorem
Reciprocity Theorem
Nortons Theorem
Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem-General Case
Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem
Millmans Theorem
15
A.C.
NETWORK
ANAYLSIS
600
Electrical Technology
15.1. Introduction
We have already discussed various d.c. network theorems in Chapter
2 of this book. The same laws are applicable to a.c. networks except that
instead of resistances, we have impedances and instead of taking algebraic
sum of voltages and currents we have to take the phasor sum.
Gustav Kirchhoff
(1824-1887)
...(i)
Fig. 15.1
Similarly, considering the closed loop BCDEB and starting from point B, we have
50 90 + 5y + 10 (x + y) = 0 or 2x + 3y = j10
Multiplying Eq. (i) by 3 and subtracting it from Eq. (ii), we get
7x = 30 j10 or x = 4.3 j1.4 = 4.52 18
...(ii)
601
Using Kirchhoffs Laws, calculate the current flowing through each branch of the circuit shown in
[I = 0.84 47.15 A; I1 = 0.7 88.87 A; I2 = 1.44 67.12A]
Fig. 15.2
Fig. 15.2
2.
Fig. 15.3
Use Kirchhoffs laws to find the current flowing in the capacitive branch of Fig. 15.3
[5.87 A]
I1 100 0
j6
(8 j6)
(3 j 2) = I 2 = 0
j6
Fig. 15.4
j6
2
= (8 j6)
(3 j 2) = (8 j6) (3 j2) (j6) = 62.5 39.8
j6
j6
1 = 1000
0
(3 j 2)
2 = (8 j6) 1000
j6
0
= 600 90
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Electrical Technology
I1 =
1 360 26.6
=
62.5 39.8
= 5.7613.2 ; I2 =
2
= 60090 = 9.6129.8
62.539.8
Example 15.3. Using Maxwells loop current method, find the value of current in each branch
of the network shown in Fig. 15.5 (a).
Solution. Let the currents in the two loops be I1 and I2 flowing in the clockwise direction as
shown in Fig. 15.5 (b). Applying KVL to the two loops, we get
Loop No. 1
25 I1 (40 + j50) (j 100) (11 I2) = 0
25 I1 (40 j50) j 100 I2 = 0
...(i)
Loop No. 2
60 I2 (j100) (I2 I1) = 0
j100 I1 I2 (60 j100) = 0
j100I1
10090 I1
=
= 0.857531I1
...(ii)
I2 =
(60 j100)
116.6259
Fig. 15.5
Substituting this value of I2 in (i) above, we get 25 I1 (40 j50) j100 0.8575 31 I1 = 0
or
25 40 I1 + j50 I1 85.75 59 I1 = 0 (j100 = 100 90)
or
25 I1 (84.16 + j 23.5) = 0.
25
25
I1 =
=
0.286 15.6 A
(84.16 + j 23.5)
87.38 15.6
Also,
I2 = 0.8575 31 I1 0.286 15.6 = 0.2452 46.6A
Current through the capacitor = (I1I2) = 0.286 15.6 0.2452 46.6 = 0.107 + j0.1013 =
0.1473 43.43 A.
Example 15.4. Write the three mesh current
equations for network shown in Fig. 15.6.
Solution. While moving along I1, if we apply
KVL, we get
(j10) I1 10(I1 I2)5 (I1 I3) = 0
or I1 (15 j10) 10 I2 5I3 = 0
...(i)
In the second loop, current through the a.c.
source is flowing upwards indicating that its upper
end is positive and lower is negative. As we move
along I2, we go from the positive terminal of the
voltage source to its negative terminal. Hence, we
Fig. 15.6
603
10
5 I1
0
(15 j10)
10
8 = I 2 = 1030
(18 + j5)
5
8
(16 + j5) I 3 200
Example 15.5. For the circuit shown in Fig. 15.7 determine the branch voltage and currents
and power delivered by the source using mesh analysis.
(Elect. Network Analysis Nagpur Univ. 1993)
Solution. Let the mesh currents be as shown in Fig. 15.7. The different items of the mesh
resistance matrix [Em] are :
Z11 = (2 + j1 + j2 j1) = (2 + j2)
Z22 = (j2 + 1 j1 + j2) = (1 j1)
Z12 = Z21 = (j2 j1) = j1
Hence, the mesh equations in the matrix form
are
j1 = I1 = 100
(2 + j 2)
(1 j1) I 2 530
j1
= (2 + j2) (1 j1) + 1 = 5
Fig. 15.7
10
j1 = 10(1 j1) j1(4.43 + j2.5) = 12.5 j 14.43 = 19.1 49.1
1 =
(4.43 + j 2.5 (1 j1)
10
= (2 + j2) (4.43 + j2.5) + j 10 = 3.86 j 3.86
2 = (2 + j 2)
(4.43 + j 2.5)
j1
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Electrical Technology
Fig. 15.8
Fig. 15.9
[13.1 70.12 A]
Fig. 15.10
2.
Using mesh analysis or Kirchhoffs laws, determine the values of I, I1 and I2 (in Fig. 15.9)
[I = 2.7 58.8 A ; I1 = 0.1 97 A; I2 = 2.8
59.6A]
3. Using mesh current analysis, find the value of current I and active power output of the voltage source
[7 50 A ; 645 W]
in Fig. 15.10.
4. Find the mesh currents I1, I2 and I3 for the circuit shown in Fig. 15.11. All resistances and reactances
are in ohms.
[I1 = (1.168 + j1.281) ; I2 = (0.527 j0.135); I3 = (0.718 + J0.412)]
Fig.15.11
Fig. 15.12
5. Find the values of branch currents I1.I2 and I3 in the circuit shown in Fig. 15.12 by using mesh
analysis. All resistances are in ohms.
[I1 = 2.008 0 ; I2 = 1.545 0 ; I3 = 1.564 0]
6. Using mesh-current analysis, determine the current I1, I2 and I3 flowing in the branches of the networks shown in Fig. 15.13.
[I1 = 8.7
1.37 A; I2 = 3
48.7 A ; I3 = 7 17.25 A]
7. Apply mesh-current analysis to determine the values of current I1 to I5 in different branches of the
circuit shown in Fig. 15.14.
[I1 = 2.4 52.5 A ; I2 = 1.0 46.18 A ; I3 = 1.4 57.17 A ; I4 = 0.86 166.3 A ; I5 = 1.0 83.7 A]
Fig. 15.13
605
Fig. 15.14
0.35 V1 = 5 + j10; V1 =
0.35
Fig. 15.15
= 14.3 + j28.6 = 3263.4
1000 V1
100 14.3 j 28.6
I1 =
=
20
20
= 4.3 j1.4 = 4.5 18 flowing towards node No. 1
(or 4.5 18 + 180 = 45 162 flowing away from node No. 1)
V1 3263.4
=
= 3.263.4 = 1.4 + j2.9 flowing from node No. 1 to node No. 2
10
10
5090 V1
j50 14.3 j 28.6 14.3 + j 21.4
I2 =
=
= 2.86 + j4.3 = 5.16 123.6
=
5
5
5
flowing towards node No. 1
123.6 180 = 5.16 56.4 flowing away from node No. 1).
I3 =
Example15.7. Find the current I in the j10 branch of the given circuit shown in Fig. 15.16
using the Nodal Method.
(Principles of Elect. Engg. Delhi Univ.)
Solution. There are two principal nodes out of which node No. 2 has been taken as the reference
node. As per Art.
V1 1 + 1 + 1 1000 10060 = 0
6 + j8 6 j8 j10 6 + j8 6 j8
V1(0.06 j0.08 + 0.06 + j0.08 j0.1) = 6 j8 + 9.93
j1.2 = 18.4 30
Fig. 15.16
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Example 15.8. Find the voltage VAB in the circuit of Fig. 15.17 (a). What would be the value of
V1 if the polarity of the second voltage source is reversed as shown in Fig. 15.17 (b).
Solution. In the given circuit, there are no principle nodes. However, if we take point B as the
reference node and point A as node 1, then using nodal mathod, we get
V1 1 + 1 100 1030 = 0
10
8 + j4
10 8 + j 4
V1 0.2 14.1 = 1 + 1.116 + j0.066 = 4.481.78
V1 = 4.481.78/0.214.1 = 22.415.88
When source polarity is Reversed
Fig. 15.17
Fig. 15.18
j
8
4
+
j4
5
Example 15.10. In the network of Fig. 15.19 determine the current flowing through the branch
of 4 resistance using nodal analysis.
(Network Analysis Nagpur Univ. 1993)
Solution. We will find voltages VA and VB by using Nodal analysis and then find the current
through 4 resistor by dividing their difference by 4.
607
...for node A
...(i)
V
VB 1 + 1 + 1 A 5090 = 0 VB (3 + j2) VA = 100 90 = j 100
j
4
2
2
2
...(ii)
VA can be eliminated by multiplying. Eq. (ii) by (9j10) and adding the result.
VB(42 j12) = 1173 + j1000 or VB = 1541.440.40 = 35.2956.3 = 19.58 + j29.36
43.6815.9
Substituting this value of VB in Eq. (ii), we get
VA = VB(3 + j2) j100 = (19.58 + j29.36) (3 + j2) j100 = j27.26
Fig. 15.19
I1 5030
I2 = 0
I 3 j50
= (5 + j2) [4(2 j2) - (j2 j2)] (j2) [(j2) (2j2)] = 84 j24 = 87.4 15.9
0
(5 + j 2) (43.3 + j 25)
2 = j 2
0
j 2 = (5 + j2) [j2 (j50)] +
0
(2 j 2)
j50
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Electrical Technology
I2 2/ = 433170.3/87.415.9 = 4.95186.2
j2
= 18.5798.2 = 2.65 + j18.38
5 + j2
VB = 5090
j2
= 35.3645 = 25 + j25
2 j2
j 10
j 4 + 1.689 + j0.72
+
5 + j2 2 j2
The Thevenins equivalent circuit consists of a voltage source of 28.43 193.5 V and an impedance of (1.689 + j0.72) as shown in Fig. 15.20 (c). Total resistance is 4 + (1.689 + j0.72)
= 5.689 + j 0.72 = 5.737.2. Hence, current through the 4 resistor is 28.43 193.5/5.737.20
= 4.96 186.3.
Fig. 15.20
Note. The slight variations in the answers are due to the approximations made during calculations.
Example 15.11. Using any suitable method, calculate the current through 4 ohm resistance of
the network shown in Fig. 15.21.
(Network Analysis AMIE Sec. B Summer 1990)
Solution. We will solve this question with the help of (i) Kirchhoffs laws (ii) Mesh analysis and
(iii) Nodal analysis.
(i) Solution by using Kirchhoffs Laws
Let the current distribution be as shown in Fig. 15.21 (b). Using the same sign convention as
given in Art. we have
First Loop
10(I1 + I2 + I3) (j5) I1 + 100 = 0
or
I1 (10 j5) + 10 I3 + 10I2 = 100
...(i)
Second Loop
5(I2 + I3) 4I2 + (j 5) I1 = 0
or
j5I1 + 9 I2 + 5I3 = 0
...(ii)
Third Loop
I3 (8 + j6) + 4I2 = 0
or
0I1 + 4I2 I3 (8 + j6) = 0
...(iii)
The matrix form of the above three equations is
0
4 (8 + j6)
609
I1 100
I2 = 0
I 3 0
0
0 (8 + j6)
= j 5 (800 j 600) = 3000 + j 4000 = 5000 126.9
Fig. 15.21
Let the mesh currents I1, I2 and I3 be as shown in Fig. 15.21 (c). From the inspection of Fig.
15.21 (c), the different items of the mesh impedance matrix [Zm] are as under :
Z11 = (10 j 5) ; Z22 = (9 j 5); Z33 = (12 + j 6)
I1 100
I2 = 0
I 3 0
I2 =
2 670863.4
=
= 4.25 44.2 = 3.05 j 2.96
157819.2
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Electrical Technology
I3 =
3
= 200090
157819.2
Current
(I2 I3) = 2.63 j 1.76 = 3.17 33.9
(iii) Solution by Nodal Analysis
The current passing through 4 resistance can be found by finding the voltage VB of node B
with the help of Nodal analysis. For this purpose point C in Fig. 15.21 (a) has been taken as the
reference node. Using the Nodal technique as explained in Art. we have
V
VA 1 + 1 + 1 B 1000 = 0
j
10
5
5
10
...for node A
VA (3 + j 2) 2 VB = 100
Similarly, for node B, we have
1 VA = 0
VB 1 + 1 +
+
j 6) 5
5
4
(8
...(i)
or VB (53 j 6) 20 VA = 0
...(ii)
Fig. 15.22
Fig. 15.23
3. Using Nodal analysis, find the nodal voltages V1 and V2 in the circuit shown in Fig. 15.24. All
resistances are given in terms of siemens
[V1 = 1.64 V : V2 = 0.38 V]
Fig. 15.24
Fig. 15.25
Fig. 15.26
611
4. Find the values of nodal voltages V1 and V2 in the circuit of Fig. 15.25. Hence, find the current going
from node 1 to node 2. All resistances are given in siemens.
[V1 = 327 V; V2 = 293.35 V ; 6.73 A]
5. Using Nodal analysis, find the voltage across points A and B in the circuit of Fig. 15.26: Check your
[32 V]
answer by using mesh analysis.
Fig. 15.27
j4
I = 100 (3 + j 4) j 4 , Now, V = I (3 + j4)
j 4 (3 + j 4)
= 53.3 j 40
3
Now, when current source is killed, the circuit becomes as shown in Fig. 15.27 (c). Using the
voltage-divider rule, we have
(3 + j 4)
V = 5090
= 66.7 + j 50
(3 + j 4) j 4
drop V = V + V = 53.3 j 40 (66.7 + j 50) = 13.4 + j 10 = 16.7 143.3 V
V = 10
Using Superposition theorem to find the magnitude of the current flowing in the branch AB of the
circuit shown in Fig. 15.28.
2.
Apply Superposition theorem to determine the circuit I in the circuit of Fig. 15.29. [0.53 5.7 A]
Fig. 15.28
Fig. 15.29
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Fig. 15.30
The equivalent Thevenin circuit is shown in Fig. 15.30 (c) across which the load impedance has
been reconnected. The load current is given by
IL =
Vth
Zth + Z L
(5 j5)
j
=
(10 + j 20) + ( j10)
2
Example 15.13 A. Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminals AB of the circuit given in
Fig. 15.31 (a).
Solution. For finding Vth = VAB, we have to find the phasor sum of the voltages available on the
way as we go from point B to point A because VAB means voltage of point A with respect to that of
point B (Art.). The value of current I = 100 0/(6 j 8) = (6+ j 8)A.
613
Fig. 15.31
10 + j 0
j 30(4 j 3)
j 30
= (3.6 + j 4.8)V
j3 =
=
2
2
(4 + j 3)
4 + j3
4 +3
Fig. 15.32
Let us now find the impedance of the circuit as viewed from terminals A and B after replacing the
voltage source by a short circuit as shown in Fig. 15.32 (a).
Zth = j 20 + 4| | j3 = j20 + 1.44 + j1.92 = 1.44 j18.1
The equivalent Thevenin circuit along with the load impedance of (6 + j30) is shown in
Fig. 15.32 (c).
Load current =
(3.6 + j 4.8)
(3.6 + j 4.8)
=
= 653.1 = 0.43 4.9
(1.44 j 18.1) + (6 + j 30) (7.44 + j11.9) 1458
The current in the load is 0.43 A and lags the supply voltage by 4.9
Power in the load impedance is 0.432 6 = 1.1 W
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Electrical Technology
Example 15.15. Using Thevenins theorem, calculate the current flowing through the load
connected across terminals A and B of the circuit shown in Fig. 15.33 (a). Also calculate the power
delivered to the load.
Solution. The first step is to remove the load from the terminals A and B. Vth = VAB = drop
across (10 + j10) ohm with A and B open.
Circuit current I =
100
= 10 0
j10 + 10 + j10
Fig. 15.33
The equivalent Thevenins source is shown in Fig. 15.33 (b). Let the load be re-connected across
A and B shown in Fig. 15.33 (c).
141.445
= 141.445 = 141.445 = 590
IL =
(10 j10) + (10 j10)
20 j 20
28.345
Power delivered to the load = IL2 RL = 52 10 = 250 W
Example 15.16. Find the Thevenins equivalent across terminals A and B of the networks shown
in Fig. 15.34. (a).
Solution. The solution of this circuit involves the following steps :
(i) Let us find the equivalent Thevenin voltage VCD and Thevenin impedance ZCD as viewed
from terminals C and D.
Z2
1000 20 30
VCD = V
=
= 75.519.1V
1030 + 20 30
Z1 + Z 2
1030 20 30
ZCD = Z1| | Z2 =
= 7.55 10.9 ohm
1030 + 20 30
(ii) Using the source conversion technique (Art) we will replace the 50 current source by a
voltage source as shown in Fig. 15.34 (b).
VEC = 50 10 30 = 50 30
Its series resistance is the same as Z3 = 10 30 as shown in Fig. 15.34 (b).
The polarity of the voltage source is such that it sends current in the direction EC, as before.
Fig. 15.34
615
(iii) From the above information, we can find Vth and Zth
Vth = VCD = 75.519.1 50 30 = 57 60.6
Zth = ZCD = 10 30 + 7.5510.9 + 560 = 18.6 2.25
The Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals A and B is shown
in Fig. 15.34 (c).
For finding VAB i.e. voltage at point A with respect to point B, we start
from point B in Fig. 15.34 (b) and go to point A and calculate the phasor
sum of the voltages met on the way.
Fig. 15.34
VAB = 75.119.1 5030 = 5760.6
ZAB = 1030 + 7.5510.9 + 560 = 18.62.25
Example 15.17. For the network shown, determine using Thevenins theorem, voltage across
capacitor in. Fig. 15.35.
(Elect. Network Analysis Nagpur Univ. 1993)
ZCD = j5| | (10 + j5) = 1.25 + j3.75. This impedance is in series with the 10 resistance. Using
voltage divider rule, the drop over ZCD is
Solution. When load of j5 is removed the circuit becomes as shown in Fig. 15.35 (b). Thevenin
voltage is given by the voltage drop produced by 100-V source over (5 + j5)impedance. It can be
calculated as under.
VCD = 100
(1.25 + j3.75)
125 + j375
=
10 + (1.25 + j3.75) 11.25 + j3.75
This VCD is applied across j5 reactance as well as across the series combination of 5 and
(5 + j5) . Again, using voltage-divider rule for VCD, we get
5 + j5
(125 + j375)
5 + j5
=
= 21.171.57 = 6.67 + j20
10 j5
11.25 + j3.75 10 + j5
As looked into terminals A and B, the equivalent impedance is given by
RAB = Rth = (5 + j5) | | (5 + 10 || j5) = (5 + j5) | | (7 + j4) = 3 + j 2.33
Fig. 15.35
The equivalent Thevenins source along with the load is shown in Fig. 15.35 (c).
Total impedance = 3 + j 2.33 j 5 = 3 j2.67 = 4.02 41.67
I = 21.171.57/4.0241.67 = 5.25113.24
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Electrical Technology
R12 = R21 = j 5;
R23 = R32 = (5 + j 5) ; R31 = R13 = 0. Hence, the
mesh equations in the matrix form are as given below :
j5
0
(10 + j5)
I1 100
j5
(10 + j110) (5 + j5) = I 2 = 0
0
I 0
(5 + j5)
5
3
= (10 + j5) [5(10 + j10) (5 + j5) (5 + j5)] + j5
(j25) = 625 + j250 = 67321.8
(10 + j5)
j5
j5
100
(10 + j10) 0
(5 + j5)
0
Fig. 15.36
I3 = 3/ = 3535135/67321.8 = 5.25113.2
Determine the Thevenins equivalent circuit with respect to terminals AB of the circuit shown in
6.38, Zm = (4 + j0.55)
Fig. 15.37.
[Vth = 14.3
]
2.
Fig. 15.37
3.
Fig. 15.39
4.
5.
Fig. 15.38
Fig. 15.40
Fig. 15.41
Find the Thevenins equivalent circuit for terminals AB for the circuit shown in Fig. 15.40.
[Vth = 15.37
38.66; Zth = (3.2 + j4) ]
Using Thevenins theorem, find the magnitude of the load current IL passing through the load connected across terminals AB of the circuit shown in Fig. 15.41.
[37.5 mA]
617
By using Thevenins theorem, calculate the current flowing through the load connected across terminals
A and B of circuit shown in Fig. 15.42. All resistances and reactances are in ohms.
[Vth = 56.9 50.15 ; 3.11 85.67]
Fig. 15.42
7.
8.
Calculate the equivalent Thevenins source with respect to the terminals A and B of the circuit shown
in Fig. 15.43.
[Vth = (6.34 + j2.93) V ; Zth = (3.17 j5.07) ]
What is the Thevenins equivalent source with respect to the terminals A and B of the circuit shown
in Fig. 15.44 ?
[Vth = (9.33 + j8) V ; Zth = (8 j11) ]
Fig. 15.43
Fig. 15.44
9. What is the Thevenins equivalent soure with respect to terminals A and B the circuit shown in Fig.
15.45 ? Also, calculate the value of impedance which should be connected across AB for MPT. All resistances
and reactances are in ohms.
[Vth = (16.87 + j15.16) V; Zth = (17.93 j1.75) ; (17.93 + j1.75 ]
Fig. 15.45
Fig.15.46
Fig. 15.47
10. Find the impedance of the network shown in Fig. 15.46, when viewed from the terminals A and B. All
resistances and reactances are in ohms.
[(4.435 + j6.878)]
11. Find the value of the impedance that would be measured across terminals BC of the circuit shown in
Fig. 15.47.
2R
(3 jCR)
2 2 2
9+ C R
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Electrical Technology
= 1 + [j 1 | | (2 j 1)] = 1 +
This current gets divided into two parts at point A, one part going through the ammeter and the
other going along AB. By using current-divider rule. (Art), we have
I =
j5
J1
5
=
1.5 + j1 (2 + j1 j 1) 3 + j 2
(1 + j1) j1
j1
2
2 = (1+ j 1)
j1
I1
I2
5
0
5
; = 2(1+ j 1) (j 1) (j 1) = 3 + j 2
I0
= 0 + j 5 = j 5 ; I2 = I =
2
j5
=
(3 + j 2)
As shown in Fig. 15.48 (c), the voltage source has been interchanged with the ammeter. The
polarity of the voltage source should be noted in particular. It looks as if the voltage source has been
pushed along the wire in the counterclockwise direction to its new position, thus giving the voltage
polarity as shown in the figure. We will find the value of I in the new position of the ammeter by using
the same two techniques as above.
Fig. 15.48
1.
As seen by the voltage source from its new position, the total circuit impedance is
3+ j2
= 2 (2 j 1) + j 1 | | 1 =
1 + j1
The total circuit current
i = 5
1 + j1
3 + j2
This current i gets divided into two parts at point B as per the current-divider rule.
5(1 + j1)
j5
j 1 =
I =
3 + j2
1 + j1 3 + j 2
2.
(1 + j1) j1 I1 = 0 ; = 2(1 + j 1) + 1 = 3 + j 2
5
j1
2 I2
j5
= 0 j1 = j5; I = I1 = 1 =
5 2
3 + j2
The reciprocity theorem stands verified from the above results.
Fig. 15.49
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Electrical Technology
Fig. 15.50
When the load impedance of (10 j20) is applied across the terminals A and B, current through it can
be found with the help of current-divider rule.
(10 + j 20)
IL = 1.118 63.4
= 1.25 A
(10 + j 20) + (10 j 20)
Example 15.20. Use Nortons theorem to find current in the load connected across terminals A
and B of the circuit shown in Fig. 15.51 (a).
Solution. The first step is to short-circuit terminals A and B as shown in Fig. 15.51 (a)*. The
short across A and B not only short-circuits the load but the (10 + j 10) impedance as well.
IN = 100 0/(j 10) = j 10 = 10 90
Since the impedance of the Norton and Thevenin equivalent circuits is the same, ZN = 10j10.
Fig. 15.51
For finding IN, we may or may not remove the load from the terminals (because, in either case, it would be
short-circuited) but for finding RN, it has to be removed as in the case of Thevenins theorem.
621
The Nortons equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 15.51 (b). In Fig. 15.51 (c), the load has been
reconnected across the terminals A and B. Since the two impedances are equal, current through each
is half of the total current i.e. 1090/2 = 5 90.
Fig. 15.52
Fig. 15.53
2. Find the Nortons equivalent source with respect to terminals A and B for the circuit shown in
Fig. 15.54. Hence, find the voltage VL across the 100 load and check its result by using Millmans theorem.
All resistances are in ohms.
[IN = 9A; YN = 0.15 S; VL = 56.25 0]
Fig. 15.54
3.
Find the Nortons equivalent network at terminals AB of the circuit shown in Fig. 15.55.
[ISC = 2.17
44 A; ZN = (2.4 + j1.47) ]
Fig. 15.55
4.
Fig. 15.56
What is the Norton equivalent circuit at terminals AB of the network shown in Fig. 15.56
[ISC = 1.15
66.37 ; ZN = (4.5 + j3.75) ]
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Electrical Technology
Vg2 RL
(Rg + RL )2 + X g2
To determine the value of RL for maximum transfer of power, we should set the first derivative
dPL/dRL to zero.
dPL
= d
dRL dRL
or
2
2
Vg2 RL
2 [( Rg + RL ) + X g ] RL (2)( Rg + RL )
=
V
=0
g
2
2
2
2 2
(Rg + RL ) + X g
[(
R
+
R
)
+
X
]
g
L
g
Rg + X g
= | Zg |
It means that with a variable pure resistive load, maximum power is delivered across the terminals of an active network only when the load resistance is equal to the absolute value of the impedance of the active network. Such a match is called magnitude match.
Moreover, if Xg is zero, then for maximum power transfer RL = Rg
Case 2. Load impedance having both variable resistance and variable reactance [Fig. 15.57 (b)].
Vg
The circuit current is I =
2
(Rg + RL ) + ( X g + X L ) 2
Fig. 15.57
Vg2 RL
( Rg + RL )2 + ( X g + X L )2
Vg2 RL
( Rg + RL )2
If on the other hand, RL is variable then, as in Case 1 above, maximum power is delivered to the
load when RL = Rg. In that case if RL = Rg and XL = Xg, then ZL = Zg. Such a match is called
conjugate match.
623
From the above, we come to the conclusion that in the case of a load impedance having both
variable resistance and variable reactance, maximum power transfer across the terminals of the active network occurs when ZL equals the complex conjugate of the network impedance Zg i.e. the two
impedances are conjugately matched.
Case 3. ZL with variable resistance and fixed reactance [Fig. 15.57 (c)]. The equations for
current I and power PL are the same as in Case 2 above except that we will consider XL to remain
constant. When the first derivative of PL with respect to RL is set equal to zero, it is found that
RL2 = Rg2 + (Xg + XL)2 and RL = | Zg + jZL |
Since Zg and XL are both fixed quantities, these can be combined into a single impedance. Then
with RL variable, Case 3 is reduced to Case 1 and the maximum power transfer takes place when RL
equals the absolute value of the network impedance.
Summary
The above facts can be summarized as under :
1.
2
2
Rg + X g .
2. When both load and source impedances are purely resistive (i.e. XL = Xg = 0), MPT is
achieved when RL = Rg.
3. When RL and XL are both independently adjustable, MPT is achieved when XL = Xg and RL
= Rg.
4.
[Rg + ( X g + X L ) ]
Example 15.21. In the circuit of Fig. 15.58, which load impedance of p.f. = 0.8 lagging when
connected across terminals A and B will draw the maximum power from the source. Also find the
power developed in the load and the power loss in the source.
Solution. For maximum power transfer | ZL | = | Z1 |
2
2
(3 + 5 ) = 5.83 .
For
p.f. = 0.8, cos = 0.8 and sin = 0.6.
RL = ZL cos = 5.83 0.8 = 4.66 .
XL = ZL sin = 5.83 0.6 = 3.5 .
Total circuit impedance Z =
=
[( R1 + RL ) + ( X1 + X L ) ]
Fig. 15.58
Example 15.22. In the network shown in Fig. 15.59 find the value of load to be connected
across terminals AB consisting of variable resistance RL and capacitive reactance XC which would
result in maximum power transfer.
(Network Analysis, Nagpur Univ. 1993)
Solution. We will first find the Thevenins equivalent circuit between terminals A and B. When
the load is removed , the circuit become as shown in Fig. 15.59 (b).
2 + j 10
Vth = drop across (2 + j10) = 50 45
7 + j 10
= 41.8 68.7 = 15.2 + j 38.9
Rth = 5 | | (2 + j 10) = 4.123.7 = 3.7 + j 1.6
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Electrical Technology
Fig. 15.59
Fig. 15.60
Fig. 15.61
Fig. 15.62
625
Y1 =
Y2 =
1 = 2 + j4
= 0.01 + j0.02 = 0.02263.4
2 j4
20
Y3 = 1 = 0.167 90 = 0 j 0.167
j6
Y1 + Y2 + Y3 = 0.02 j 0.167
In the present case, V3 = 0 and also V2Y2 would be taken as negative because current due to V2
flows away from the node.
V Y V Y
V = 1 1 2 2 = 100 0.2263.4 2030 0.02263.4
0.02 j 0.167
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
= 3.35177
Current through j 6 impedance = 3.35177/690 = 0.5687
Fig. 15.63
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fig. 15.64
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Electrical Technology
OBJECTIVE TYPES 15
1. The Thevenin's equivalent resistance Rth for
the given network is
Fig. 15.66
Fig. 15.65
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1
2
4
infinity
(ESE 2001)
2. The Norton's equivalent of circuit shown in
Figure 15.66 is drawn in the circuit shown in
Figure 15.67 The values of ISC and Req in
Figure II are respectively
Fig. 15.67
5
(a)
A and 2
4
(c)
12
A and
2
(b)
2
(d)
A and 1
A and 2