Suchitwakeralam

ipNnXztIcfw
Hcp CS-Xp-] hoWw
suchithwakeralam
oru edathupakshaveekshanam
dr. t m thomas issac
first edition
january 2015
typesetting & published
chintha publishers, thiruvananthapuram
printed
akshara offset, thiruvananthapuram
cover
vinod
price
rupees seventy five only
Rights reserved
hnX-cWw
tZim-`n-am\n _pv lukv

H O Xncp-h-\--]p-cw-695 035
phone: 0471-2303026, 6063026
www.chinthapublishers.com
chinthapublishers@gmail.com
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P\np. kv I q hnZym- ` ymkw sImSp- - q Kh.
t_mbvkv sslkvIq-fn. _ncpZ-]T\w Fd-Wm-Ipfw
alm-cm-Pmkv tImtf-Pn. Phlem s\lvdp kIem-im-e-bn\nv ]n Fv Un. Xncp-h-\--]p-cs
sk t^m Uh-e-]vsa v Uo-kn s^tem Bbncpp. Ctm HmWddn s^tem.
Fkv F^v sF kwm\ {]kn-U v Bbn-cp-p.
Ctm kn ]n sF (Fw) tI{Inn AwKw.
kwm\ Bkq- { XWt_mUv AwKambpw tIc- f nse [\-Im-cy-a-{n-bmbpw {]hn-n-p-v.
P\-Io-bm-kq-{XW {]m-\-ns inev]n-I-fn {]apJ. 2001 apX tIcf \nb-a-k-`-bn amcm-cn-pfw
\ntbm-P-I-a-es {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p-p.
Democracy at Work: A study of Dinesh Beedi Workers
Co-operative (Cornell University Press), Local Democracy and Local Development: Peoples' plan Campaign
in Kerala (Left Word) IqSmsX Ata-cn-, kv]m\njv,
t]mp-Kokv FUn-j-\p-Ifpw, Modernisation and Employment: Coir Industry in Kerala (Sage), Zmcn-{Zy-ns
Aim-kv{Xw, A-imkv{Xw lcn{io, temI- apXem-fnpg-w, temI-_mpw \mWb-\n-[nbpw, hntamN\ka-c-ns ImWm-p-d-, BtKmf {]Xn-knbpw BtKm-f-hev-c-Whpw, `q]-cn-jvI-cWw C\n
Fv?, hymP-k--Xn-bpsS \nnXn am[y-a-hnaiw
20002009, hncp--m-cpsS cmw hc-hv, amdp a\-pI amen-\y-a-I-ep sXcp-hp-I Be-pg hrn-bmIp-tm (Nn ]n-tjgvkv), tIcfw apw a\pjy\pw, Icn-bp Iev]hrw, Iog-S--ens Aimkv{Xw (tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-v), P\-Iobm-kq-{XWw knm-hpw {]tbm-Khpw (kw-m\ Bkq- { XW t_mUv), P\- I o- b m- k q- { X- W - ns
cm{obw, acp---I Dm-Ip--Xv, km-n-I-_- tI{hpw tIc-fhpw (Un kn _pIvkv) Fnh
{][m\ IrXnI.
tIcfw apw a\p-jy\pw 1989 se tIc-f-km-lnXy
Am-Zan AhmUv t\Sn.
D-Sw
{]km-[-I-p-dnv
ipNnXztIcf {]m\w
tIcfnse amen\y{]Xnkn 19
ASpf amen\yw hons 32
hntI{oIrX kwkvIcWw hoSn\p ]pdpw 48
mnIv Fp sNWw? 54
P\Iob Imbn Fs\? 62
BepgbpsS A\p`hw 73
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krn-p ]I-hym-[n-I-fpw.
CXp t\cn-Sp--Xn\v tIc-f-n 2010 As F
Un F^v Khsa v "amen-\y-ap tIcfw' ]Xn Bhn-jvI-cnp \S-n-em-m-\m-cw-`n-n-cp-p. Fm Cu ]Xn th-{X
aptm-p-t]m-bn-. Fm cp-hj-ambn kn ]n sF (Fw) s
t\Xr-Xz-n Be-p-g-bn Cu ]Xn ê-{]Z-ambn \S-nem-n-h-cn-I-bmWv.
Be-p-gb
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{]m-\-n\v XpSw Ipdn--Xv. ]e Xt-i-kz-bw-`-cW m]-\-fpw ka-{K-ambn Cu ]Xn Bhn-jvI-cn-p- \-S-m-m
XpS-n-bn-cn-p-I-bmWv. CXn\p \ DZm-l-c-W-amWv Bdp-amk-n-\p-n Xncp-h\
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tUm. Sn Fw tXmakv sFk-ns ipNnXz tIcfw Hcp CS-Xp] hoWw F IrXn A`n-am-\-tmsS; ipNn-Xz-tI-cf
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Nn ]n-tjgvkv
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tI cfnse kPohamb cmjv{Sob{]iv\amWv amen\ykwkvI-cWw. amen\yq\I krjvSnp ]Ihym[nIfpw
]mcnnXnI{]iv\fpw Cybnse GXmsm \KcfpsSbpw
t]Snkz]v\amWv. tIcfnepw nXn adn. P\tfmSv DchmZnXzap Hcp cmjv{Sob{]m\sa \nebn kn ]n sF (Fw)
ipNnXztIcfn\v Hcp P\Iob{]m\w cq]w \evIpIbmWv.
Cy {][m\a{n \tc{tamZn NqepsaSpp sXcphnendnbXp
InmWv kn ]n sF (Fw) CXp sNpsXv Nne Bt]npp. Fm, 2010 s tIcfnse F Un F^v
km amen\yap tIcfw ]Xn Bcw`n hnhcw Ch
adpt]mIpp. Cu ]Xn th{X aptmp t]mbn FXp
icnXs. ]t, cphjambn Bepgbn ê{]Zambn
kn ]n sF (Fw) s t\XrXzn Cu ]Xn \Smn
hcnIbmWv. AXpInmWv \tc{tamZn Nqepambn CdnbXv
Fv Rtf-Xmbmepw ]dbpn. Hcp hymghmew `cnnpw
FpsImv KpPdmn NqseSpn F tNmZyn\pw adp]Sn
thWw. tamZnbpsS shphnfn kzoIcnv Nqepambn CdnbXv
Xncph\-]pcv tIm{Kkv Fw ]n iin XcqcmWv. ipNoIcWw
Kmnb ]mc-cyamsW Xcqcns hmZw icnbmWv. ]t,
tamZn ]d-bp-Xn\p app Xs Xm sNbvXpsImncnp Hcp
ISa-bmWv ipNo-IcWsav hyamnb Iaemlmks cmjv{Sobt_m[w tIm{Kkv Fw ]nnmsX t]mbXv IjvSw Xs.
10
ipNnXztIcfw Hcp CSXp]hoWw

\tc{tamZnbmbmepw iin Xcqcmbmepw ImWnXv \

ipNoIcW amXrIbmsWp ]dbm\mhn. Xcq \Snb
ipNoIcWbns ]cnanXn sSenhnj Zriyfn
hyamWv. mnIv, ISemkv, ]pv, d, `ymhinjvS,
N Fen Fp XpSn k amen\yfpw Idp henb
mnIv knIfn \ndbvpIbmbncpp Xcqcpw kwLhpw.
Cs\ thXncnmsX khpw Iqnenbm Fs\bmWv kwkvIcnpI? CXn\p ]nb Kymkn^ntj msmpw
Xncph\]pcv C. HpIn Hcp hensdnb tI{n
\nt]npI. Asn Ipgnp aqSpI. cpw t{]mmlnnsSmhp coXnIf. Ulnbn \tc{tamZn XqpIqnb
amen\yhpw FntXv Kmknq t]mep UnMv bmUnemWv. AhnsSsbms sNdnb `mKta kwkvIcn-sSppq.
CXmWv Cybnse amen\ykwkvIcW cwKs {]XnknbpsS
Hcp {][m\hiw. amen\yw s]cpIpI am{Xa, kwkvIcn-sSm
amen\y IppIqSpIbpw sNpp.
amen\yw thXncnsSWw. ssPhamen\yw kwkv I cnv
hftam Kymtkm BWw. mnIv XpSnbh ]p\cp]tbmKn\mbn kwkvIcnWw. ]pp sNmw. ]t, IpnapIfnsebpw
sNcnhpIfnsebpw ]ppw ]Spw hngns hoUntbmbn
IXpt]mse shnnfv thtcmsS ]ngpsXSpcpXv . AXp
asmenn\v CSbmpw.
Fp-sImv kn ]n sF (Fw)?
ipNoIcW {]h\w \KckÌfpsSbpw kmcnsbpw
NpaXebmWv. AtXsSpm kn ]n sF (Fw) Fn\v t\cnndpp Fpw tNmZyw Dbcppv. ASp Aymbn hnhcnpXp-t]mse tIcf kaqlw A`napJoIcnp Ghpw Kuchamb Hcp kmaqly BtcmKy{]iv\amWv amen\y{]Xnkn. CXp
]cnlcnpXn\v bp Un F^v km ]q ]cmPb-hp-amWv.
]cnlmcanmsX XpScp {]XnknbpsS apn A- c p
\nev pIbmWv tIcfw. DchmZnXzap cmjv { Sob{]- m\smpw CXp Insp \Snm\mhn. AXpsIm-mWv
P\sf AWn\ncn Cu {]Xnkn ]cnlcnm kn ]n sF
(Fw) apssIsbSppXv. Fm cmjv{Sob ]mnIfpw A\phnt- coXnbmWv CXv. Fmhpw Xtikzbw`cW m]\-fpsS Iogn tbmPnp {]hnm\pw Ignbpw.

11
Htsd NIp tijamWv kn ]n sF (Fw) Ccn

P\Iob {]iv\fn CSs]Sm\p coXn Xocpam\nXv. sXmgnemfnIfpsS Iqensbbpw tkh\mhImisfbpw IrjnmcpsS
`qansbbpw Dev]hneIsfbpw ASnm\amn Ahsc
kwLSnnpXn\mWv ASnm\]cambn CSXp]{]m\ ]cn{ianpXv. AtXmsSmw s]mXp ASnm\ Bhiyfmb hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw, takuIcy, InSmSw,
IpSnshw XpSnbh t\SpXn\pw ]cn]menpXn\pw CSXp]w Xo{h{iaw \Snbnpv. kmaqly]cnjvIcW {]m\Imew apXep Cu P\Iob CSs]S ]mccys iambn
aptmp sImpt]mbXv CSXp]amWv. ap kwm\sf
At]nv IqSpX sas PohnX\nehmcw tIcfnse
P\v Ddp hcpm\mbXv CXp aqeamWv.
Fm kao]Imembn Ccw kmaqly{]iv\fnep
CSs]S ipjvInp hcpp. XncpstS Zu_eyfnsemmbnmWv ]mnbpsS ]memSv o\w CXns\ hnebncpnbXv.
hn cmjv{Sob {]tm`{]NmcW ]mn GsSpppv.
]t, CXp t]mc. ap P\Iob {]iv\fnepw ]mn kPohambn
CSs]SWw. As\tb P\fpambp ssPh_w kpZrVamm-\mhq. hmb\imeI, pI XpSnbhbn kPohamIWw. ]v ]Ihym[nIfpw apw {]Xntcm[nm ]mn apnndnb amXrI \psS apnepv. B amXrI Cv kmz\NnInmcwKv ]mn ]npScppapv. CXpt]mse CSs]p {]hntp Hcp taJebmbnmWv ipNnXz]cn-]me\sbpw
]mn hnebncpnbXv. tamZn A[nImcn hcpXn\v F{Xtbm
app XpSnb NIfpsSbpw Xocpam\-fpsSbpw êamWv
ipNnXztIcf {]m\w. {]Xn]m-sWnepw Xtikzbw`cW m]\fpsS klmbtmsS Cu NpaXe kn ]n sF (Fw)
GsSppIbmWv.
ipNnXztIcfhpw kz`mcXhpw
kmcXm{]m\nepw P\Iobmkq{XWnepw ê{]Zsa-p sXfn P\Iob ]mccyw ]p\cpohnnm Ignm
kqipNnXzsa eyw t\Sm\mIpw. CXn\v A\pKpW-amb
kmlNcyw Cv tIcfntebpq. DZmlcWn\v tNcnI-fpsS
ImcysaSppI. ChnsSbmWtm Ghpw hrnlo\- a mb
PohnXmh \nehnepXv . Cybnse \KcP\kwJybpsS
12

]Xn\-p iXam\w tNcnIfnemWv. CXv A\pZn\w DbpsImncn-pIbmWv. Xo{hb ]cn]mSnbneqsS GsXnepw tNcn
km \nm\w sNbvXpshncns. DSs\- ]pXnsbmscw Dbphcpw. ImcWw {Kmafnse PohnXkuIcyfpsS
timN\o-bmhaqew \Kcfntev \nccw P\ tNtdpIbmWv. Fm tIcfnse nXn CX. \Kcnse GXmv
Fm PohnXkuIcyfpw \mn]pdfnepapv. AXpsImv
Cp tNcnI CmXmptXmsS {]iv\w GXmv Xocpw.
tIcfnse \KcP\kwJybpsS GXmv 0.8 iXam\w am{XamWv
tNcnIfn A[nhknpXv. KpPdmn Cu tXmXv 10 iXam\amWv.
InSmStam ]mnStam CmhcpsS FsaSpmepw
tIcfw Cybnse s]mXpnXnbn\nv F{Xtbm DbXmWv.
Cybn kzambn InSmSw t]mepanmh P\kwJybpsS
15-20 iXam\w hcpw. tIcfnemIs CXv cp iXam\tmfta
hcq. InSmSanmhss\ kzambn hoSpmhpw? Cybnse hoSnmhcpsS 0.04 iXam\ta tIcfn hcq. KpPdmns hnlnXw 8.14 iXam\amWv. InSmShpw hoSpaps-net
kzambn Hcp Iqkns\pdnv BtemNnm\mhq. kmaqlyta kqNnII GsXSpmepw tIcfw F{Xtbm DbXmWv.
Fmhpw Acm`ymkapsn ipNnXzt_m[-hevcWw
F{Xtbm Ffpambnocpw.
bp ]n FbpsS Imev BhnjvIcns \n `mcXv
A`nbm F kq ipNnXz ]cn]mSn tamZnbpsS Imev
KpPdmn Fs\ \Smnsbv 2014 se kn F Pn dntmv
]cntim[nppv . ]XnbpsS \Snnep kmnI
{IatSpIfntev ChnsS ISpn. ]t, kz`mcXw
krjvSnm\ndnbncnp \tc{tamZnbpsS \mnse ipNnXz\nehm- c spdnv AhnXnXamb Hcp [mcW \ev I m Cu
dntmv klmbnpw. tamZnbpsS `cWImep \Snb ksbnse IWp{]Imcw 2014 HIvtSm_ amkn 46 iXam\w
hoSpIfnte Iqkpq. ]nIhm Xnnmp Nne
PnIfn Cu tXmXv 1324 iXam\w am{Xtabpq. Fp hjw
kq ipNnXzw ]cn]mSn \SmnbXn\p tijap KpPdmnse ipNnXz\nebmWv CsXv HmpI.
Ambncw AwK\hmSnIfn tSmbvsen. Iqkns Fw
kw_nv kmcns IWpI PnIv hnXcWw sNbvX

13
]Wns ASnm\nemWv. AmsX ùXnI t\fpsS

ASnm\ne IWmnbXv. \smcp ]v ]mXnhgnbn
\nevpItbm D]tbmKnsSmXncnpItbm sNpIbmWv. Cu
IqkpI ]eXpw acqWpIfn Nmpkn ad D]tbmKnpmnbhbmWv. tkmv ]npIt]mepw CmhbmWv. kn F
Pn ]cntim[nptm \smcp ]pw D]tbmKiq\yambn
Ignncp-p.
Ghpw A]am\IcambXv tXmnWn kw_np kn F
PnbpsS ]cmaifmWv. 1999 se \nbaa\pkcnv tXmnWn
\ntcm[nsncnpIbmWv. 2013 se skkkv dntmv A\pkcnv 1408 k`fn a\pjy aew Npap \ow sNppmbncpp. 2593 tIkpIfn arKsf D]tbmKnmWv aew
\onbncpXv. 2012 tI{km CXpkw_nv XfpsS
Bi AdnbnpsImv KpPdmv kmcn\v FgpXpI-bpmbn.
Fm kn F Pn dntmp ]dbpXv Hcp hjn\p tijhpw
Hcp \S]Snbpw Cmcyn FSpncpn FmWv . Cu
KpPdmv kz`mcXns amXrIbmhpsX-s\bmWv.
tIcfns nXn F{Xtbm hyXykvXw. hnZym`ymkns
hym]\hpw kmaqly]cnjv I cW {]m\fpsS Dbbpw
ipNnXzn\v tIcf a\n Hcp tI{{]XnjvT t\SnsmSpp.
shfpns\ FgptevWw, F tXbvv IpfnWw, shfp
appSpWw F ioew hfp. ]pXnb ipNnXzt_m[w khcpsS IpIbmbncpn. hnZym`ymkw Ignm Ghpw {][m\s ioeambn {io\mcmbW {]m\w {]NcnnXv ipNnXzambncpp. CXpt]mseXs ipNnXzt_m[hevcWn Amfnbpw {i ]Xnnp. hynipNnXzn\v \thmm\\m-bI
\evInb {]m[m\yw tIcfobcpsS BtcmKy\ne sasSpp-Xn
kp{][m\ ]phlnp. Fm kmaqlyipNnXz- I mcyn
aebmfnbpsS \nwKX Bscbpw ApXsSpp hn[n
XpSp. CXnsemcp amw hcpm\mbm tIcfn\v kqipNnXz ]Zhn t\Sm\mhpw. Ccsamcp aptw Cybnse
P\p \evIp Hcp cmjv{Sob ktiapv. kmaqlyta
kqNnIIfpsS Imcynset]mse ipNnXzkqNn-I-bpw `q]cnjvIcWaSap kmaqly]cnh\-tmSv _sp InSpp.
ipNnXztIcfw ]cn]mSnbpsS Cu {]kn \mSIobambn
F\np t_mys Hcp kàpmbn. Bepgbnse "\ne
`h\w, \ne \Kcw ]Xn'sbpdnv hSt Cybnse Cy
14

FIvkv{]kv {Kqv FtmSv Hcp teJ\w Bhiysp. 1300 hmpI

ssZLyap teJ\n\v Bepgbnse hnPbIcamb ipNnXz]cn]mSn FmWv Rm \evInb Xesv. teJ\n {]Xyambn cmjv{Sob ]cmaisfmpapmbncpn. ]t, "Up Cv
ssev Bepg' (Do it Like Alappuzha) AYhm Bep-gbnteXpt]mse sNq Fmbncpp teJ\-n\p FUntmdnb sUkvIv
\evInb Xesv. s_Uv Cv ssev s_mw (s_man-s\tmse ]p hfbvq) F {]knamb Cwojv {]tbmKs
Hmnnp Xesv. {]Xntcm[msc adnISv tKmt]mntev hfp Ibdp Cwojv ^pSvt_m Ifnmc\mb tUhnUv
s_mans {ô InpI {]knamWv . CXpt]msemcp
CuWap Hcp XehmNIw. "kzv `mcXv A`nbm, Bepgbn
\nv Hcp ]mTsaSpmw, CSXp t\Xmhv tamZntbmSv' Fsmsbp
FUntmdnb \ncoWfpapmbn. Cu CSXp] cmjv{Sob
ktiamWv ipNnXztIcf {]m\w Cyp apn kanpXv.
bp Un F^v \bn\np hyXykvXX

tIcfnse bp Un F^v kmcpw ipNnXzspdnv
hmNmeamsWnepw {]mtbmKnIambn ê{]Zamb Hcp \S]Snbpw
kzoIcnnn. `cWns BZyhjw hIbncpnb \qdptImSn
cq]bpsS sNdnb `mKta Ctmgpw sNehgnp Xonpq. CXn\v
[\a{n ]gnNmcpXv Xtikzbw`cW m]\sfbmWv .
]t, kmcnsbpw ipNnXzanjsbpw _yqtdm{ImnIv
kao]\amWv bYm ImcWw. P\sfbmsI Bthiw
sImnpsImp P\Iob {]m\w hn`mh\w sNm Ahmhpn. hIppa{nmsWn hInS AXym[p\nI mpIfnte hnizmkapq. Cu kao]\n\npw ipNnXztIcf
{]m\w hyXykvXamWv. Cs kmlNcyn kq
ipNnXzw ssIhcnpXn\v Ccsamcp NphSpamw A\nhmcyamWv.
1. DdhnS amen\y kwkv-IcWnse DuemWv Hmas
hyXykvXX. CXphsc sNbvXphXv FmWv? \Kcnse amen\y tiJcnv {KmansehnsSsbnepap Hcp tI{-nsenv kwkv-Icnpambncpp. ]t, AXp ]cmPbsp. ImcWw
Fp XsbmIs, tI{oIrXamb Cu coXn C\n tIcfnsemcnSpw P\ A\phZnpsap tXmpn. AXpsImv

15
]camh[n amen\y DdhnSn-s thXncnv kwkvIcnpItb \nmlapq.

2. amen\yw kwkv-IcnpXn\v ssPhcoXnIfmWv kzoIcnpI. amen\yw Inp \innp coXn Dt]nWw. Ghpw
efnXamb Cu coXn ]t, AXy[nIw A]ISIcamWv. amen\yw
IptmgpmIp hnjhmXI BtcmKyn\v lm\nIcamsWp am{Xa BtKmf Xm]\n\v Bw IqpIbpw sNpw.
Iqnbnv InpXn\v ]Icw Adbnemn hfsc Db NqSn
Zlnnm amen\yw Kymkmbn amdpw. ]nsbpw NqSv Dbnbm
amen\yw mkvabmIpw. Cu amfneqsS sshZypXn Dmmw.
]mmXycmPyfn Cs\ sNppv. ]t, sNehv GsdbmWv. tI{oIrX mpIfpw thWw. Uok sNehv Xmm-\mImsX Xncph\]pcs samss_ Ckn\td Dt]n
A\p`hw admdmbnn.
Cu ]menemWv amen\kwkvIcWn\v ssPh{]{Inbn-eq-nbp P\Iob Iymbn\p cq]w\evIpXv. ss]v Itmv, Fbvtdm_nIv _n XpSnb ItmnMv ktX-fmWv CXn\mbn D]tbmKnpXv. Asn _tbmKymkv mpI D]tbmKnv antY- Dmmw. CXv ASpfbn C\ambn D]-tbmKnmw.
3. GXp amen\ykwkvIcW coXnbmbmepw P\sf
t_m[hevcnnsn ]cmPbsSpw. AXpsImv P\sf
]TnnpXn ]pXnb ipNnXz {]m\w Gsd {]m[m\yw
Iev ] npp. F{X ]Tnnmepw CSbv nSbv v mpIfnepmIp {]iv\ ]cnlcnm {]tXyIw BfpIsf \ntbmKnWw. AYhm Hcp sabn\kv Sow DmIWw. mpIfnse
AIpWnI 100 Fn\v Hcm FtXmXn sabn-\kv
Soans\ koIcnpw. \nehnep km amXrIIfn
t_m[hevcWn\pw sabn\kv Soans cq]oIcWn\pw
m\an. AXmWv AhbpsS Zueyw. mp m]nm
IcmsdSpp GPknI mpw m]nv Ioj\pw hmn
ew hnSpIbmWv ]Xnhv. D]t`mmhns\ ]TnnpXnt\m
AIpWnItm klmban. 75000 tmfw ss]v Itmv
hnpw Xncph\]pcv Hcp êhpw ImWmXn\p ImcWanXmWv.
kmcX {]m\hpw P\Iob Bkq{XWhpwt]mse henb
tXmXn P\sf AWn\ncp P\Iob ipNnXz{]m\n\mWv Xncph\]pcv cq]w\evIpXv. P\fpsS ioe-
16

fnepw at\m`mhfnepw amw IqSntb Xocq. amen\yw DdhnSns thXncnpIbpw hensdnbmXncnpIbpw thWw.
]v shfn{tZifn \Snbncp ae-aq{X hnk\w Cv
hon\pnemWv. Iqkv amen\yw hon\pn kwkv-Icnmsan Fn\v Aev]am{Xamb ASpf amen\yw hensdnbWw?
Ccsamcp at\m`mhamw tIhew km DchpIsImv
Dmhn. Hcp P\Iob {]m\ns kmIXbvp am{Xta
Cu cq]amw hcpm\mhq.
hnimeamb thZn
taev ] d kev ] fpsS ASnm\n P\Iob
{]m\w cphjambn Bepgbn {]hnp hcpp.
Bepg \Kcs kmam\yw hrnbmpXnepw Cu ]Xn
hnPbnpIbpmbn. Cu {Kns Ahkm\ Aymbambn
Bepgbnse A\p`hw hniZoIcnppv. Cu A\p`hsf
hnebncppXn\pw ap \KckÌfpsS A\p`hfpambn
XmcXaysSppXn\pw thn F sI Pn ]T\KthjW tI{w
Bepg shv 2014 sk]vXw_ 27 \v hn]peamb ipNnXz skan\m
\Sn. tIcfnse Fm PnIfn\npambn Fqdncw
{]Xn\n[nI Cu skan\mdn ]sSpp. ]nWdmbn hnPb,
hn Fkv ANypXm\, tImSntbcn _meIrjvW, Fw F t__n,
]n sI KpcpZmk, ]n sI {ioaXn FnhcSw kn ]n sF (Fw) s
tIcfnse {]apJcmb Fm t\Xmfpw Cu skan\mdn
]sSpp. skan\mdns ]cyhkm\nemWv kn ]n sF (Fw)
kwm\ sk{Idn ]nWdmbn hnPb ipNnXztIcf {]m\ns {]Jym]\w \SnbXv . Xs {]kwKn Atlw
HcpImcyw hyamn. kn ]n sF (Fw) tXmb Hcp ipNnXz
{]m\a eyw. ipNnXzn\p thnbp hnimeamb Hcp
thZn krjv S nm\mWv {ianpXv . CSXp] P\m[n]Xy
apWn- b nse LSIInItfmSp am{Xa, bp Un F^nse
InItfmSpw ]camh[n tbmPnns taJe tXSnsmmbncnpw
kn ]n sF (Fw) CSs]SpI.
CXn\v kmlNcysamcppXn\p kp{][m\]v Xtikzbw`cW m]\pv . \KckÌfpsSbpw ]mbpIfpsSbpw t\XrXznemWv ipNnXz Iymbn \SpXv. F
Un F^n\p apXqap efn CXn\mbn ]mn
apssIsbSppw. Am efnepw bp Un F^v ]mbp-

17
ItfmSpw \KckÌtfmSpw klIcnpw. Xti kzbw`cW m]\ BhnjvIcnp ]cn]mSnI \SmpXn {]hnp-tm-s ipNnXz {]m\s insSpp-Xn\pthn X\Xmb ]cn]mSnIfpw kwLSnnpw.
2014 \hw_ Hn\mWv ipNnXztIcfw {]m\n\p XpSw
IpdnXv. Av Fm PnIfnepw ipNoIcW ]cn]mSnI \Sn.
]e Xti kzbw`cWm]\fpw ka{Kamb ]XnI BhnjvIcnp \Smm XpSnbncnpIbmWv. kq ipNnXztIcfw F eyw ssIhcnpXn\v IqSpX A\pIq-eamb
cmjv{Sob Acohpw kmcpw A\nhmcyamWv. ]t, HcpImcyw XobmWv . tIcfnse ]e\Kcfpw \Kc]m- b pIfpw hrnbmIpw. Jcamen\ysfnepw sXcphnse-dnbmsX
kwkvIcnsSp \nebpmIpw.
CXn\p \ DZmlcWamWv Bdpamkn\pn Xncph\]pcw \Kcnse amen\y{]Xnkn ]cnlcnpXn\v eyanpsImv \Smp "Fs \Kcw kpc\Kcw ]Xn.' HcpImev
tIcfns ipNnXz]Wsav t]cptIncp Xncph\]pcw Cv
aeoakamWv . hnfnimebnse tI{oIrX m v ASp]qnbXmWv ImcWw. mns\Xncmb P\fpsS Aajhpw kachpw \ymbamWv. Fm CXn\p ImcWsf imkv{Xob-ambn
]cnlcnpXn\p \S]SnI Ahkm\Ln- s enbtmgmWv m v ASp]qtn hXv. kwm\ km IqSn
Hmi sNbvXmWv Cusbmcp nXnhntijw hcpnbsX-mWv
\Kck`bpsS Bt]w. am{Xa, km {]Jym]n _Z ]cn]mSnIsfmpw \SmbXpan. CtXmsS \Kcaen\oI-cWw hensbmcp
cmjv{Sob hnhmZambn amdn. Cu ]mesa-map-snepw Fm
cmjv{SobInIfpw klIcnpsImp Fs \Kcw, kpc\Kcw ]Xnp cq]w\evIm \Kck`bvp Ignp.
\Kck`bpsS Cu ]cn]mSnbpambn klIcnpsImmWv kn
]n sF (Fw) ChnsS ipNoIcW {]h\fn GsSpXv.
AtXmsSmw kn ]n sF (Fw) X\Xmb {]h\fpw \Spp. \hw_ Hn\v Nme-bnse Fcpapgnbnse k{]h\n a{n inhIpamdpw H cmPtKm]mepaSaph ]sSpp.
ChnsS-bm-bncpp "Fs \Kcw kpc\Kcw ]Xn'bpsS Hu]NmcnI DZvLmS\w. AtXkabw kn ]n sF (Fw) kwm\ sk{IdnbpsS t\XrXzn PKXnbn henbtXmXnep k-{]h\w \Sp. k. tImSntbcn _meIrjvWs t\XrXz-n saUn-
18

tImtfPv hfv ipNnbmn. Cs\ At\Iw efn

kn ]n sF (Fw) {]hI ipNoIc-W{]h-\ GsSpp. Fmhcpw tbmPnp {]h\-tfmsSmw Xs ipNoIcW-n Ghpw kPohamb LSIambn kn ]n sF (Fw) amdpIbmWv. Bdp amkn\pn Xncph\-]pcw hrnbm-Ip-tm
AXv tIcfnse ipNnXz{]m\n\v hensbmcp B-hnizmkw ]Icpw FXv XobmWv.

19
tIcfnse amen\y{]Xnkn
tI cfn amen\y{]XnknbpmbncpXmbn cp
]Xnmp apphsc \mw AwKoIcnncpn. kwibaph 1994 se
]mbvcmPv ap\nkn \nb-a-neqsS Hp ItmSnpI. DSa--cp-w Xma-k-m-cpw ap\nknmenn \nbn m\v Nh
\nt]nWw. amen-\yw tiJcnepw AXp \ow sNepw ap\nkn-m-en-n-bpsS D-c-hm-Zn-XzamWv. A{XXs. \K-c-am-en-\-y-
If- b p- - X n- \ p- hy- h - - I kw_n hIpv FSppt\mnbm Itm-nMv, em v ^nnMv, UnMv Fns\ aqp
coXnIsfpdnp am{XamWv ]cmaiw. ap kwkvIcW
coXnIsfpdnp \ Nnnnp-t]mepan. mnns\-p-dnv
]cm-ai-ta-bn-. ]ng-sbv ]d-bp-Xv 50 cq]bvpw 250 cq]bvpw
CS-bvm-Wv. 1990 s Bcw-`-ntmepw C{X emLhnemWv
amen-\y{]Xn-knsb \mw IncpXv. Fm 2014 amen\ykwkvIcWhpambn _s hyhI kaqeambn t`ZKXn
sNtnhp. hcpnb t`ZKXnI XnIpw A]cym]vXamWv
Fv Rm \nbak`bn hniZambn NqnmWnp. Ah
AwKoIcnsnsnepw ]gbXpt]mse C\n aptmp t]mIm
Ignbn FXns\pdnv \nbak`bn ]q A`n{]mb sFIyambncpp.
cp ]Xnmn\nSbn Fpkw`hnp? Hv \KchevcWn\v Bw IqSn. Cv \psS \Kc{]tZ-i- AXmbXv,
tIm- t d- j \pw ap\n- k n- m- e n- nIfpw Imt\jpamcn IWn
SuWpIfmbn IWmsSp {]tZifpw tIc- f - nse
samw `qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS 16 iX-am\ta hcn-I-bp-q. Fm 50
20

iXam\w P\- Pohn- p- Xpw 80 iX- a m\w km- nI

hcpam\hpw Dev]mZn-n-s
- -Sp-Xpw ChnsSbmWv. kzm-`m-hn-Ia
- mbpw
\K-c--fn amen-\-y- hfscb[nIw Dm-Ipp. cv, P\-fpsS PohnX-ssien amdn. IqSp-X ]mbvv sNbvX km[\,
]mNIw sNbvX `Ww XpS-n-bh hmpXpaqew mnv
amen-\-y--fpw- hnp.
apXemfnw F Zphyb kZvhyh

\KchevcWhpw amdp PohnXssienbpamWv amen\y{]Xnknp ImcWw Fp am{Xw ]dp \nnbm AXv CcIsf-s Ipmcmbn {]Jym]np hoWKXn-bmbn-tmIpw.
ImcWw amen\yw A[nIa[nIw Dev]mZnnp Hcp \KchevcW PohnXssien kaImeo\ apXemfn hyh- b psS
A\nhmcykrjvSnbmWv.
apXemfnns BZyLfn apXemfnam Xnep
InSacw hnesb ASnm\amnbmbncpp. IqSpX Xmgv
hnebv v Ncv hnev m XmdmhpbmfpsS NcpIfmWv
hnpt]mhpI. Fm Cv kzX{amb apXemfn acw
A]qambnopsImncnpIbmWv. ImcWw, GXp
taJesbSpmepw IpIIfmWv B[n]Xyw ]pepXv.
hnebnSnpsImp Hcp Itmf acn\v Ah Xmd.
hne IpdbvpXn\p ]Icw FXncmfnIsf Itmfacn
tXmev ] npXn\mbn ]ckyw, BIjIamb ]mtPnMv
XpSnb X{fmWv {]tbmKnpXv . Cv D]t`mr
Dev]ns hnebpsS ]IpXn Ccw hnev]\sehpIfmWv.
hnev ] \sehv C{]Imcw DbcpXns {]XymLmXw
FmWv? Atacnbn {]Xnhjw 30,000 tImSn S ]mtPnMv
hkvXpfmWv D]tbmKnpXv. {]XnZn\w 20 ew {]NcW
]ckypIfmWv AbpXv. aWnqdn 25 ew mnIv
IpnI D]tbmKnsSpp. AssPh \Kcamen\yns
knwl`mKhpw C{]Imcw krjvSnsSpXmWv.
CXn\p ]pdsa apXemfn D]t`mK kwkvImcw krjvSnp
Bn {]IrXn hn`hfpsS `bm\Iamb Zphybw A\nhmcyampp. KmnPn ]dXpt]mse \psSsbmw Bhiyn\p hn`h {]IrXnbnepv. Fm \psS Bnp
hI {]IrXnbnen. Cv AdnbsSp F \nt]w 15000
Znhks sNehnt\ XnIbq. {]IrXnhmXIamIs, 60,000 Znhkw
sImpXocpw. Icn 150000 ZnhksImv CmXmIpw. Cu
hn`htimjWns ASnm\w IqSpX IqSpX em`w

21
IcampXn\mbp A\amb Dev]mZ\ h\bmWv.

em`w hnWsan IqSpX NcpI Dev]mZnnpIbpw
Ah hngnbpIbpw thWw. Dev]mZnn NcpI hngnm
Ignbpnsn kmnI {]Xnknbmbncnpw êw.
AXpsImv Dev]mZ\ h\tbmsSmw B Dev]mbp
tamlhpw D]t`mmfn ApcnnWw. tPm sIv
Kmss{_v Cs\ A`n{]mbsnpv: NcpIfpsS Dev]mZ\w
Ah Xr]vXnsSppp Fp IcpXp B{Kl-sfbpw krjvSnpp. Ccw Bn krjv S npXn\p apJy D]m[n
]ckyfmWv. ]ckyfneqsS krjvSnsSp anYymt_m[w
^mj amdpXn\\pkcnv Imdpw {Ukpw hop]t`m-KhkvXpsfsbmw amphm \s t{]cnnpp. bYmn
AhbpsS D]tbmKaqeyw CmXmbnn. apXemfns
AXpsImmWv Zphyb hyh Fv Nne hntijnnpXv.
Atacn kmnI Dev]mZ\ns 61 iXam\w Ccnep Zphybw BsWmWv ssan Int{Um F ]nXs A`n{]mbw. ImdpIfpsS tamU amns êambpmIp Zphybw am{Xw AtacnbpsS tZiob hcpam\ns
2.5 iXam\w hcpw. 30 ew ImdpIfmWv {]Xnhjw Dt]nsSpXv. Fn\v Iv, tv, t]\ FpXpSn IqSpX IqSpX
Dev ] H{]mhiyw D]tbmKntijw hensdntbh
BbnmWv \nnsSpXv. Atacnbnse F]Xp iXam\w
ssZ\wZn\ D]t`mr Dev]fpw Ccn hensdnbm
eyanpsImp-hbmWv.
apXemfnhyhbpsS Cu BcnI Ne\\nbaamWv
hnphcp amen\y{]XnknbpsSbpw ]mcnn-XnIIbpsSbpw ImemhmhyXnbm\nsbpsamw {]`hm\w.
aqe[\n amIvkv \Sp Hcp \ncoWw Cu k`n
{]kamWv.
apXemfnamcpsS ]nipv {]knamWv. Cu Ac kz`mhsamaptms a\pjyhn`hhn\ntbmKn Ghpw
ZphybcoXnbmWv apXemfn Dev]mZ\n\pXv. AXpt]mseXs hym]mcneqsS NcpI hnXcWw sNp
coXnbpw ack{Zmbhpw ùXnIhn`hfpsS Zphybw
A\nhmcyampp. AXpsImv hyn]cambn apXemfnpm-Ip t\w kaqln\v \jvSambn `hnpp.
amIvkv kqNnn kmaqly\jvSw cpcoXnbnemWv DmIpXv. Hv, hn`htimjWw. cv, aen\oIcWw. cpw `mhnsb
22

Zcn{Zampp. ]mcnnXnII a\pjycminbpsSXs \ne\nev]n\p òjWnbmbnocpp. hmbpaen\oIcWw Hmtkm

]mfnbpsS {ZhoIcWntepw Imemhm hyXnbm-\ntepw
\bnpp. ssPhamen\y Nop \mdn Peaen\oIcWn\p
Imc- W - a m- h p- I bpw BtcmKyn\pw òjWn DbpIbpw
sNpp. mnpw ap AssPh amen\yfpw `qansbbpw `qK`Pe-sbpw aen\ampp; AXh\-bneqsS kap{ZfpsS
\mintep \bnpp. amen\yw Cp tIhew {]mtZinIamb
{]iv\a. Kuchamb BtKmf {]XymLm-X krjvSnpp.
{]XnknbpsS {]XymLmX
BtKmfamb {]XymLmXsfm a\pjyp s]sp
a\nemhpI, amen\y {]Xnkn XfpsS ssZ\wZn\ PohnXs
Fs\ _m[npp FpXmWv. KmlnI amen\yw hophfnse sXnstbm hmgbpsStbm Nphn CSpXmbn-cpp
]Xnhv. Cs\ KmlnI amen\yw ASpfIrjnbn hfambn
amdn. Av {]IrXnv Dsmm Ignbp Xcn-ep-Xmbncpp \psS ASpf amen\yw. AXns Afhpw A{Xtb Dmbncp-pq. Imew amdn. \Kcnse Bm-pIqSn. HgnefnmsXbmbn. sXmSn-bnse hnfI hcp-am\ amamsXbmbn. \mw hon D]tbm-Knp hkvXp-fpsS kz`mhw IqSn
amdn-btXmsS KmlnI-amen\yfpm-p {]iv\ cq-ambn.
Dphsc Fpw mnIv IhdpIfn s]mXnmWv \mw
hmpXv . Ah ]nsbpw mnIv Innemn Xqnbmte
t_m[nq. ]ns tNmdpw Idnbpw mnpw ]dnbpsS Ahinhpsams AtX Inn sIn s]mXp\ncn Xpw. amdnb
Ime- ns\m Nne NnI thWsapw Nne am
kzoIcnWw Fpw Bcpw BtemNnn. IeymW a]fnsebpw hoSpIfnse hntijZnhkfnsebpw amen\yns
cq]mcw IuXpIIcamWv. XpWn hncn taibn Xqi\ne-bn
hnfnbncp kZy Hm am{Xw. Cv t] hncn, AXn ISemkv
Ce, hdhv C\ Hnp tNv tamSnbn Hcp mnIv Inv.
Fmw Ignv Hcp\npw H aSmWv. Fnv FhnsSsbnepw sImp Xpw. ISIfnse amen\yfn KWyamb `mKw
mnIv ]mnMv hkvXpfmWv. Chbpw Adhpime amen\yfpsamw Cv sXcphpIfnepw I\mepIfnepw Im\Ifnepw sImpXpp.
amen\yns Afhp hnpI am{Xa Ah kwkvIcnsSmsX \mnsemSpw hensdnbsSpp. êtam? ]SnbSv

23
]pdmnb ]e almamcnIfpw tIcfntev Xncnsn

\psS s]mXpP\mtcmKykwhn[m\n\v I\ shphnfnbmbn.
tXmSpIfpw Ipffpw I\mepIfpsams tcmKhmlnIfmbn amdn.
hensdnbp amen\y-n\np Duv AXnthKw ]csmgpIm khntij `q{]-IrXn ImcWambn. 2003 kwm\n\v
òXn ]Sn sUn_m[bpmbn. ]Ihym[nIfpsS Xmhw
I hjamWv 2006. NnpKp\nb \psS BtcmKycm
kwhn[m\sbmsI ]nSnpep. Fm agmehpw ]Ihym[nIfpsS Imeambn amdpIbmWv.
hn-I-kn-X-cm-Py--sm-w In-S-]n-Sn-p- B-bppw B-tcmKyhpw ssI-h-cn- \m-n-em-Wo A-h- F-tm--Ww. F-v h
F h t]m-se A]cnNnXamb ]-I--hym-[n-I I-S-p-h-p.
tIm-f-dbpw Pz-chpw Xn-cn-s-n. h-b-dnf--tcm-K- km--{XnIw.
in-ip-ac
- W
- \
- nc-v ]-{pw Po-hn-Xm-bp-v 76- Dw B-bn-cn-p- \mn
C-cw H-cp tcm-Km-Xp-c-X H-cp {]-tl-fn-I-bmWv. CXn\p ImcWw
Zmcn{ZyP\yw Asn ]cnnXn XI aqeap tcmKfmWv.
tIcfn AXnthKn hfpsImncnp Sqdnkw
hyhkmbn\v h òjWnbmWv ]Ihym[nI DbpXv.
1986 kwm\w kin hntZi hnt\mZbm{XnI AXn\mbncn Xmsgbmbncpp. 2012 CXv 7,93,696 Bbn Dbp.
CtXImebfhn kwm\w kin B`yc SqdnpIfpsS
Fw 10,76,854 Bbn Dbp. CtWmanv dnhyqhns
IWp{]Imcw Sqdnkn\npw kwm\n\v 2012 e`n
{]Xyhpw ]tcmhpamb hcpam\w 20430 tImSn cq]bmWv.
hntZi\mWb hcpam\w am{Xw 4570 tImSn hcpw. kwm\
B`ychcpam\ns 9 iX- a m\w Sqdnkw taJebpsS
kw`mh\bmWv . Sqdnkns kmyXIsf D]tbmK- s SpWsan {]IrXnhn`hsfbpw AXns at\mlmcnXsbbpw
ImpkqnWw. ipNnXzw thWw. ]Ihym[n- I fnmXmIWw. CWn\p Imcy t]mbm Sqdnknepw \psS
`mhn AhXmfnemIpw.
apXemfn \Kchev cWw krjv S np Kuchamb
]mcnnXnI XIbpw tNcnIfnse \cIXpey PohnXkm-lNcyfpw hnhcnp Cwnse sXmgnemfnhns nXn
Fsmcp {Kw Xs FwKkns hIbmbpv. ]cnXm]Icamb
Cu nXnhntijw 1-9-mw \qmns Ahkm\tmsS ipNnXz
]cnjv I mcp thnbp {]m\n\p cq]w\ev I n.
\Kcmkq{XWnepw ]mnS \nmWnepw amen\y
24

kwkv I cW coXnIfnepw Cu {]m\w Cwn am{Xa,

]mmXycmPyfnsemw henb kzm[o\w sNepn.
\psS BtcmKyn\pw kmnI`{ZXbvpw amen\y{]Xnkn Dbp shphnfnbpsS ]men Ghpw
apKW\ \evtIp Hcp kmaqly{]iv\ambn CXp amdnbncnpp. CXns\mcp ]cnlmcX{w IcpnSnnWsan amen\yns Afhpw Xchpw kw_nv imkv{Xobamb [mcW thWw.
\Kcamen\yns Afhpw Xchpw

amen\yns Afhv IrXyambn IWpIqpI {]bmkamWv.
Fm amen\yns Afhv \mp\m hnpsIm-ncnpIbmWv FXv AhnXnXamWv. tIcfns Imcynepw
amen\yns Afhns\pdnv DulnpItb \nmlapq.
]t, amen\yns Afhv A\pZn\w Dbcppshv GsXmcmfpw
kXnpw.
tiJcnpIbpw tI{oIrX kwhn[m\-ntev ampIbpw
sNp Jcamen\yns Afhv \KckÌ IrXyambn tcJsSpp ]Xnhn. e`yamb ]T\ GtIm]nnv amen\yns
t{kmXpw Xchpw tNcphbpsamw kw_nv Nne \nKa\fn
Fm {ianXv ipNnXzanj UbdIvSdm-bncp tUm. APbvIpam hbmWv. \Kcamen\yns t{kmX-pIfpw AhbpsS
Afhpw Xchpw ùXnI, cmk kz`mh-fpw AdntbXv icnbmb
amt\Pvsa v kwhn[m\hpw kwkvI-cW kmXfpw Ahew_npXn\v A\nhmcyamWv. e`yamb ]T\ apgph ]cntim[npsImv 2006 tIcfnse {]Xn-Zn\ {]Xn-ioj amen\y Dev]mZ\w 242 {Kmambn IW-mmw Fv tUm. APbvIpam h
A`n-{]m-b-s-p-. \KchevcWw Gdptmdpw {]Xniojamen\yw
hnphcpp. ]mbp-Ifnse {]Xnioj amen\y Dev]mZ\w
{]XnZn\w 187 {Kmapw ap\nknmennIfptSXv 268 {Kmapw tImtdj\pIfptSXv 465 {KmapamWv. tImtdj\pIfn 2006 1683
Spw ap\nknmen-nIfn 758 Spw ]mbpIfn 4565 Spw
amen\yw Dev]mZn-nsSpp. Hmtcm hjhpw 1.4 iXam\w hoXw
amen\yw hn-pp FmWv hnZKv aXw. AXp{]Imcw Ctm
tIcfnse {]XnZn\ amen\y Dev]mZ\w GXmv 8000 SmWv.
amen\yns XcwXncnhnepw \Kc{]tZifpw ]mbpIfpw Xn {]ISamb Acapv. ChnsS \mw \Kcamen\yns tNcph am{Xta ]cnKWnppq. Jcamen\ysf
ASnm\]cambn \membn tI{ aen\oIcW \nb{Wt_mUv
XcwXncnnpv.

25
Ghpw {][m\sXv ssPhamen\yamWv. \Kcamen\yns

GXmv 70 iXam\w ssPhamen\yamWv (]nI1). ssPhamen\yw
cpXcapv . Nofnbp `Wmhinjv S , ]dn
AhinjvSw, ]ghpw ]gsmenbpw, NmWIw, ayamwkmZnI
XpSnbhbmWv ssPhamen\yns knwl]pw. Ch ZpKapmpp. Fenbpw ]mbpw Imbpw s]cpIm\nS-bmpp.
CXns êambn ]I\nIfpw t]hnj_m[bpw t]mep
BtcmKy{]iv \ DmIm\nSbmIpp. Ch Ffpn
Itmp sNpItbm _tbmKymkmn ampItbm sNmw.
Dnsmen, aptmSv, Icnbne, Nnc, Hme, sXmv, aS
XpSnbh Nofnbm ssPhamen\yfmWv. Ch \oscmgpp
XSv, agshhpw HmSshhpw sIn\nevm\pw sImXpIp
hfcm\pw CSbmpp. Fm Nofnbp ssPhamen\yw
t]mse ZpKtam t\cnv ]cnkcZqjWtam Dmpn. CXpt]mseXs \mcmsmen, Hmdv, XpSn AX IqSnbh
kwkvIcnpXn\v taev]d C\t]mse Nne sshjayfpv. AXpsImv Ahsbbpw cmwKWnsSpmw.
AssPhamen\yw ]eXcapv. thWsan Ahsb \membn
Xncnmw. Chbn Afhn Ghpw IqSpX hcpXv t]dmWv.
tIcfnse \Kcamen\yns Ggp iXam\w hcpsamWv
IWv. {]knoIcWfpw ]mtPnMv kma{KnIfpamWv t]amen\yns apJyt{kmXpI. CXpw do- ssk-n-fn-n-\v hnt[-b-am-t--XmWv. C-h Xo-sb-cn-m-\p- ]-s-p-I-fm-n am-m\m-hpw. Asn hopw ]mmw. AYhm ans InSmepw ImeXmakanmsX ant\mSp {ZhnptNcp kz`mh-apXmWv.
Fm CXpt]me, mnIv IpnIfpw IhdpIfpw ap
mnIv kmam\fpw. \Kcamen\yns ApiXam\tmfta
Ch hcqshnepw Ch {Zhnv atmSp tNcWsan BbncWn\p hjsfSppw. AXpsImv Ghpw XethZ\bpmp AssPh amen\yamWv mnIv. mnIv krjvSnp XethZ\Isfpdnv Hcp {]tXyI Aymbn ]noSv N sNppv.
teml, mkv, d, seX XpSnbhbmWv aqmasXmcn\w AssPhamen\yw. Chsbmw IqSn GXmv \mep iXam\w
amen\yw hcpw (]nI 1). mkv, tem-l- Fnh t]m-ep- Zlnn-m I-gn-bm- h-kv-Xp. C-h-sbmw do- ssk-n sN-Ww.
AssPh-am-en-\y--fn \mem-a-s-bn-\w sI-n-Sm-h-in--fmWv. Ch-sb Xm-gv--bn-\w tdm-Up-Ipw a-p-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-mw.
26

Jcam-en-\y--fn Ahkm\s hn`mKw A-]-I-S-I-c-am-bn-p- h - b mWv . Ghpw A]ISImcnbmb AssPhamen\yamWv

CeIvt{SmWnIv amen\yw. Syq_v ssepI, kn F^v F hnfpI, tISmb anIvknbpw ^m\pw t]mep CeIv{SnIv D]IcW,
tISmb Iyq, Sn hn XpSnb CeIvt{SmWnIv D]IcW
XpSnbhsbmw Cubn\nsSpw. Ch Aeyambn
hensdnm hnjlmcnIfmb L\temlam-en\y anepw
shnepw Iecm\nSbmIpw. CXpt]mse-Xs A]ISImcnbmWv _tbmsaUn amen\yw. kndnpI, D]tbmKn ]nbpw ukpw, acpv AhinjvS, ikv{X{Inbm AhinjvS
XpSnbhsbmw ChbnsSpw. Ch tcmKmWp- _ m- [ bv v
CSbmpp.
]nI 1
tIcfnse \KcfpsS s]mXphnepw
Xncph\]pcsbpw amen\yns tNcph
tNcph
Xncph\]pcw
t]
mnIv
teml
mkv
d, eX
ssPhamen\yw
aph
BsI
2.25
2.79
1.02
1.30
2.11
69.09
21.44
100
\Kc
icmicn
7.43
5.11
1.20
1.33
1.67
71.74
11.52
100
(t{kmXv sI Fkv bp Un ]n ]T\w)
\Kcamen\yns DdhnSw
\Kcamen\yns XcwXncnhv \mw Ip. ASpXmbn
]cntim[ntXv Cu amen\y FhnsS \nsmw krjvSnsSpp FpXmWv. \Kcamen\yns AXpiXam\hpw
KmlnIamen\yamWv (Xncph\]pcv CXv XmcXtayt\
IqSpXemWv FmWv IWv). IWpI Xmdmnb coXnI
]cntim[nptm Ccn kqvahniIe\n\v henb
kmwKXyan Fp ]dbs. cmwm\w tlmepImWv

27
(10.5%). IeymWa]fpsS hnlnXw Hcp iXam\n-tesdbmWv. ChnSfnsemw Dev]mZnnp amen\yns 70 80

iXam\w ssPhamen\yamWv. ssPhamen\y Dev]mZ\ns asmcp {][m\tI{w ItmffmWv. ]dnbpw hmgbne, hmgpebpsS AhinjvS XpSnbhbmWv Itmfamen-\yn
{]apJ. AdhpimeIfn\npmIpXv ]qambpw ssPhamen\yamWv . hmWnPym]\fmWv mnnsbpw ISemknsbpw {]`htI{w. \nmW {]hrnIfn\nmWv \Kcamen\yns Ap iXam\ntesd hcpXv.
]nI 2
\Kcfnse amen\yfpsS DdhnSw (iXam\w)
DdhnSw
Xncph\]pcw
hoSv
hmWnPym]\
IeymW a]
tlmepI
Itmf
kvIq, Hmôkv XpSnbh
sXcphpI
Bip]{XnI
AdhpimeI
\nmW {]hrnI
BsI
57
10
2
10
10
1
na
4
1
5
\Kc
icmicn
48.62
10.90
1.20
10.54
5.87
4.67
9.34
1.92
1.08
5.87
100.00
(t{kmXv \Kcicmicn sI Fkv bp Un ]n ]T\w,

Xncph\]pcw \Kck`bpsS IWpI)
DdhnSn thXncn
\Kcamen\yns XcwXncnhpI \mw Ip. Ah Hmtcmnsbpw kz`mhw hyXykvXamWv. kwkvIcWcoXnIfpw hyXykvXamWv. Ch thXncnmsX IqnpgbvpIbmsWn kwkvIcWw Akmyambnocpw. bYmn amen\yw thXncnmWv Dev]mZnnsSpXv. Fm \fmWv Ahsb IqnpgbvpXv. Nne \Kcfn ssPhAssPh amen\yw thXncnv \nt]npXn\v hoSpIfn shtsd _pI
28

\evInbncpp. ]t, hoSpIfn\nv amen\yw tiJcnp-hcmIs, Chsbmw Xnbnv H temdnbn sImpt]mhpI-bmbncpp

sNbvXncpXv. CXmWv tIcfnse tI{oIrX amen\ykw-kI
v cW mpIfpsSsbmw A]Nbns apJyImcWw.
Fm-cw ssP-hA-ssP-h am-en-\y-fpw Iq--am-bn hn-t{Um
I-tm-n-n-\v hn-t[-b-am-p-I-bm-Wv ChnSfn sN-bv-XphXv.
C-Xv c-p-X-c-n-ep- {]-iv-\- kr-np. Hv, I-tm-n AssP-h-h-kv-Xp- C-S-I-e-p-In-Sp. C-Xv b-{-k-lm-b-tm-sS
A-cn-v th-Xn-cn-p- k-{-Zm-b-am-Wv Fm-bn-S-p-ap-m-bn-p-Xv.
F-m X-Sn--j-W-fpw S-bdpw apw Cu b-{--fn Ip-Sp-n
A-h ]-e-tmgpw tI-Sm-hp-Ibpw {]-h-\w \n-e-bvp-Ibpw sN-pXv ]-Xn-hm-bn-. cv, A-cn-s-Sp- I-tm-n-emh-s cm-k-]-Zm--fpw a-pw C-S-I-e-n-cpp. Xqew ChnSfnepmp
hfw hngnpXn\v {]iv\fpmbn.
^-e-{]-Z-am-bn am-en-\y-kw-kv-Ic-Ww \-S-p- H-cn-Spw am-en\y- th-Xn-cn-m-sX Iq--am-bn kw-`-cn-p- k-{-Zm-bw Im-Wm
I-gn-bn. ]m-m-Xy-cm-Py- G-sX-Sp-mepw hf-sc Ir-Xy-am-bn
am-en-\y- th-Xn-cn-v hy-Xy-kv-X-Zn-h-k--fn ho-Sp-I-fn\n-v
kw-`-cn-p- co-Xn-bm-Wv Im-Wm I-gn-bp-I. Nn-e Pm--\o-kv ]--W-fn ho-p-Im am-en-\yw 68 C-\--fm-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-v \ev-Im
_m-y--cmWv. k-ao-]-Ime-v jm-Mv-lm-bv \-Kc-k-` D-dhn-S thXn-cn-hv Im-cy--a-am-p--Xn-\p-th-n ]-e-\n-d-n-ep- _--p-I
hnXc-Ww sN-bvXp-sIm-p- hen-sbm-cp {]-m-\w X-s B-cw-`nn-pv. F-m tI-cf
-
- n-se n-Xn a-dn-mWv. C-hn-sS-\n-p-thWw
\-p-sS {]-h-\w B-cw-`n-p-hm.
t{kmXn thXncnp am{Xta amen\yw ssIImcyw sNm\mIq. Hmtcm Xcw amen\yhpw Hmtcm coXnbnemWv ssIImcyw sNtXv. Cuap ssPhamen\y Itmp sNmw, AXn\npw ssPhhmXIw Dmmw. dosskn sNp tI{n
temlfpw apw FnWw. mnpw AXp t]mse Xs.
\nmW AhinjvS sNdnb sNdnb ]mXI hncnp-X
- nt\m,
eLphmb ap \nmWtm D]tbm-Knmw. L\ teml
t]meph Ghpw kpcnXambn adhp sNWw. Bip]{Xn
amen\y Db Dujvamhn, Fm ]cnnXn am\Zfpw
]menp InWw. Cs\ Hmtcmn\pw Hmtcm coXnIfpv.
AsXmpw sNmsXbmWv Fmcw amen\yfpw H Inn-
sIn \mw ItmnMv bmUn FnXv. amw ]cmP-b-s-Xn ApXaptm? t{kmXn Xsbp XcwXncn- amen\y amt\Pvsan Ghpw {][m\s Imcy-amWv. sXcphntem,

29
bmUntem XcwXncnmw Fv IcpXpXv AkmyamsWv

A\p`hw sXfnbnp Ignp.
kqvaamb thXncnen-eqsS am{Xw amen\yw aqamb
Bhiy Xr]vXnsSpm\p aqey hnX Dev]fmbn
ammw. ]dn, Cdn XpSnbhbpsS AhinjvSfpw henbtlmepIfnsebpw apw `WmhinjvSfpw ]nIv XobmWv. Chbn NneXv tImgnobmbpw ayobmbpw D]tbmKnmw. amen\yw bmUn sImphv XcwXncnt Bhiywt]mepw ]etmgpw DmIpn. ISm Xs {]tXyIw _npIfnemn shm F{Xbpw thKw Xo tI{fntev sImpt]mbm aXn. Av Xs \ow sNm {inWw. AXpsImv ZpKw Hgnhmm\mhpw, bmUnshv ImbnI-ambn Ah
XcwXncnpXn\pw _pnapp-mIn. Fm s]mXphmbn
t]mepw XcwXncnmsX, ]etmgpw Htm ctm Znhkw Ignv
ap\n-knmenn hnIfn tI{oIrX mpIfn Fnp
\Kc--amen\yw \hpw {]Xnknbpw am{Xta krnpp. AtXkabw Nnbmb XcwXncnhneqsS am{Xw amen\yw emÌcamb Hcp
hmWnPy hkvXphmbn amdpp.
Zu`mKyhim, DdhnSns thXncntXns
{]m[m\yw Cpw A[nIrX AwKoIcnnn. amen\ykwkvI-cWw
kw_nv ap\nkn \nban 2014 hcpnb t`ZKXn
CXn\pa ZrjvSmamWv. CXp{]Imcw 400 kvIzbaodn-IqSpX henap sInSp am{Xta amen\y DdhnSns thXncnpItbm ssPh amen\yw kwkvIcn-pItbm
sNWsav \nbaw \nnppq. sInSw \nnptm
kwkvIcW D]m[nI IqSn DdmWsa \n_\bn\nv
sNdp-sInSsf HgnhmpXv a\nemmw (Atmgpw 400 kvIzb ao hsc Cfhp \evInbm tIcfnse F{X sInS-v
CXp _m[IamIpw FXv Nn\obamWv). ]t, sInSw F{X
sNdpXmbmepw amen\yw DdhnSns thXncnp \evIWsa \n_\bn\nv HgnhmpXns bpnsbv? \nbak`bn CXv Ghpw Kuchambn Dbnnpw \nbaw ]mkmbtm
Fmw taev]Sn Xs. F{X emLhn-emWv \nbakÌt]mepw
Ccw {]iv\ ssIImcyw sNpXv FpXns sXfnhmWnXv.
amen\yw IpdbvpI, ]p\cp]tbmKnpI, ]p\\nn-pI

amen\y Fs\ kwkvIcnmw FpXmWv ASp
Aymbfn ]cntim[npXv . ]t, AXn\p apv \mw
30

Dsmtp Nne s]mXpXzfpv. F{Xam{Xw amen\yw

Dev]mZnnmepw AXp kwkvIcnv hrnbmmw, F kao]\a
kzoIcntXv. amen\yw ]camh[n IpdbvWw kmyambh
apgph ]p\cp]tbmKnWw, _mnbph hopw cq]mcsSpn D]tbmKnWw.
amen\yns A\m-h-iy- D-]-t`mKw Ipd-bvpI Xs thWw.
As\ IpdbvpXpsImv \psS Pohn-X-Kp-W-Xbvv tZmjI-c-ambn Hpw kw`hnpIbn. adnv sasSpIbmWv sNpI.
AXn\v A\m-h-iy-amb Nne hkvXp-fpw coXn-Ifpw \nc-kn-Ww.
s]m Nc-p-I-fp-sSbpw A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fmb hkvXp--fp-sSbpw
D]-tbmKw \nc-kn-mw. AXp-t]mse Xs ]mbvv sNbvX HcpDev]w hopw mnIv sImp-s]m-Xn-bp-Xv Hgn-hm-mhptXbpq. Hgn-hm- FXv amen\yw Ipd-bvp--Xns Hcp {][m\
hi-am-Wv. Bh-iyhpw Bnbpw thdn--dn-bp Hcp ]p\Nn-bpw Xncn--dnhpw Cu Ipd-bv-ens `mK-am-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS hmlI-ti-jnv CW-m Dev]--v _Z-ep-I Isn D]tbm-Kn-pI FXpw Cu kao-]-\-ns A\n-hmcy `mK-am-Wv.
mnIv Imcn-_m-Kp-Ip ]Icw {]Ir-Xnv CW-p XpWn,
t] kn-I D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xpw sdUyqkv F Xz-ns
`mK-am-Wv.
\nbawaqew 40 ssat{ImWn Xmsgbp mnIv Imcn_mKpI \ntcm[npXn\v \KckÌv A[nImcapv. sNv
t]mpIfnshv AhbpsS ISphchv XSbm Ignm IqSpX Ffpn Cu \ntcm[\w \Smm\mhpw. Ctm ]mkmnbnp \nbat`ZKXnI A\pkcnv 40 ssat{ImWn IqSpXep mnIv Imcn_mKpIfpsS an\naw hnev]\hne \nbnpXn\pw AhbpsS ta ôkv NpapXn\pw \Kck`bvv
A[nImcapv. Ccw \nb{W\S]SnI ê{]ZamI-Wsan ]Icw ]cnnXnkulrZ _ZepI henb-tXmXn Dev]mZnnpXn\p bqWnpI Hmtcm \Kck`-bnepw DmIWw.
tISp-]m-Sp-I Xov t]mcm-bva-I ]cn-l-cnv Hcp Dev]-ns D]-tbmK Imew \apv \omw. \psS Pohn-X-ns A\nhm-cy-L-S-I-fmbn amdnb Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv Dev]---fpsS D]-tbmK-ns Imcy-n Cu Xzw hf-sc-tbsd {]k--am-Wv. Iyq ASw ]e Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv hkvXp--fp-sSbpw \nm-W-n\v
seUv ASw A]-I-S-Im-cn-bmb L\-tem-l- KWy-ambn D]tbm-Kn-p-p. Hcp Iyq- tamWn--dns BsI `mc-ns Bdp
iX-am\w seUv BWv. Ch Ipd Imew am{Xw D]-tbm-Knv hens-dn-bpXns A]-ISw Btem-Nnp t\mq! Ch-bpsS D]-tbmK

31
Imew hn- n- pI FXv {][m- \ - a m- W v . AXn- k - o- a m- b

Iyq- t{]m{Km-ap-I D]-tbm-Kn-tn hcp I-\n-Ipw
tkm^vSvshb tI{-pw \nn-X-Im-e-b-f-hn-\p-n Iyq amtn ht-mw. Fm Ch Iyq--dns {]mYanI ]mT ]Tn-p kvIqfp-I-fnepw apw [mcm-f-am-bn-cn-pw. Atmtv Ch amn-bm A{Xbpw Camen\yw Ipd-bvm-\m-Ipw. dnb, sdIvSnss^, do semtv Fnh do bqkv F Xz-ns
A\n-hm-cy-L-S-I--fm-Wv.
Ipd-bvepw ]p\-cp-]-tbm-Khpw Ign-npw A\n-hm-cy-ambn
Dm-Ip amen-\ys ]p\-xNw-{I-aWw sNmw. amen-\y-
A\ptbm-Py kmt-XnI hnZy-bpsS klm-b-m ]pXnb Dev]--fmn amp coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. amen-\y-n\npw ]c-am-h[n D]tbmKaqey-amb hkvXp- hos-Sp-p--Xn-\mWv ChnsS {]m[m\yw. ssPh-am-en-\y-n\npw hfhpw C\hpw thXn-cn-s-Spv
D]-tbm-KtbmKy-am-p-Xpw do ssk-nMv BWv. CXn\v Hcp apIcp-X Bh-iy-ap-v. Fm-cw amen-\y-fpw Iqn-tv ]p\xNw-{I-a-W-n\v hnt[-b-am-m-\m-hn-. amen\yw Xcw-Xn-cnv am{Xta
]ehn-[-n-ep ]p\-xNw-{I-a-W-n\v hnt[-b-am-m\m-hq. CXn-\mIs, Inn sIn FmwIqSn hen-s-dn-bp a\v amdntb Xocq.
32

ASpf amen\yw hons

XIgnbpsS {]Ya t\mhens t]cv tXmnbpsS aI FmWv.
1947 {]knoIcn Cu {Kw Bepgbnse aqp Xeapd
tXmnIfpsS IY ]dbpIbmWv. Xncph\]pcs tXmnIsf
Xm Fs\bmWv kwLSnnsXv Pq_m cmaIrjvW]n
Xs BIYbn hnhcnppv. As\ ap\nknmennI
cq]oIrXambXp apX a\pjyhnkyw Npam hn[nsh kwLSnXcmbn tXmnWn Ahkm\nnp. Ah Hcn aew
Npap sImpt]mbn Xnbncp aew UntmI Cn.
Ahbnp \psS hoSn\pnemWv. Ctm \mw shfnnd-mdn.
BZyw ]dn Iqkmbn. ]noSv hoSn\p ]pdInembn. Ctmghkm\w hon\pnembn. Hcdtm shdptm Bpan. ]t,
Cncn hcp ASpf amen\yw mnn sIn Fnembn
hensdnnsn \app CcnsmdpXnbn. Iqkv amen\yw
hon kwkvIcnmsan FpsImv ASpf amen\yhpw
hons kwkvIcnpIqSm. CXv Hmtcm hopImcpw sNpIbmsWn \Kcamen\y {]XnknbpsS ]IpXn Xocpw.
hfpgnbpsS imkv{Xw
CXn\p amfmIs, sk]vnIv Smv Iqkns\m
F{Xtbm efnXw. Ghpw efnXamb KmlnI kwkvIcW coXn
hfpgnbnemWv. F C Fkv tmpIfpsS Bhn`mhImew
apX Ah {]Ncnnph Hcn\amWv. Cpw \mn]pdfnse
amen\ykwkv I cWn\v Ghpw A\ptbmPyamb coXn CXp

33
XsbmWv . GXm\pw ASn Bgn Hcp IpgnsbSppI.

AXntev KmlnI amen\yhpw ImjnI amen\yfpw
\nt]nmhpXmWv . F{X sNdpXmbn \pdpm\mhptam
A{Xbpw \v. Icnbnebpw NmWIhpw IqSn tNm ItmnMv
IqSpX thKnepw kpKahpambn \Spw.
\mn]pdv Cpw A\phnmhp k{ZmbamWv
hfpgn AYhm ]nv Itmv. IpgnbpsS \mephihpw
Cjv S nIsImp sIpIbmsWn anSnbmsX kqnmw.
sXmgnepdp ]XnbpsS `mKambn ]mbnse Fm honepw
kuP\yambn ]nv Itmv Xmdmn sImSpm ]pw.
anepw amen\ynepw kPohkmnyamb _mIvSocnb
t]mep kqvaPohnIfmWv hfpgnbnse ssPh hkvXpsf
hnLSnnpXv. Hcp {Kmw an ZieWn\v Ccw
kqvaPohnIfpv. Ch 25000 Fw \ncnshm Hcnp \ofw
t]mepw hcn. Chmhiyap Duw DWnb Ce,
ISemkv XpSnb Im_ ASnb hkvXpsf hnLSnnpsImmWv tiJcnpXv. hfcm\p t{]mo krjvSnm\p
ss\{SP\m-Is, ap ssPhhkvXpfn\npw. Im_Wns\
Zlnnp-tm A\p{Iaambn Dujvamhv Dbcpp. Xm]\nebpsS
Hmtcm Lnepw Ccw A\ptbmPyamb Nne _mIv S ocnbIfpv. Amev Ahcmbncnpw kPohamIpXv. 70 Un{Kn
skjykv hsc NqSv Dbcpw. ]mep Xnfbvp NqSmWnsXv
HmpI. Cu NqSn tZmjêfpmp Hsm _mIvSocnbhpw \inpI-bpw sNpw. Ccn Zln amen\yw ss\{SP,
Im_ kpjvSamb \ hfamWv.
kqv a PohnIp ]pdsa Ddpv , tXc, hnhn[bn\w
hpI, Cu, Hv, ancIhfpgnbn [mcmfambpmIpw.
Ch hnLSnnpIb sNpXv . ISnp henv Nhcv
sNdpXcnIfmpIbmWv. ]t, Itmnns knwl`mKhpw
]Wn sNpXv BZyw hnhcn IoSSbmsWv hyamnsms. ancI `nv amen\yw hnknpIbpw sNpw.
CXn Ghpw {]knw anctmmWv.
hfpgnsb ]eXmbn cq]mcsSpn D]tbmKnppv.
DZmlcWn\v hfpgnsb m_psImp aqSn amen\yanSm
thn m_n\p \Sphn Hcp henb ss]p LSnnp tamkv
]npI HcpZmlcWamWv . \apv kp]cnNnXamb asmcpZmlcWamWv ss]v Itmv. ss]v Itmv \KchoSpIfnse
amen\yw kwkv I cnpXn\v Ghpw sNehp IpdXpw
efnXhpamb coXnbmbnmWv Cp IcpXsSpXv.
34

ss]v Itmv
ss]v Itmv imkv{Xob XzfpsS ASnm\n
cq]Iev]\ sNbvXpmnb H. Xncph\]pcw tImtdj\nse sNn-hn-fmIw hmUnse {io. cho-{\pw {ioaXn N{n-IbpamWv CXv Ip]nSnXv. hon\papn InS ss]n-\p-n
amen-\yw Ah- \nt-]n-mdpmbncpp. Ipd-p-\m Ign-tm AXv \ hf-am-bn. B hon 34 hj-ambn Cu hf-ap-]tbm-Knv sSd-kn Irjn sNp-Ibpw sNbvXp hp. CXv Xncph\]pcw tabdpsS {ibnstXmsSbmWv ]n hn kn ss]v
D]tbmKsSpnbp Cs ss]v Itmv cq]sXv.
\apv ]cnNnXamb hfpgnbpsS hyXykv X cq]
temIsmbnSpapv. CXn {][m\s C\w _npIfpw
s]nIfpamWv. _n Itmnns\pdnv ASp Aymbn hniZoIcnpXpsImv AXntev ChnsS ISpn.
KmlnI amen\ykwkv I cWn\v A\ptbmPyamb ]ePmXn
tlmUnMv bqWnpI Cv \nehnepv. amen\yn hmbp
kmcw DdphcppXn\p thn _npI IdpXn\p
kwhn[m\hpapv . kqv a Pohnkbw Ddphcpnbnp
NIncntmdpw apw amen\ytmsSmw tNp _npIfpv.
]eXpw hmWnPymSnm\n {]NcnnphbmWv . Ch
Bscnepw D]tbmKnpXn\v FXnc. ]t, ipNnXz{]-m\ns `mKambn AhbpsS {]NcWw GsSppXv hniZamb
]cntim[\bpsS ASnm\nte ]q.
Fnv hymkhpw (GItZiw 20 sk.ao) \meSn \ofhpw (1.2
ao.) hcp cp ]n hn kn ss]pIfpw, \mev CjvSnIbpw, HcSn
NXpcnep ss\tem hebpw (sImXpIphe t]mepXv)
BWv ss]v ItmnMv bqWnv m]nm\mhiyamb kma{KnI.
ss]ns apI`mKp\npw GItZiw 10 sk ao Xmsgbmbn \mep hipw Hmtcm skoao hymkap Cucv
Zzmcfp-mpI. ItmnMv {]{Inbmhiyamb HmIvknP
e`npXn\pw DnepmIp \ocmhn ]pdp t]mIpXn\pamWv CXv. {]mWnIfpw ]pgpfpw Cu ZzmcfneqsS AItpw
]pdtpw ISmXncnm\mbn ss]ns Zzmcfp `mKw
s]mXnv ss\tem hebpsS Hcp \mS HnpI.
hophfn shw sIn\nevmXpw \mbn shbnepInpXpamb eamWv ss]v ItmnMv bqWnv m]nmt\hpw DNnXamb m\w. AhnsS HcSn (30 sk.ao) XmgvNbpw
HcSnNXpchpw hcp cp IpgnIsfSppI. IpgnbpsS ASnhiw

35
\ncmn cv CjvSnII tNp hbvpI. ss]n\pntev

Fen Xpcp Ibdn ItmnMv bqWnv adnnSmXncnm\pw
ItmnepmIp Pemwiw kpKaambn antev hmp
t]mIpXn\pamWnXv. CjvSnIIp apIfn \Sphnembn ss]v
Ips\ \nn Nppw anv \mbn DdnpI. an
IpgnsbSpv ss]v m]nm ekuIcyanm
hophfpIfn, sNSnnbntem, ]gb _ntem, Bgap
]m{Xntem ap \ndv AXn\pnepw ItmnMv ss]v
m]nmw. shsp {]tZifnepw Cu coXnbmbncnpw
Daw.
ItmnMv ss]n\pn agshw ISmXncnm\mbn
I\ap Hcp ASp IqSnbmbm ss]v ItmnMv bqWnv
]qambn. Iangvn ASbvmhp aNntbm, ]mtbm, sNdnb
_tm, XdtbmtSm ss]p aqSnbmbn D]tbmKnmw.
C\n \apv ss]v D]tbmKnt coXnsbsv ]cntim[nmw. BZyambn ss]n\pn ASnbnembn ctm aqtm ]nSn
Icnbne ssIsImsmv sRcnv HXpn CSWw. AXn\p apIfn
Acmkv ssXcv shw tNv Ien XfnpsImSpWw. CXn\p
apIfnembmWv ASpfbn\np ssPhamen\y A[nIw
Cuw IemsX CpsImSptXv.
aptmSv, Hmdv\mcmsXmv, Dnsmen XpSnb
Nopt]mIm ssPhamen\y ItmnMv ss]n\pn
CSm ]mSn. Inshw, {ZmhImwiw IqSnb IdnI XpSnb
Pemwiw hnnphbpw CSm ]mSn. ASpf amen\yw
]camh[n sNdpXmn ss]n\pn \nt]nv aqSpI.
kqvamWpfpsS {]h\w thKnemm\mWv sNdpXmpXv. Pemwiw Ignbp{X IpdcoXnbnemn thWw amen\yw
ss]n\pn \nt]ntXv (NncInb tXbpsS \\hmWv
]mIw). {Zhamen\yw Hcp ImcWhimepw HgncpXv.
Hmtcm Znhkhpw ssPhamen\y Ctijw AXn\p
apIfnembn cp]nSn Icnbne IqSnbnSWw. AXn\p apIfnembmWv
]ntZnhks ssPhamen\y CpsImSptXv. BgvNbnsemcn Icnbne ASpn\p apIfntev Ipdp shw tN
ssXcp XfnpsImSpWw. ssXcn\p ]Icw Hcpcpf ]Nm-WIw
Ipdp shn IenbtXm hn]Wnbn e`np kqvamWp Ct\mpetam D]tbmKnmhpXmWv . CSbv v Hcnp
\ofnepw Hcphnc hnepap Hcp IjWw ic Aev]w
shn Aenbn emb\n Xfnp sImSpp-Xpw AWpPohnIfpsS {]h\w XzcnXsSpm klmbn-pw. ItmnMv
36

ss]n\pn amen\yns ssPhhnLS\w \Sp

AWpPohnIfpmIpXn\mWv Bcw`nepw ]noSv BgvNbnsemcnepw CXp sNpXv. sabn\kv Sow AwKsfsmv
CXp sNnpXmWv Daw.
km[mcW \mewKfp Hcp hon Hcp ItmnMv ss]v
\ndbm GItZiw Hcp amksaSppw. ItmnMv ss]v
\ndm apIfnembn Hcp]nSn Icnbnebnv AXn\p apIfn
Ct\mpew/NmWIw/ic emb\n/ssXcv Ien XfnpsImSpv hopw ASbvpI. ]ntp apX cmas ss]mWv
amen\y \nt]npXn\v D]tbmKntXv.
cmas ItmnMv ss]v \ndbmdmIptmtgpw BZy
ss]nteXv {Zhnv Itmmbn amdnbncnpw. AXns AfhpXs ss]ns Xmgs aqnsemv `mKtv HXpnbnpmIpw. ss]v CfnsbSpv Dnep Itmv Hcp
]{XSemkntev Xnbnnv B ss]v ]p\xm]nv D]tbmKnmw. ]pdsSp Itmv \ncn XWenepWn-sbSpv
sNSnIp hfammw.
Hmtcm Znhkhpw CSp ssPhamen\yp apIfnembn
cp]nSn IcnbnebnSpXv AXymhiyamWv. \manpsImSpp
amen\ynse Cuw IpdbvpXn\pw amen\ynse Im_
Afhv DbpXn\pw amen\y ASppIv CSbn hmbp
e`yX DdmpXn\pamWnXv. ssPhhnLS\s klmbn-p
AWpPohnIfpw ]mfpgp XpSnb an{XIoSfpw
ItmnMv ss]n\pn hfcpXn\pw \ne\nevpXn\pw CXv
AXymhiyamWv. Icnbne e`yasn ]Icambn AdsmSntbm Dantbm ISemkpXppItfm (km[mcW ]{XS-em-kmWp
\Xv , an\p ISemkpw [mcmfw IfNn{Xap- ISemkpw
HgnhmWw) Cp sImSptXmWv. ItmnMv ss]v ASp
Xs kqnpIbpw thWw.
ss]n\pn hmbpkmcw Ipdv ItmnMv icnbmbn
\SmsX hcptmtgm, amen\yhnLS\neqsS ss\{SP Afhp
IqSpItbm sNptmgmWv ZpKw ]cpI. As\ hm
_eap Intbm hSntbm D]tbmKnv ss]nse amen\yn\p
\SphneqsS Ipn XncnpI. Ap an\nnShnv \mep XhW
Cs\ amen\yw CfpIbpw ss]v Hpcp aWnq Xpdp
hbvpIbpw sNbvXv hmbpkmcw IqWw. IcnbnebpsS Afhp
Ipd-hmsWn IqSpX Icnbne/ ISemkpXpv Cp sImSppIbpw thWw. apmenp hymkhpw aqSn \ofhpap Hcp ss]n \ndsb cnv AIen HmSpgenteXpt]mse

37
Zzmcfnv ItmnMv ss]n\pn \Sphnembn m]nv AXn\p

Nppambn am{Xw amen\yw \nt]npXpw hmbpkm- c w
Ddmn ZpKw Hgnhmm klmbnpw.
ItmnMv ss]n\pn ImWp ]pgp mv
tkmPy ^vssf F \ncp]{Zhnbmb CubpsS emh ({K_v)
BWv. Itmnns\ klmbnp an{XIoSamWnXv. Fpw
Icnbne CSppsn Ah ]pdtphcm CSbn. AYhm
]pgp ]pdphp ieyamIppshn ss]n\p Nppambn Dtm
Npm-ps]mSntbm Cp sImSpWw (Cu ]pgpsf hfp
aypw ]nIpw XobmpIbpammw.).
ss]v ItmnMv coXnbpsS asmcp cq]w XsbmWv
Ientem, {]tXyIw Xmdmnb _nntem, dnntem Bbn
\Sp Itmnpw. hbsajv Npnbpmn Ddnp
\nnbpw, hifnepw Xmsgbpw ZzmctfmsS tIm{Iontem
s^tdmknantem hmsSppsams ItmnMv Isbv\
Xmdmmw. kwhn[m\ns cq]w GXmbmepw {int
Imcy ss]p ItmnteXpt]mse XsbmWv. icnbmbn
ItmnMv \SpXn\v amen\yneqsS hmbpkmcw thWw.
AXpdmpXn\v _nns hifn Zzmcw thWw, dnn
CSbvnsS amen\yw CfnsmSpWw. `WmhinjvSfpsS
hnLS\neqsSbpmIp hmXIfn ss\{SP Afhp
IqSpXv ZpKn\nSbmpw. AsXmgnhmm Im_ss\{S- P A\p]mXw 30:1 F tXmXnemIpXmWv DNnXw.
AXn\mbn Hmtcm XhW amen\yw CSptmgpw AXn\p tasebmbn
ssIsImp sRcnsmXpnb Icnbne AYhm XppIfmnb
]{XSemkv tNWw.
anc ItmnMv
ssPhamen\yn ancIsf hfp coXnbmWnXv .
kzambn ]qtm]cn]me\tam hophfnse/apmhnse
Irjntbm sNppshn, hfqdp IqSnb Itmpw shanhmjpw e`np Cu coXnbmbncnpw IqSpX DNnXw. Ipd
embn IqSpX ssPhamen\yw kwkvIcnm\pw anc
ItmnMv coXn klmbIamWv. FmenXn\v IqSpX
{im]qamb ssZ\wZn\ ]cnNcWw BhiyamWv.
kuIcy{]Zamb hennep _nntem, dnntem anc
ItmnMv sNmw. Hcp km[mcW honse ssPhamen\yns
kwkvIcWn\v GItZiw HcbSn Dbchpw HcbSn hoXnbpw
cSn \ofhpap s]n/_n aXnbmIpw (IqSpX amen\yap-
38

sn s]nbpsS \ofhpw hoXnbpw Iqmw Fm s]nbpsS/

_nns Dbcw HcbSnbnepw IqSmXncnpXmWv DNnXw).
Dn shw sIn \nevmsX HgpIntmIpXn\v s]nbpsS
ASn`mKv ZzmcfnSWw. agshw hogmXpw t\cnp inbmb shbneSn-mXpamb CSp thWw anc ItmnMv
s]n m]np-Xv. icnbmbn ]cn]menm ZpK-sampw
DmInsXn\m ASp-fbpsS htcnb-bntem, Imsjntem FhnsSbpamImw CXns m\w.
s]npn Ghpw ASnbnembn \mentmfw I\n
Ncepw AXn\p apIfn \mentmfw I\n NIncnbpw hncnWw. CXv \mbn \\tijw AXn\p apIfnembmWv ancIsf
\nt]ntXv. B{^n anc (Eudrillus eugineae) FdnbsSp ancIfmWv tIcfnse kmlNcyn anc
Itmnn\v Ghpw A\ptbmPyambn InpXv. taev]d
henap anc ItmnMv s]nbntev 200 ancI
aXnbmIpw (300 IqSpIbpacpXv). XpSv Hmtcm Znhkhpw anc
\ncbvp apIfnembn ssPhamen\y \nt]nmw.
`WmhinjvSfpw (ss]v Itmnn\np hyXykvXambn Dnsmenbpw aptmSpw DssSbph CXnenSmw)
Ipd Afhn ISemkpw Icnbnebpw ASap ssPhamen\y GXmv Htc I\nembn hncnp sImSppIbmWp thXv.
A[nIw FabapXpw FcnhpXpamb hkvXp HgnhmWw. NmWIw Inm\psn CSbvv AXpw Iptds tNp
sImSppXv ItmnMv thKnemm klm-bnpw. Znhtk\
tNp sImSpp amen\yw Iptds \\hpXm-sWn thsd
shw sImSptXn. \\hp Ipdv DWp-Xmbn Im
kmh[m\w (shw Ipnho-gm hn[w) Aev]w shw Xfnp
sImSpWw. s]nbn Hmtcm Znhktbpw amen\y-anp Ign-m-
NmpIjWwsImv s]n aqSnbnSWw. amen\y-n\np
Pemwiw thKw \jvSsp-t]mImsX kqnp-Xn\pw {]Imitasd CjvSsSm PohnIfmb ancbvv kzambn {]hnm kuIcyw \evIpXn\pamWnXv. BgvNbnsem-cn s]nbneph \msbmv CfnsmSpv hmbpkmcw DdmpIbpw thWw.
s]n Gdpsd \ndpIgnm ItmnMv asmcp
s]nbn Bcw`nnv \nd s]n cmgvNtv Nmnp aqSn
A\msX hbvWw. Cu kabv ancI amen\yw ]qambn Blcnv Itmmn Ignbpw. XpSv s]n Ipdp kabtv shbnep hbvpI. Atm ancI NqSn \npw

39
shfnn\npw ctXSn s]nbpsS ASnntep t]mIpw.

B kabv ancIv Xtaev]nmsX apIfn \npw
Itmv hmcnamn sNSnIp hfambnSmw (DSs\ Bhiyansn DWn kqnpIbpamImw). Cs\ cp s]nbnembn
ItmnMv sNpXn\p ]Icw cv AdIfp Hsnbmbm
IqSpX kuIcyambn. BZyap]tbmKnp Ad \ndv
ItmnMv ]qnbmIm aqSnbnSptm amen\yw cmw
Adbn \nt]nmw, BZy Adbnse ancI AhnSs
`Ww Xocp apdbvv cmas Adbntev kzbw Xmakw
amdnsmpsaXn\m ]mIamb Itmv \o FfpamIpw.
anc ItmnMv sNptm {]tXyIw {int Imcyw
ancsb AXns i{Xpfmb Ddpn\npw Fenbn\npw
kwcnpIbmWv. ItmnMv s]np Nppambn shw \nd
Nmepmn Ddpnt\bpw, ItmnMv s]nsb Inheqn\pnemn Fentbbpw AIn \nm\mIpw. s]npn
shw sIn \nevpItbm hmbpkmcanmsX NqSp IqSpItbm
sNbvXmepw ancI \inp t]mIm\nSbmIpw. Cmcynepw
Znhtk\ {i \evIWw.
_n Itmv
taev ] d Hmtcm ItmnMv coXnpw AhbptSXmb
KpWfpw tZmjfpapv. tIcfn Cthpw {]NmcnepXv ss]v Itmp coXnbmWv. ipNnXzanj Cu hnZy AwKoIcnp k_vknUnbpw \evIppv. AXpsImv sNehpw IpdhmWv. KpWt`mmhv GXmv 100 cq] \evInbm aXnbmIpw.
Fm t\cs kqNnn t]mse imkv{Xobamb coXnbn ]cnIev]\ sNbvXv DmnbnpX. Xncph\]pcw \Kcn
m]nnp 75,000 ss]v Itmn sNdnb `mKw am{Xta Cp]tbmKnppq. apJyImcWw Fenieyw, ]pgpfpsS
kmnyw, NnetmgpmIp ZpKw Fnh-bmWv. Cu {]iv\ ]cnlcnpXn\v Htsd NIv tijw Rsf-nt \nKa\ DsmnpsImmWv ss]v Itmns
m]\hpw \Snpw apIfn hnhcnnpXv. A\p`hns
ASnm\n `mhnbn Xncph\]pcs Iymbn\n _n
Itmns\ t{]mmlnnpXn\mWv [mcWsbnbnpXv.
_n Itmv ]mmXycmPyfneSw hfsc \mfmbn
\ne\nevp Hcp k{ZmbamWv. hmbp kmcw Ddphcpnbnp _n AYhm s]npn amen\yhpw Icnbnebpw
NmWIhpw AScpIfmbn \nt]np coXnbmWnXv. Icnbne
40

_nns {]h\w ASp Aymbn hniZambn {]Xn]mZnppv. Hmtcm honepw Icnbnebpw NmWIhpw InpXn\p
{]bmkwaqew KmlnI amen\ykwkvIcWn\v R CXp
ip]mi sNpn.
KmlnI Bhiypaw Icnbne _npIf, NIncntmdv Ct\mpew an{inXw D]tbmKnp sNdnb _npIfmWv.
cp I\nI NIncntmdn Ct\mpew Ien hmWnPymSnm\n hnevppsv t\cndnbmw. hmbp kmcn\v
Bhiyamb kpjnc Cnp mnIv _npIfmWv D]tbmKnpXv. s]bnpw apw hcp _npI Xpfbnv CXn-\mbn
D]tbmKsSpmw. {]mWnIfpw apw amen\y-n {]thinv
apbnv ]pgpsf krjvSnmXncnpXn\v XpfI s\psImv
aqSpXmWv Daw. AXsn do ssknUv mnIv D]tbmKnv {]tXyI _npIXs Dm-mw.
NIncntm an{inXw _nn\Snbn cnp I\n hnXm\n tijw JcssPhamen\yw _nntev \nt]npI.
ao\nsbpw CdnbpsSbpw AhinjvS Cu _nn \nt]npXpsImv Hcp Ipghpan. _n aqSnshp-XmWv Daw.
HmtcmZnhksbpw amen\yw \nt]ntijw NIncntm
an{inXw apIfn hopw hnXm\npI. CSbvnSbvp amen\yhpw
NIncntmdpw CfnsmSppXp \XmWv. Inshtam ap
Peamen\ytam Hgnm ]mSn. ]t, NIncntmdn\v Ftmgpw
\\hv DdphcpWw. ]pIntem NIncntmdp]tbmKnmhp
Hcp sNdp _n Hcp amkmes Bhiyn\p aXnbmIpw. _n
\ndp Ignm AXp aqSn amnshpI. ASpsmcp _nn
CtX {]hrn Bcw`npI. cmas _n \ndbptmtgpw
BZys _n hfambn amdngnncnpw. amnshp
_nn\pw \\hv Ddphcp-Ww. CSbvv CfnsmSppIbpw
thWw.
Cu coXnv hfsctbsd safpv. bmsXmcphn[ ZpK-hpan FpXmWv Ghpw {][m\sXv. A{Xbvp iamb
_mIvSocnbm {]h\ap ItmnMv aoUnbamWv D]tbmKnpXv . NIncntmdv Cuw hensSppXn\m eosv
(Agppshw) DundpIbn. Cu, {]mWn ieyan. \nccw Cft Bhiyan. Cu ImcWsImv ASpfbpsS aqebv v m]nmepw Hcp Ipghpan. Fm Nne
ssPhamen\y CSptm Ddppieyw DmImw. As\-sbn shw Hgn Hcp ]m{Xn _n m]nm aXn-bmIpw.
thnhcp apXapSmhs hfsc sNdpXmWv. _nn\v 400

41
500 cq]tb sNehp hcq. NIncntm an{inXn\v Intembvv 4

5 cq]tb hcq. ]pIntem ]mbvv Hcp amktp aXnbmIpw.
_n \ndp Ignbptm AXp Xncnp \evInbm ]pXnb
_npw NIncntmdpw \evIp Hcp _nkn\kv tamU BhnjvIcnm IgnbpsamWv IcpXpXv. As\sbn Hcp
IpSpw_w Hcp _n hmnbm aXnbmIpw. Asn cp
_npI thnhcpw. NIncntm FnpsImSppI, AXymhiyw ]cn]me\ NpaXeI \nlnpI Fo NpaXeI
kokv Soans\ Gev]nmhpXmWv.
Cs\bpmIp Itmv Hmcw hfamWv. NIncntmdmWv ASnm\ aoUnbw FpXn\m \gvkdnIpw apw
AXypaamWv. Cuw \ne\np KpWapXpsImv CXp]tbmKnv ]dn Irjn sNptm Ipdp shw aXnbm-Ipw.
A\ptbmPyamb ]n Fv ss\{SP cmktcph Cu hfn
e`y-amWv. CXpaqeamWv \nd _n hfw Xncnp \evInbm
kuP-\yambn ]pXnb _npw NIncntmdpw \evIm Ignbpsap
IcpXpXv.
_nn Itmp sNpXn\p ]Icw Inbp t{Km _mKpIfnepw ItmnMv \SmhpXmWv. ]cn]me\coXn _nns
Imcyn ]dXpt]mse Xs. t{Km_mKp \ndp Ignbptm ASpXv FSppI. 40 Znhkw Ignbptm BZys
t{Km_mKnep amen\yw \ hfambn amdnbncnpw. CXnt\mSv
Ipdp apw IqSn Ienbm AtX t{Km_mKn- s
]dnbpw \Smw.
_tbmKymkv mpI
ItmnMv {]{Inb \Sp kqvaPohnI hmbphns
kmnynemWv {]h\aamIpXpw s]cpIpXpw.
Fm hmbp kanmtm {]h\aamIp
kqvaPohnIfpapv. AhbmWv amen\yw hnLSnnv _tbmKymkm-pXv. hmbp kn \Sp ItmnMv {]{Inbsb
Fbv t dm_nIv Fpw hmbp kanmsX \SpXns\
As\bvtdm_nIv Fpw ]dbpp. As\bvtdm_nIv ItmnMv
coXnbmWv _tbmKymkv m v.
_tbmKymkv m n\v ASnm\]cambn cp {][m\
LSIfmWpXv. HmatXv amen\yw \nt]np Zl\
Ad (ssUP) BWv. cmatXv amen\yn\nv
Dev ] mZnnsSp hmXIw kw`cnp shmhp hmXI
kw`cWn (Kymkv tlmU) BWv. CXn\p ]pdsa amen\yw
42

ssUPntev CSm\p ss]v (Csev) Dv. AXpt]mse dn

]pdtp sImpt]mIm\p Huvsepapv. Kymkv tlmUdn\nv ss]p hgn Kymkv ]pdtpw sImp-t]mIpw. Fm
_tbmKymkv m n\pw taev ] d LSIfpv . AhbpsS
{]tXyIXI A\pkcnmWv _tbmKymkv m ns\ ]e
LSIfmbn XncnpXv.
ipNnXzIymbn\n Ghpa[nIw t{]mmlnnsSpXv
t]m_n _tbmKymkv mpIfmWv. ]e I\nIfpw
CXpmppv. ChnsS \evIp hnhcWw imkv{XkmlnXy
]cnjns sF B Sn kn hnIknnsSp amXrIsb
ASnm\amnbmWv. hm Smns cq]nep Zl\ Adbpw
AXn\papIfn hmXI kw`cWnbpamWv CXn\pXv. FSpv
ammhpXpw `wKnbpXpamWnh. ss^_ do Ct^mgvkvUv
mnIv (FRP) D]tbmKnmWv ChbpsS \nmWw. tISp]mSpI
kw`hnm thKn AIpWnI \Smw.
hmXIkw`cWn Zl\ Adbvpnep Hcp hm
PmnemWv m]nnpXv. CXv amen\y Zl\ Adbn
\nv ]pdphcpXv XSbpp. KymkpmIptm hmXI Ad
apIfntev Dbcpatm. AXpsImv m n\pn F{X
Kymkpsv Ffpn a\nemm\pw km[npw.
500 endnsbpw 1000 endnsbpw t]m_n _tbmKymkv
mpI e`yamWv. Ac Iyq_nIv aodn\v 300 en Imknnbp
Zl\ Adbpw 200 en Imknnbp hmXI AdbpamWpXv.
CXn 2.53 In.{Kmw ASpf amen\yhpw 2.53 en hsc shhpw
{]-Xn-Zn-\w \nt]nm\mhpw. icmicn 30 an\nv Inm\p
hmX-Ihpw e`npw. 10500 cq]bmWv CXns hne. 5250 cq] km
k_vknUnbpw 2625 cq] tImtdj k_vknUnbpw Ignv
KpWt`mmhv 2625 cq] \evInbm aXnbmIpw.
1000 en Imknnbp mn\v 600 endns Zl\ Adbpw
400 endns hmXI AdbpamWpXv. 3- 5 Intem{Kmw ASpf
amen\yhpw 3-5 en shhpw {]XnZn\w \nt]nmw. 60 90
an\nv Inm\p hmXIw e`npw. 13500 cq]bmWv hne.
km k_vknUnbmb 6750 cq]bpw \Kck`m k_vknUnbmb
3375 cq]bpw Ignv 3375 cq] KpWt`mmhv \evInbm aXnbmIpw.
500 endns\m R Ftmgpw sdap sNpI 1000
en mmWv. CXmWv Bepgbnse A\p`hw. Ac Iyp_nIv
ao mn A[nIamen\yw \nt]nv Htsd {]iv \
Dmbn. Fm ipNnXzanj Ac Iyq_nIv ao mnt\

43
A\phmZw \evIppq. CXv hfsc sXmb \ne]mSmWv. F{X

henap _tbmKymkv mp thWsav Xocpam\nm\p
AhImiw KpWt`mmhn\v hnpsImSppXt icn. Xocpam\n- s \Xnsc hnai\apbtm Ctm asmcpchv
CdnbncnpIbmWv. Hcp Iyq_nIv aodns _tbmKymkv mp
m]nmw. ]t, ]pXnb s{]mPIv S pIv Acendns
k_vkn-Untb Xcq. ipNnXzanj Cu DchpIfndnb thfbn
km k_v k nUn AXp iXam\n\nv Adp]Xp
iXam\amn Xocpam\saSpncnpIbmWv. Hcp ssI sNpXv
asmcp ssI Adnbpn.
JmZn t_mUv {]NcnnpXv ^nIv k Uv ssUP
mpIfmWv. CXns ^nIvkUv hmXI AdbpsS amXrIbpw
^v t fmnMv hmXI AdbpsS amXrIbpapv . BZytXns\
"Zo\_p tamU' Fp hnfnpp. cmatXns\ "{]KXn
tamU' Fpw hnfnpp. Chbn As\v {]NcnnpXv
{]KXn tamUens Hcp hIt`ZamWv. ChnsS s^tdm-kn-a v dnpI an CdnhmWv Zl\ Ad \nn-pXv.- Ht-Im
ASn Db- c hpw 4 ASn hymk- h p- a p s^tdm- k n- a v dnp- I
\msew `qan--Sn-bnepw Hcp dnMv apI-fnepw F coXn-bn-emWv
CXv m]npXv. AXns apI-fn-em-bn- ^vtfmnMv hmXI Ad
m]nncnpp. As\ns amXrIbpsS {]tXyIX IqSpX
amen\yw \nt]nmw. henb ]cnNcWw Bhiyan.
^nIvkUv ssUP ^vtfmnMv {Uw F t]cnednbsSp
Cu As\v mpIfpsS Zl\ Ad 1000 endnsbpw hmXI
Ad 500 endnsbpamWv. 510 Intem{Kmw ASpf amen\yhpw
710 en hsc shhpw CXn \nt]nmw. 1.5 3 aWnq
Inm\p hmXIw e`npw. 17500 cq]bmWv hne. km
k_v k nUnbmb 8000 cq]bpw \Kck`m k_v k nUnbmb 3375
cq]bpw Ingnv KpWt`mmhv \evtIXv 6125 cq]bmWv. CXns
Hcp ]cnanXn 7 ASn \ofhpw 5 ASn hoXnbpap ew thWsapXmWv. shsv {]tZipw CXv A\ptbmPy-a.
taev]dhsbmw KmlnImhiyp thn D]tbmKnmhp _tbmKymkv tamUepIfmWv. Fm ^vfmpIpw
apw IqSpX A\ptbmPyw JmZn t_mUns Zo\_p tamUemWv. CXnse tUmw BIrXnbnep hmXI Adbpw CjvSnI
sImp ]WnXnp ssUPdpw `qanSnbnemWv . tUman
hmXIw \ndbptm amen\ydnbpsS ta kw IqSpIbpw
dn {]tXyI HuvseneqsS ]pdtp t]mhpIbpw sNpw.
Ccnep mpI m]npXn\v {]tXyI sshZKvyw
44

Dht Ignbq.
C\n _tbmKymkv mpIfpsS {]h\hpw AXns
imkv{Xhpw hniZoIcnmw. hmbpklmbanmsX {]hnp
kqvamWpsfsmp amen\yhnLS\amWv ssPhhmXImpIfn \SpXv Fp ]dtm. m v m]nptm
BZyw Xs AXntev ]mWIw (ipNnXz anjs amXrIIfn 500 endns mn\v 150 Intem{Kmw, 1000 endns mn\v
300 Intem{Kmw F \ncn ]pp Xnp ]iphns ]pXnb
NmWIamWv thXv) Xpeyhym]vXw shw tNv Ipgp]mInemn \ndbvpw. amen\yhnLS\w \Sphcmb
kqvamWp NmWIn [mcmfapv. Ah mn\pnse
A\pIqe kmlNcyfn kzbw s]ps]cpIpw. AXn\mbn
HcmgvN kabw sImSpWw. Cu kabv Xs Kymkpmbn
\ndv m ns hmXIkw`cWn Dbp hcpsanepw
BZyapmIp hmXIw th{X Pze\tijnbpXmbncnn.
AXv Xpdp hntSXmWv. HcmgvNsImv kqvamWpfpsS
{]h\w kp-e\mhbnsepw. AtmgpmIp hmXIw
AXns uhn sXfn \oe\mftfmsS Ipw (mnt\msSmw e`np u Xs thWw D]tbmKnpXv. km[mcW
F ]n Pn uhn\np hyXykvXamWXv). XpSv mntev
ASpfamen-\y \nt]np XpSmw. sNdnb IjWfmnb ssPhamen\yw XpeyAfhv shhpw tNmWv mns
Cev ss]phgn HgnpsImSptXv.
]eLfmbmWv m n\pn Cu ssPhhnLS\w
\SpXv . Hcn\w kqv a mWp Blmcmhinjv S sf
hnLSnnv efnXamb ssPhXm{XIfmpXmWv BZyLw
(sslt{Umfnknkv ) . XpSv an\w kqv a mWp Cu
efnXssPhXm{XIsf hopw hnLSnnv ssPhmfmp
cmwLhpw (AkntUmP\knkv) Ah hopw hnLS\hnt[bambn {][m\ambpw AsknmknUpw ssl{UP\pw Im_
UtbmIv s skUpamIp aqmwLhpw (AksmP\knkv )
AnaLambmWv taev]d hnLS\fnepmb Xm{XIsf
D]tbmKnv Pehpw Im_ UtbmIv s skUpw aosYbv \ pw
\nnsSpXv (saYnt\j). Cs\bpmIp ssPhhmXI-n GItZiw 60 iX-am\w aosYbv hmXIambncnpw, 35
iX-am\w Im_ UtbmIvsskUpw _mn Pe_mjv]hpw,
ss\{SP, ssl{UP- kssÛv XpSnb hmXIfpw BWv
DmhpI. aosYbv\mWv ssPhhmXInse Pze\tijnbp
LSIw.

45
ssPhhnLS\n\pw ssPhhmXI Dev]mZ\n\pw tijw

mn _mnbmIpI hfqdp {ZmhImhinjvSamWv. dn
Fp ]dbp Cu {ZmhIhfn\v bmsXmcp ZpKhpw
DmIn. CXv Ipdv shsamgnv t\nv sNSnIv
HgnpsImSpmw. Fm hfhpw ]mNIhmXIhpw e`npp
FXnt\msfms {][m\ambn \mw ImtWXv AcL\ao
tijnbp Hcp ssPhhmXIm v {]XnZn\w aqpaqc
Intem{Kmapw Hcp L\aotijnbp Hcp ssPhhmXIm v
{]XnZn\w GgvFp Intem{Kmapw ssPhamen\yw Hcp _pnappapmmsX kwkvIcnm {]m]vXamsWXmWv.
_tbmKymkv mpI m]nptm D]t`mm
{int Nne Imcyfpv . Chbn hogv N I hm
mns {]h\w \nebvpIbpw ]p\cpohnnm hfsc
{]bmkw t\cnSpIbpw sNpw.
\nc-n-m e-, sSd-kn\v apI-fn, shw sIn
\nevm kmy-X-bp e- Fn-hn-S--fn m v m]n-cp-Xv. mn-\p-nse Dujvamhv 35 Un{Kn BIp-XmWv hmXI
Dev]m-Z-\-n\v Ghpw A\p-tbm-Pyw. AXn-\m kqcy-{]-Imiw
\mbn e`n-p e-mWv m v m]n-t--Xv. Aco
Xm]\ne Ipd Imefn Inshhpw apw Ipdp
NqtSmsS Xs HgnpsImSppXpw \mWv. ASp--fbvv 10
ao- d n- \ p- n m v m]n- m {in- - W w. ASpf
ZqcmsWn AhnSw hscbpw Kymkv Fnm\p kw
hmXI Adbn DmIWsan.
mns tijnbnepw IqSpX ssPhamen\y AXntenS- c pXv. AXneptasd amen\yw \nt]nm m ns
{]h\w XSsSpIbpw kwkv I cnsSm amen\yw
]pdphv ZpKw ]cm\nSbmhpIbpw sNpw. `WmhinjvSw, ay amwkm-Zn-I, Acnbpw av [m\y-fpw IgpIp shw, ay amwkm-Zn-I Igp-Ip shw, ]--dn-bpsS
Ah-injvSw, ]g-smen, ]g-Inb Blm-cw, NmW-Iw, Icn-n
shw, s]sv Pon-p av ssPh-am-en-\y- Fnh
mn \nt]nmw. amen-\yw ]c-am-h[n sNdnb Ij-W--fmn
thWw mn CSm. kqvamWpPohn-I-fpsS {]h\w Imcy- a - a mn Po\w kpK- a - a mpXn\mWnXv . \mw `Ww
IgnpXv Nhv AcmWtm. AXpt]mseXs ChnsSbpw
\mbn \pdpnthWw amen\yw \nt]nm. tkmv shw,
Iv, Ipn, teml-, Nnc-, Ce-I, mn-Iv, IoS-\m-in-\n, aptm-Sv, sUtm, Hmd-v, \mc-, t], XSn-j-Ww, ^nt\m-
46

bn, acp-p-I Fn-s\ _mIvSo-cn-b-bpsS {]h\w XS-s-Sp-p Hpw \nt-]n--cp-Xv.

_tbm-Kym-knse Ipd Afhnep Pe-_mjv]w Kymkv
ss]v sse\n XS---fp-m-mw. cm-gvN-bn-sem-cn- ss]v
ssIsImv Hp-bn sImSp-m AXn-\p-nse Pew \omhp--Xm-Wv. hm Pmv/Kymkv tlmU-dn\pw ssUP--dn\pw CSbn-ep hnShvv Fn-hn-S--fn sImXpIv ap-bn-Sm kmy-X-bpv . Bgv N - b n- s em- c n- Aev ] w F hi- - f n Hgn- p- s ImSpWw. dn sIn\nv AXn sImXpIp hfcm\nSbmImsX
kqnWw. ssPhhmXImn amen\yw \nt]nptm
]pdtap hoWv ]cnkcw hrntISmmXncnm {inp-Ibpw,
BgvNbn Hcnsenepw (Fpw Ignbpnsn) ssPhhmXImpw ]cnkchpw hrnbmpIbpw, dn \ow sNpIbpw
sNtXmWv.
mns Zl\ Adbn apIfnembn amen\yhpw ]Xbpw
Xn\nv {]h\w XSsSpXv Hgnhmm\mbn CSbvsms mns hmXI kw`cWn ssIsImv IdnsmSppIbpw
Xmtgv Aan Ipdv dn HgpnfbpIbpw sNWw.
cmgvNbntesdmew m v D]tbmKnmsXbncpm AXnse
kqvamWp \inpt]mIpw. As\ kw`hnm mn
hopw NmWIw Iensbmgnv kqvamWpfpsS {]h\w
]p\cpohnntXmWv.
ssPhhmXInse apJy LSIamb aosYbv hmXIw Aconse Hmtkmhebw \innp {][m\ cmkh-kvXpfn HmWv. AXn\m GsXnepw ImcWhim ssPhhmXIw ]mNIn\v D]tbmKnpnsp hmepw AXv shdptX
Xpdp hnScpXv, InpXs IfbWw (aosYbv Iptm
AXv Pe_mjv]hpw Im_ UtbmIvsskUpambn amdpw. Im_
UtbmIv s skUpw lcnXKrlhmXIamWv , Fnepw aosYbv
AXnt\m 105 aSv IqSpX tZmjImcnbmWv FtmpI).
kokv Sow
amen\ykwkv I - c W kwhn- [ m- \ - fpsS ]cn- ] m- e - \ w hfsc
{][m\amWv F hkvXpX CXphscbp hnhcWn\nv
hfsc hyamWv. A{i--ambn ssIImcyw sNbvXm hn]-co-Xêw Df-hm-p--h-bmWv _tbm-Kymkv mp-I. kmt-XnI ]cnm\w t\Snb- Hcp Soans kmnyw {][m-\-am-Wv. Chn-sS-bmWv
kokv Soans {]k-n. Dd-hnS amen-\y-kw-kvI-c-W-ns
kmt-Xn-I- k-lmbtk\-bmWv kokv Sow.

47
_tbm-Kymkv mn-sbpw ss]v Itm-n-sbpw imkv{Xhpw

]cn-]m-e\ coXn-Ifpw Nnbmbn Chsc ]cnioennWw. Ipd-Xv
aqp Znh-ks ]cn-io-e\w BZy-L--nepw XpSv aqp amkn-sem-cn- XpS]-cn-io-e-\hpw \evI-Ww. mns imkv{Xtm-sSmw hcm-hp XI-cm-dp-I, ^nv sNp--coXn Fn-hsbmw ]cn-io-e-\-n Ds-S-Ww. hoSpIfn m]np av
amen\y kwkvIcW kwhn[m\fpsS klmbtk\bpw Ch
Xs. 50 100 ss]v Itmv/_tbmKymkv mpIv Hcmsf \nebnemWv kokv Sow AwKsf XncsSp-tXv.
KpWt`mmfn \np ôkns ASnm\n kokv
Soan\v an\naw thX\w Ddp hcpm\mhpw. Bhiysan
kokv Soan\p thX\ns Hcp hnlnXw tIm HmUnt\j
InnbpsS {]tXyI A\paXntbmsS \Kck`bpsS X\Xv
^n\npw \evImw.
kokv Sow AwKfpsS NpaXeI IrXyambn \nNntXpv. _tbm-Kymkv mpw ss]v Itmpw m]n-n-p
hoSp-I BgvN-tXmdpw kinv XI-cm-dp-I ]cn-l-cn-p-IbmWv
Hmas ISa. Xncph\]pcv kokv Sow AwK Xs
hoSpIfnse amen\yw tiJcnv _tbmKymkv mpIfn
FnpsamWv Ctm Xocpam\nnpXv. CXn\p ]pdsa
IgpIn hrn-bm-nb mnIv amen-\y- amk-n-sem-cn-
hoSp-I-fn\npw tiJ-cn-p-I. _mKv, sNcnv XpS-nb av AssPh-am-en-\y- Bdp amk-n-sem-cn-epw Syq_v ssev, kn -F-^vF, acp-p-I XpS-nbh hj-n-sem-cn-epw \K-c-k-`-bpsS
dntkmgvkv dn-hdn sk-dn Fn-m t{]cn-n-p-I. sXcp-hpI, m]-\-, hoSp-I, av s]mXp -C-S- Fn-hn-S--fn-
amen\yw hen-s-dn-n-p-t- Xm, \K-ck
- `
- bpsS ASn-b
- c-{i ]Xntb-tXm Bb kw`h- {ibn sImphcnI XpSnbhbmbncnpw kokv Sow AwKfpsS NpaXe.
48

hntI{oIrX kwkvIcWw
hoSn\p ]pdpw
\mw F{X {ianmepw Fm honepw _tbmKymtkm ss]v
Itmtm mpI m]nm Ignbn. ]IpXn hoSpI
D]tZiw kzoIcnm `mKyw. a\pjycpsS kz`mhw As\bmWv.
Fsnepw sXmSp\ymbw ]dbm\pmIpw. eanstm
Bhiyn\p amen\yanstm CsXms t\mm BmWp
t\csatm Hs HgnhpIgnhpIfpmIpw. Cs\bphmbn
Hmtcm {]tZipw s]mXpamen\y kwkv I cW tI{
m]ntXpv . KmlnI amen\yw AhnsSsbnWw.
hens-dnbm ]mSn. Cu Ln HcpImcyw AknKvambn
hyamWw. tI{oIrXamb kwhn[m\f, adnv AXXp
{]tZifn amen\y ssIImcyw sNm\p sNdp
s]mXpkwhn[m\sfpdnmWv ]cmainpXv.
Fmbncnpw Cu s]mXpkwkvIcW kwhn[m\w? òa
_tbmKymkv mpI m]npIbmWv Hcp {]Xnhn[n. hmUnse s]mXpkwkv I cW tI{sa \nebntem ]- dn
ayamwk NItfmS\p_npw tlmepI, tlmep-I
XpSnb efnepw Dev]mZnnsSp IqSnb Afhn-ep
ssPhamen\yw kwkvIcnpXn\v thntbm m]n-mhp
henb ssPhhmXImpIfmWv kmaqlnI ssPh-hmXIm v
AYhm IayqWnn _tbmKymkv m v. cpL\aodntesd tijnbphbmbncnpw Ch. mn Dev]mZnnsSp ssPhhmXIw ]mNIn\v BhiyanmbnSfn AXv sshZypXnbmn
sXcphphnfpI {]Iminnm\p]tbmKnmw. ]mfbw
amnse ssPhhmXIm v CXv {]mtbmKnI-amnbnpv.

49
{]XnZn\w e`yamIp icmicn ssPhamen\yns AfhpIWmn thWw Ccw efnepw Bhiyamb ssPhhmXImns tijn \nbntXv. kmaqlnI ssPh-hmXImpIfn AXv ssIImcyw sNpXnep A\m-sImp
XIcmdpIfmWv km[mcW IphcpXv. AXp apn IpsImv m v ]cn]menphv icnbmb ]cnioe\hpw {]h- \ am\ntifpw \ev I pIbpw IrXyamb tat\mw
DdmpIbpw thWw. JmZnt_mUv Ccw mpI {]Ncnnppv. ]e kwLS\Ifpw m]\p thn Ccw
mpI Unssk sNbvXnpv. Xncph\]pcw tImtdj
Ccw 2 S Imknnbp 20 mpI m]npXn\p
]cn]mSnbnnpv.
]t, \psS ssInSnbn HXpp kmtXnI-hnZy-mbn
ipNnXz tIcf Imbn\n t{]mmlnnpXv. Iayq- W nn
_tbmKymkv mpIsfm IqSpX efnXhpw Ffphpw
Xpqapgn tamU Fbvtdm_nIv _npIfmWv. NmepSnbnse
Xpqapgnbnep IpImen {]P\\ tI{w ta[mhnbmbncp
tUm. {^mknkv tkhy BWv Cu ktXw hnIknnXv.
Fbvtdm_nIv ItmnMv _npI bqtdmneSw D]tbmKsSpnbncp ktXamWv . tUm. {^mknkv tkhydns
kw`mh\ Cu ktXs tIcfnse kmlNcy-\pkrXambn ]cphsSpnbXmWv. Atlns Xs hmpIfn
ssPhamen\y \nm\n\v Fbvtdm_nIv ItmnMv
hfsc ê{]ZamWv . Fm tIcfns Imemh- bvpw kmlNcy-pw A\ptbmPyamsbmcp Fbvtdm-_nIv
Itmv kwhn[m\w ChnsS {]Nmcnenmbncpp. Cusbmcp Ah adnISm-\p D]m[nmbn Dcp-ncn-
KthjWmi-bfmWv Xpqapgn Itmv amXrI-bmbn
]cnWanXv.
Htsd ]coW\ncoWp tijw Fbvtdm_nn\v
tIcfn A\ptbmPyamb henw \meSn \ofw, \meSn hoXn,
\meSn Dbcw BsWp \nbnp. ]t, Cu _nn\v hmbp
kmcn\v [mcmfw hnShpI DmIWw. CXn\mbn tIm{Iov PmfnItfm CjvSnItbm D]tbmKnv _npI \nnmw.
_nn\nSbn s^tdm kna v BWv Daw. an m]nm
s]cpmgn Xpcp Ibdm kmyXbpv . cp _npI
tNcpXmWv Hcp bqWnv. agshw hogmXncnm _npIv
Hcp taqc thWw. CXv hb sajns `nntbmSp IqSn
50

ASpdpXmsWn Im, ]n XpSnbhbpsS ieyw Hgnhmm\mhpw.

s^tdm-kn-a v m_v D]-tbm-Knv \nn-p cv _n
ASp Hcp bqWnv m]n-p--Xn\v taqc IqSmsX 25000
cq] hsc sNe-hm-Ipw. Hcp bqWn-n\v Ghpw Ipd-Xv 10 ASn
\ofhpw 5 ASn hoXnbpap taqc thn-h-cpw. sNehv Hcp
ew cq] htmw. AXpsImv Hne[nIw bqWnpIfp
dpI m]npXmWv \Xv.
_n Fs\bmWv {]hnntXv?
Ghpw ASn-bn-embn 6 Cv I\-n ]pXnb NmWIw \ndp-I. _mIvSo-cn-b I/_tbm-Kymkv dn BsW-n ASnbn AXv HgnpsImmhmw XpS-w. C-Xnse AWp-Po-hn-I-fmWv
Itm-nMv {]{Inb \S-p-Xv. NmWI Anv apI-fn-embn 6
Cv I\-n Icn-bne/sshtm/DW-nb ]pv/DW-nb
Hme/NIncn/Iodnb sNdp-I-S-emkv Ij-W- Fnh CSWw.
AWp-Po-hn-Iv Duw \evIp Im_ kt-X-am-Wn-Xv.
CXn-\p-ap-I-fn ssPh-am-en-\y- 6 Cv I\-n \nt]n-p-I. amen\yw \Sp-hn\npw Cv hi- hsc Fn 6 Cv
Bb-tijw CXn\v apI-fn ASp NmW-I -Anbpw Icnbnebpw
\nd-mw. Znh-k-p-n hnL-S\w \Sv An Xmgpw NmWIw, Icn-bn-e, amen\yw Fn-s\ CShnv _n \ndbpXphsc
\nt]nmw. _nn \nd amen\yw 90 Znh-k-tv shdpsXbnSpI. AXn\ptijw s]n Xpdv hfw ]pd-s-Sp-mw. hfw \ncnbnv Cuw Ifv ]mbv-p-I-fn-emn kqn-mw. hopap
Irjn, sSdkv Irjn, t]mfn lukv ^manMv Fnhbv v
D]tbmKnm Cu hfw IjIv \evIWw.
\Kcfn NmWIw th{X e`yamsbp hcn. am{Xa
e`np NmWIn\v KpWtabpmIWsapan. tIcf
ImjnI kIemimebnse ssat{Im _tbmfPn hn`mKw CXns\mcp ]cnlmcw Isn. Ah NmWIn \nv ssPh_mIvSocnbs thXncnsSpp. hIppta[mhn s{]m^. KncnPbpsS tat\mn kp\n CSh\bmWv KthjWw \SnbXv.
s{]m^. KncnPbpsS hmpIfn:
ssPh ]ZmfpsS hnLS- \ n\v klmbIamIp
NmWInse _mknekv kqvam-Wp-sf thXncnsSpp. ]dn amen\yfpw Icnbnebpw Xpq-apgn tamUen ip]mi sNpw {]Imcw \nt]np. XpS-v shn t\n kq-vamWpsf Ahbvp aosX Xfnp.

51
AXp \mev]Xp Znhkw-sImv hnLS\hnt[-bamIp-Xmbn

Isn. CXv \nmb-Iamb Hcp hgnn-cnhmbn-op.
Ir{Xnaambn krjvSn kqvamWpsf Itmnn\mbn
D]tbmKnpXv Hcp XhnjbamWv. Itmnn\mbn Itmfn e`np ]e s]mSnIfpsSbpw t{kmXtm kqvam-WpfpsS kz`mhtam \apdnbn. ]t, Xpqapgn tamUen
Hcp kwibn\pw CSbn. NmWInse kqva-Pohn-Isf-sbmWv D]tbmKsSppXv. ImjnI kIemime Ctm
hmWnPymSnm\n Cu Ct\mpew Dev]mZnnp XpSnbnpv.
sNehv Ip-d-Xpw ]cn-nXn kulr-Z]c-hp-amb ]-XnbmWnXv. Hcp bqWn-n 2000 Intem{Kmw amen\yw kwkvI-cn-m
Ign-bpw. amen\yns kzm`mhw A\pkcnv CXv 500 700 Intem{Kmw hfambn amdpw. Hcp Intem{Kmw hf-n 1317 {Kmw ss\{SP, 7580 {Kmw Imkyw, 68 {Kmw t^mkv^-dkv Fnh AS-nbn-cn-p-p.
hfsc efnXamb ktXamsWnepw {int Nne
Imcyfpv. _nn\npw ]pfn aWw, Dud Fnh A\p`h-s-m HmIvkn-Ps A`m-h-am-sWv Xncn--dn-b-Ww. Hcp In
sImv Ipnbn-fn hmbp ISn hnS-Ww. Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw
Smns hi- - f nse Zzmcw AS- b v - c p- X v . amen\yw Ftmgpw
mns \Sp-hn \nt-]n-nv thWw hi--fn-tev hym]n-nm. Hcp Znhkw 6 Cv I\-n \nt-]n-m amen\yw Csn amen-\yn\p apI-fn \yqkv t] \nc-n-bn-SpI. ZpK-ap-m-In-.
Npcpn hoSp-I-fn amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW kwhn-[m-\-
m]n-m Ign-bm--hcpsS KmlnI amen\yw, am-v, s]mXpe -Fn-hn-S--fn\npw \K-c-k` tiJ-cn-p amen-\y XpS-n-bh kwkvI-cn-p--Xn\v Ghpw \ kwhn-[m-\-amWv
Fbvtdm-_nIv ItmnMv _npI-. ayw, amwkw, tImgn thv,
N-]n arKm-Zn-I DssS Fm-cw amen\yhpw Zp--anmsX CXn kwkvI-cn-mw. 70 Un{Kn skjykv hsc Xm]w
Dm-Ip--Xn-\m AWp-_m[ Hgn-hm-Ip-Ibpw, -IfI-fp-tSbpw apw
hnp-I \inp-Ibpw sNpw. CXv m]nm Ipdv ew
aXn. NmW-Itam NmW-I-n\nv thXn-cn _mIvSo-cn-btbm D]tbm-Kn-p Itm-nMv BWnXv.
Fbvtdm_nIv _n Bepgbn
Xriqcn ]e ^vfmpIfnepw ^mapIfnepw Xpqapgn Fbvtdm_nIv _n D]tbmKnpIbpw ê{]ZamsWv sXfnbpIbpw
52

sNbvXnpsnepw hn]peamb tXmXn Hcp \KcipNnXz ]cn]mSnbpsS `mKambn s]mXp CSfn Bepgbn-emWv Ch m]nsXv. 100 Fw m]nv {]h\w \Spp. CXv 200 apX
300 hscbmbn hnnm\mWv {ianpXv. Fs\ Xpqapgn
tamU Hcp Imbns `mKambn ammw FXn\v Hmcw A\p`h]mTamWvv Bepg-bnse "\ne `h\w \ne \Kcw ]Xn.'
BZyLn ]coWmSnm\ntmepw Fbv t dm_nIv _npI s]mXpev m]npXnt\mSv iamb
{]Xntj[apmbn. As\bmWv BZys Fbvtdm-_nIv _n
m]npXn\v \Kcnse Ghpw hrnlo\amb Ipq\Ifnsemmb ]gb cm[m Smokv t]mbn v Xncs-SpXv. ChnsS
k\mX\ [ s]]nqSns aXnent\mSp tNv
BZys Fbvtdm_nIv _n m]np. ChnsS Fp sNpXn\pw Bcpw FXncp \nevt Imcyantm. Atm InSpXns\m IqSpX tamiamm Bpw Ignbpambn-cpn.
BZyw amen\y \ow sNbvXp. AXn\ptijw Hcp \n_nV
h\ns Nn{Xw hcv kvIq aXn Aecnp. \Kc
kucyhevcW ]cn]mSnbpsS `mKambn Ftm sNppsht
]ecpw [cnpq. ]t, sjpbp. AXn\pn \mev
Fbvtdm_nIv _npIfpw. Bcpw FXncp\nn.
tIm{Iov XqWp-I-fn tIm{Iov Pmen-I sImmWv
_np- I Xm- d m- n- b - X v . Fn- \ o- b - d nMv hni- Z mwi
As\nse FPn-\o-bam- Xmdmn. Xpqapgn amXr-I-bpsS
Kth-j-I-\mb tUm. -{^mknkv tkhy-dns tat\m-hpw. Nppw
]pp-]mIn ]q ]nSn-n-v ]nn-semcp Nn{X-`n-nbpw Xov
BZys Fbvtdm-_nIv _n Xm-dm-n.
amen\ykwkv I cWw shdpstStXm AdpfhmptXm Bb Hcp A\p`ha Fv GXm\pw amksImv
cm[maqebnse t_mysSpn. AXpsImv hgntcnbnse
Fbvtdm_nIv m]nm Xocpam\ntm Hcphn[nep FXnpw Dmbn.
Ctm Bepgbn Hcp Uk tI{fn Fbvtdm_nIv
_npI m]nnpv. Ccp]sXw hscbp tI{fpapv.
]t, Chbn Ghpw P\{ibmIjn tI{w hgntcnbnse
hmSvkm ]mmWv. \Kcn\pnse Uw_nMv bmUv Hcp
]mmbn amnsbSp IYbmWv hmSvkm ]mn\p ]dbm\pXv. AhnsSbpmbncp s]mfn sInSw ]pXpn
AXn\pnemWv _npI m]nXv.
sIn-S-n\v ]pd-p Xpd ew ]e hen--n-ep

53
^nIvkUv, t]m-_n _tbm-Kymkv mp-I {]hn-p-I-bmWv. \n-e-`-h\w ]-Xnbn \S-m-p amen\y kwkvI-cW
kt- X - ImWm- s \- p- - h v Ch ]cn- N - b - s - S p- p
sUtamkvt{S-j sk-dm-bn-p IqSnbmWv CXv {]hn-p-Xv. amen\y kwkvI-c-W-hp-ambn _-s ]cn-]m-Sn-I-sfmw Cu
Itm-nMv tI{-ns ap-mWv \S-p--Xv. t\cs ChnsS
amen\yw \nt-]n-n-cp Bfp-Iv amen\yw Xcw-Xn-cnv _npI-fn \nt-]n-mw. CXns ]cn-]m-e-\-n-\mbn \K-c-k-`-bpsS
Poh-\-m-cp-v.
Cu dns \nmWw \Kc{i apgph BIjn
Iem]cn]mSnbmbn amdn. dnbmkv tImaphpw t_mkv IrjvWamNmcnbpaSw Hcp Uk\ntesd IemImcm HcmgvNtbmfw Iqmbn
{]hnmWv sInSfpsS s]mfn `nnI Nn{X
sImv AecnXv . Nmbw- N m- e npw Nn{Xw hcpw _n\mte
Nn{XImcm tamSn-]n-Sn-n Cu \K-c-am-en\y kwkvI-cW
tI{--fpsS amdnb apJ-Om-b-bpsS {]Xo-I-am-Wv. \K-c-hm-kn-I
Xcw-Xn-cn ssPh-am-en\yw _np-I-fn \nt-]n--Ww. kmh-[m\- a m- s W- nepw \Kcw Cu Nn- b n- t ev \S- p- \ o- pIbmWv .
amen\yw tiJ-cnv ktm-Z-b-]p-cs -dp-I-fn-tev sImp
t]mbn-cp \K-c-k`m sXmgn-em-fn-I Fbvtdm-_nIv -dp-I-fpsS
Npa-X-e-m-cmbn amdn-. Fbvtdm-_nIv _np-I-fn Icn-bn-ebpw NmWIhpw amen-\yhpw CS-hn-mWv \nt-]n-p-X
- v. NmW-I
- n\p ]Icw
Ctm Ct\m-pew D]-tbm-Kn-p-p. Icn-bne IqSntb Xocq. Icnbne tiJ-cn-p-Xpw kqn-p-Xpw Cu \K-c-k`m sXmgn-em-fnI-fm-Wv. \K-ck
- `
- b
- nse InP v Poh-\
- m-cpsS D-ch
- m-Zn-Xz-fpw
tPmenbpw ]p coXn- I smv amdp- I - b m- W v . \K- c - k `m
Iukn- e ns apssIbpw Poh- \ - m- c psS k- - X - b p- a mWv
Ccw am- kmy-am-Ip--Xv.
Bepgbnentm ]e hyXykv X k{Zmbfnep
Fbvtdm_nIv _npI sImp ]coW \Sppv.
Inbp hbsajv sImp hnep _npIfmWv
AXnsemv. Ib hyhkmbn\p Nmb hcpXv henb
mnIv _npIfnemWv. Npcpnb hnebvv Ah hmm Ignbpw.
Ahbvp henb XpfIfnv _npIfpmn ]conppv.
tImbq ImjnI kIemime hnIknnsSp
Ct\mpew ASnb NIncntm _npIfpw ]coWmSnm\n {]hnppv. ipNnXztIcfw ]cn]mSnbneqsS
Fbvtdm_nIv _npI tIcfnepS\ofw {]Ncnnp XpSn.
ipNnXzanj C\nbpw AwKoImcw \evInpSnbnn. P\Iob
54

aptfn\nv F{Xtbm ]pdInemWv km kwhn[m\sfv HcnqSn CXp kqNnnpp. ]teSpw Xpqapgn

tamUen\v Cuj hyXymk hcpn ]pXnb t]cpIfnmWv
hnfnpXv . Bepgbn shdpw Fbv t dm_nIv _n FmsWn Xncph\]pcv CXv {]nbw _nmbn Xop.

55
mnIv Fp sNWw?
cm-bn-c-n-]-{nse ag-m-ew. Fd-Wm-Ip-fs CS-n
tSm PMvj-\n Ac-sbmw shw. tZiob]mXbn KXmKXw
kvXw`np. Agnm\mIm {Sm^nIv Ipcpn \Kcw hopapn.
If-a-tcn \K-c-k`m A[n-Ir-X tdmUn-\-Sn-bnqsS t]mIp HmS
Ipnsmfnv ]cn-tim-[\ \Snbtm temdnW-n\v mnIv.
CXv sIn-n-Sv HmS BsI tmm-b-XmWv ^vfmjv ^vfUn\v
Imc-W-am-b-Xv. temdn-I-fn Ibn mnIv \on-bXv Av henb
hm-bm-bn-cp-p.
Imehjmev shandptm \ZntbmcfpsSsbmw hrepIfn mnIv InpI XqnnSpXp
ImWmdnt. \ZnbneqsS HgpIn ISentesp mnIv
IpnIfpsSbpw Hcp sNdp`mKw am{Xta hcq CXv. ISens ASnnepw shcn\p Xmsgbmbpw mnIv IppIqSn ayhmktbmKyamXmbn Xonpv . Ccnep Ghpw henb
amen\y{]tZiw imkap{ZnemWv. Ggpew apX ]Xn\p
ew hsc NXpc{i Intemao hnkvXrXnbn mnIv amen\yfm kap{Zw ChnsS aen\oIcnsnpv.
C\n mnIv ans InSmtem? {Zhn-msX e-W-n\v hjw an InS-m tijnbp ]ZmamWv mnIv.
CXnemWv \mw ssPhamen\yw sIn hensdnbpXv. C{]Imcw
sNbvXm mn-n-sbpw ssPh-am-en-\y-n-sbpw kwkvI-cWw
Akm-y-amIpp. Ccn ASnpIqSp mnIv ante-v
shw DundpXp XSbpw. shhpw hmbphpw IS-m-sX,
an \St ssPh-{]-{In-b-I XS-b-sSpw. av acnpw.
56

{ZhnmsX InSp mnIv hnL-Sn--s-SpXp aqeapmIp

cmk- h - k v X p- Iev apw shhpw hnjabamIpw.
Cs\bpmIp L\- t em- l - - f n ]eXpw amc- I - t cm- K fpmp sImSpwhnjfmWv. C-c-n Ghpw A]-I-SI-c-amb coXn-bn-emWv \mw mnIv ssIImcyw sNp-Xv.
]nI 5.1
an Aenp tNcm hyXykvX ]Zmv th
Imebfhv
hkvXp
(hjw)
mnIv _mKv
Aeq-an-\nbw
Sn
Ubm-]
seX jq
XSn
XpWn-kn
t] _mKv
ssPh-am-en\yw
10 ew
200500
80100
500600
4050
1015
5 amkw
1 amkw
3050 Znhkw
mnIv Afhpw Xchpw

temIs mnns Dev]mZ\hpw D]tbmKhpw ASnSn
DbpsImncnpIbmWv. 1950 15 ew S mnmbncpp
Dev]mZ\w. cmbncammbtmtgpw CXv GXmv 20 tImSn
Smbn. Ctm h\bpsS tXmXp Ipdnpv . Ign
Zim_vZn Hmtcm hjhpw \mep iXam\amWv h\. 2012
temI Dev]mZ\w 28 tImSn SmWv. 80 ew SmWv Cybnse
D]tbmKw.
BtKm- f - X - e - n \K- c - a m- e n- \ y- ns 2.6 iX- a m- \ - a mWv
mnIv amen\yw. Cy-bn CXv 0.6 iX-am\w am{X-am-Wv. Fm
tIc-f-nse \K-c-{]-tZ-i--fn amen-\y-nse mn-ns Afhv
4 apX 6 iX-am\w hsc-bm-Wv. hnI-knX cmPy--fnse 8 iXam\nt\mSv ASpp \nevp nXnbmWnXv. D]-tbm-Knv hens-dn-bp Pohn-X{- I-aa
- mWv mnIv amen-\y-ns h-\h
- n\v ImcWw Fp hy-am-Wv. \psS D]-tbm-K-{I-a-amWv mn-ns\ ]cnnXn {]iv\
- f
- n {]Xn-bm-p-X
- n\v {][m\ ImcWw.
ap ]Zm--sf At]-nv mn-n\v ]e ta-I-fp-ap-v.
`mc-p-d-hv, _ew-Iq-Sp-X, Ipd {Zhn- \nc-v, GXp cq]-

57
nepw sskknepw Dev]---fmn amm-sa ta, ]ns hnep-d-hpw-. mnIv F {Kop ]Zns Aw Xs Ffpn cq]t`Zw hcpm\mhpXv FmWv . CXpaqeamWv
mnns D]tbmKw ASnSn DbpsImncnpXv.
Ifn- m- - apX hnam- \ - ns \nm- W - n\v hsc
mnIv Hgn-hm-m-\m-Im ]Zm-am-Wv. Ir{Xna Ah-b-h--fpsS
\nn-Xn-bnepw mnIv {][m\w Xs. hop-]I
- c
- W
-
- fpw NnInm
D]-I-c-W-fpw Fn\v mnIv Hgn-hmn a\p-jy-Po-hnXw aptmp
t]mIpI kmy-a-m \ne. AtX-k-abw BsI mnIv D]-tbmK-ns 35 iX-am\w ]mt-Pnn-\mWv D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. Cu
]mt-PnMv sao-cn-b-ep-I-fmWv mn-n\v Cs hn ]cnthjw \evIn-bn-p--Xv.
]nI 5.2
mn-ns D]-tbmKw
taJe
]mtPnMv
\nmWw
CeIv{Sn/CeIvt{SmWnIv hkvXp
hop]IcW
KXmKXw
Irjn
Ifnm
NnIn
sNcpv \nmWw
aph
iX-am\w
35
23
8
8
8
7
3
2
2
3
Source: Plastic and Environment - Centre for Excellence in

Environmental Economics. Madras School of Economics
Hcp]mSv Xcw mnpIfpvv. Chsb s]mXphmbn cmbn
Xncnmw. do sskn sNm ]phbpw ]mhbpw. BZytXns\ sXtam mnpI Fp hnfnpp. Ch NqSmptm arZphmIpIbpw cq]amw hcpn ]pXnb Dev]
DmpIbpw sNmw. cmatXns\ sXtam sknMv mnIv
Fp hnfnpp. Cu mnpI Hcn skp sNbv X p
Ignm tIm{Iopt]mencnpw. NqSmn av Dev]
Dmm Ignbn. sXtam mnns Nne DZmlcW
]dbmw.
58

hm t_mnepw apw Dmp PET (polyethylene terephthalate), ]m hcp Ih, Isbn\dpI Fnh Dmp
HDPE (High-denstiy polyethylene), InpIfpw apw Dmp
LDPE (Low denstiy polyethylene), tI_nfpI, ss]v FnhbpsS
\nmWn\v D]tbmKnp PVC (polyvinyl chloride), s]mXnbm D]tbmKnp t\ mnIv jopw apw Dmp PP
(polypropylene), CD, DVD FnhbpsS \nmWn D]tbmKnp PS (Polystyrene) Fnhsbmw sXtam mn-pIfmWv.
CXn shPn mnpI FdnbsSph cp aqp XhW
am{Xta do ssknn\p hnt[bamm Ignbq. Hmtcm Lnepw
mn-ns in KWyambn bnpw. ]ns Dt]n-pItb
c-bpq.
mnIv B`cW, _WpI, dq^nMv jopI, Ipj\pI, _pjpI, ss\tem FnhbpsSsbms \nmWn\v
D]tbmKnncnpXv sXtamskv mnmWv. NqSmnbm
InbpcpIn In]nSnp mnmWnh. Hcn In]nSnp
Ignm ]ns Hcnepw ]gbcoXnbnemm Ignbn. Xqew
Ch s]mXphn do ssknn\p hgn. t]v, acppI
FnhbpsSsbmw Sq_pI, Ih Fnh Dmp mnpw
CtX kz`mhapXmWv.
taev]dXn\nv HcpImcyw hyw. mnIv t]mepw
XcwXncnmte imkv { Xobambn do sskn sNpXnt\m
kwkv I cnpXnt\m Ignbq. Fs\bmWv mnns\
ssIImcyw sNpXv? mnIv Iqnbnp InpIbmWv Ctm
hoSp-I-fnepw tI{oIrX mpIfnepsams Ctm sNbvXphcpXv. In--gn-m mnns Afhv KWy-ambn Npcp-pw.
]t, AXv ans InS-p-Ibpw sNpw. Cs\ mnIv
In-p-Xv hfsc A]-I-S-I-c-am-Wv. In-p-tm mn-n
\nv amc-I-amb hnj-hmXI Dm-Ip-p. izmktImk ImkdSw amcIamb tcmKp ImcWamIp hnjhmXIfmWnh. mnIv InpXv ]cnnXnpw BtcmKyn\pw Hcpt]mse lm\nIcamWv. Atmns Fp sNmw?
tdmUp \nmWn\v
mnIv D]tbmKnp tdmUp SmdnMv Hcp kwkv I cW
kmyXbmWv. Agpp \onb mnIv cp apX \mev ano
ao hsc henn AcnbpIbmWv BZyw sNpI. saepw
apw 160-170 Un{Kn NqSmn Acn mnIv AXntep tNpp.
Smdnn\p]tbmKnp hkv X pfpsS BsI `mcns 10

59
iXam\w mnIv tNmw. CXntev 150---160 Un{Kn NqSn Sm

Dcpn tNpp. Cu an{inXw tdmUv- Smdnn\v D]tbmKnpp.
mnIv- DcpIn tNcptXmsS Dntev shw CdpXv
XSbsSpw. tdmUp s]mfnp IpgnI DmIm\p kmyX
CtXmsS Ipdbpat{X. CXv tIcfn\v- henb D]Imcambncnpw.
mnIv tdmUpI ]p sImmew tISpIqSmsX \nevpsav
]dbsSpp. CXns hym]Iamb {]mtbmKnI kmyXI
ASnbcambn tXSWw.
Hcp Imcyw HmWw. sXtam mnIv am{Xta CXn
D]tbmKnm Ignbq. Ipd ssat{Im D InpI Hpw
ChnsS ]n. Agpp \on, XcwXncn mnIv am{Xta CXnepw
D]tbmKnm Ignbq. hensdnm CsXmpw \Sn
Fw. Fmcw mnpw Cwt]mse D]tbmKnv hensdnmepw {]iv\w kmtXnIhnZy ]cnlcnpsImpw F
kao]\w ]n Fv kmcw. \psS coXnIfn amw IqSntb Xocq.
mkvam ss]tdmenknkv
amen\ys HmIv k nPs Akmnyn hnLSnnv
hmXIfmn amp {]{InbbmWv mkvam ss]tdmenknkn
\SpXv. Ckn\tddpIfnsetmse amen\yw InpIb
ChnsS sNpXv. Db sshZypXn ISnhnv krjvSnp
CeIv{Sn Bn amen\yw hnLSnv hmXIfmbn amdpp.
aotY, Im_ tamtWmIvsskUv, Im_ UtbmIvsskUv,
ssl{UP, sslt{Um Im_WpI FnhbmWv Hmw
Ln cq]sSpXv. Cu hmXI Db thmXbn
Inptm Im_ UtbmIvsskUpw Pehpw DmIpp.
CXmWv mkvam ss]tdmenknkn \SpXv.
amcIamb hnjhmXI DmIm\p kmyX hncfamWv
FXmWv CXns ]mcnnXnI ta. Fm CXns
sshZypXnsehv Xmm\mhn. mkv a m Ihdn\pnse
Dujvamhv Ips\ Dbcpw. Cu NqSns\ mns ]pdtmSn
FmsX XSbp sse\dpI Cu kwhn[m\ns {][m\
`mKamWv. CXn\v Xmm\mhm hnebmWv. CXv hjmhjw
amtnbpw hcpw. CXn\ms mkv a m ss]tdmenknkv
\KckÌp Xmmhp Hcp kwhn[m\a.
mnIv do ssknfnMv
tdmUv Smdnn\v ]cnanXamb tXmXn mnIv D]tbmKsSpmw. ap cp amfpw Xev mew {]mtbmKnIa.
60

]nsmWv sNpI? mnIv tiJcnv AXv do sskn sNp

shamp hnevpIbmWv amw. CXn\p cp \n_\Ifpv. Hv, sXtam mnpI thXncnsSpWw. cv,
Ahbn ssPhamen\y ]mSn.
mnIv Ih- d p- I fpw apev ] - - fpw IgpIn hrn- b mn
hbvm P\sf t{]cn-n-Ww. mnIv IhdpIfpw apw IgpIn
Iodn Fsnepw sImfpn XqnbnSpXmWv Ghpw Daw.
Xcw-Xn-cnv hrn-bm-nb mnIv amen-\y- IrXy-amb CS-thf-I-fn hoSp-I-fn\npw tiJ-cn-p-I. hmUp-X-e-ntem ctm
aqtm hmUp-Imtbm Ch tiJ-cn-p-hbv-m-\m-h-iy-amb dnhdn sk-dp-I m]n-p-I. Xcw-Xn-cnv Ch do ssk-nfnn\v
ssIam- d p- I . \Kck`bpw B{In hym]mcnIfpambn Icmdn
GsSWw. hyXykvX C\w mnpI \nnX CSthfIfn
tiJcnm Icmdn hyh thWw. mnpw apw
tiJcnphcpw B{In hym]mcnIfpw sNp ]cnnXn
tkh\w sNdpX. do ssknfnMv kmyamXpw AXpt]mse
hrnlo\amb mnpIfpw Aansn (s_bvev sNbvXv)
kqnWw. 45 ew cq]bvv s_bvenMv b{w hmmw.
Xangv\mnemWv Ctm do ssknfnMv hyhkmbtI-{fpXv. mnIv do ssk-nfnMv tI{-sfmpw bmsXmcp ]cn-nXn
kpc-bpw ]men-m-sX-bmWv {]hn-p--sXv ]T-\-
Nqn-m-Wn-n-p-v. mn-ns Dev]m-Z-\-nepw AXp-]-tbm-Knp hnhn[ hkvXp--fpsS \nm-W-nepw mn-ns kwkvIc-W-nepw C-t-Xn-t\-m ]cn-nXn kulr-Z-]-c-amb coXnIfpw apw Dm-I-Ww.
D]tbmKw IpdbvpI
Cu ]men mnIv D]tbmKw ]camh[n Ipdbvm\mWv \mw {iantXv. bYm-n Cu mnIv Dev]w
F\nv Ctm Bh-iy-amtWm? D]-tbm-Kt- ijw CXv Fp-sNpw?
CXn\p ]Icwhbvm-hp {]IrXn kulrZ Dev] Dtm?
mnIv Dev] D]tbmKnptm Fmhcpw kzbw Cu
tNmZy tNmZnWw. CXns Dc\pkcnv mnIv
D]tbmKw \nb{nm {ianWw
D]-tbm-Kn tijw hen-s-dn-bp Unkvt]m-kn-_n mnIv
Dev]-- (m-nIv Ip-I, tp-I, `Ww s]mXn-bp
jop-I) HgnhmpI. km-c-th-f-I-fn mkv, o, kndm-anIv
Fnh sImp ]m{X--tfm, hmg-bn-e, ]mf XpS-nb {]Ir-XnkulrZ hkvXp-tfm am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-q Fv Xocp-am-\n-mw.

61
ISbn t]mIptm kn, ]m{X- Fnh Icp-Xp-I. km[-\ t]sImv s]mXnp hmpI.
mnIv Ipn-I-fn hcp eLp-]m-\o-b-fpw ]g-m-dp-Ifpw
]c-am-h[n Ipdbv-p-I. mnIv kvt{Sm thsv hbvp-I. Aem-cm-h-iy-v mnIv sImSn, tXmc-W-, ]q, sXtamtm XpS-nb Dev]-- Hgn-hmn IS-em-kv, XpWn, kky-`mK- Fnh D]-tbm-Kn-p-I. o Sn^n t_mIvkp-I, o
hmt_mnepI Fnh ioeampI.
mnn\v ]Icw D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp hkvXp- Isn
D]-tbm-K-n sImp-h-cn-I-sb-Xv {][m-\-am-Wv. 40 ssat{ImWn Xmsg-bp mnIv Iymcn-_m-Kp-I-fpsS \nb-{Ww \n-am-p--tXm-sSmw t], XpWn Iymcn-_m-Kp-I hym]-I-ampIbpw thWw. IpSpw-_{io bqWn-p-Isf ]cn-io-e\w \evIn Xmdmn Dev] \nmW bqWn-m-cw-`n-mw. I-hS m]-\--fn
Ccw {]Ir-Xn-ku-lrZ Dev]-- am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-q Fv
Dd-p-h-cp-Ww. Iymcn-_m-Kp-I \n--ambpw hne CuSmn
am{Xta I-hS m]-\--fn\nv e`n-p-I-bp-q-shv Dd-m-Ww. ]pXnb _mKp-I F-Xn\p ]Icw \ne-hn-eph ]p\-cp-]tbm-Kn-m t{]cn-n-Ww.
62

P\Iob Imbn Fs\?

ip NnXztIcfn\p thnbp {]h\ns apJy
khntijX AXv P\Iob {]m\ns cq]n kwLSnn-sncnpp FmWv. km[mcWKXnbn km {]m\- n s cq]ne {]hnpXv , NfpsSbpw Iogv h gfpsSbpw ASnm\nemWv. P\{]Xn\n[nI Xocpam\saSppp, DtZymKt{iWn AXp \Smpp. ]etmgpw
DtZymKcpsS Nphp\mSbnsv Xocpam\ \Smm
]msX t]mIpp. P\ ChnsS KpWt`mm am{XamWv.
]mfnIf. Cusbmcp nXnhntijw Ahkm\nnv ssZ\wZn\
`cWn P\p t\cnp ]mfnw \ev I pXn\p
thnbmWv P\Iobmkq{XWneqsS {ianXv. Htsd t\fpw
amXrIm]- c amb {]h\fpapmbn. ]t, Cp \mw
Xncnpt\mptm P\Iobmkq{XWns BZifn\nv Xti`cWm]\ AIpt]mIpXmbnmWv
ImWpXv. tI{kwm\ kmcpIfpsS IpnXnpIfmbn
]etmgpw Ch A[x]Xnpp. ipNnXz]cn]mSn \SmpXv Xtikzbw`cW m]\fpsS t\XrXznemWv. Fm amaq
coXnhnv P\Iobmkq{XW Imest]mse P\Iob-{]m\ambnmWv ipNnXz]cn]mSn BhnjvIcnm Dtinp-Xv.
{]m\ns cq]n ipNnXz]cn]mSn kwLSnnpXns bpn BapJ Aymbns hniZoIcnnpv.
P\fpsS a\pamdmsX amen\yamt\Pv s a v kmya.
amen\yanm sXcphpIv hensdnbm a\pthWw.
CXn\v P\a\pI Hcp {]m\ns kmIaqibn

63
]cphsSpnsbSpWw. Hcp henb P\Iob aptamn amnsmt ipNnXz {]m\s hnPbnnsenphm Ignbq.
\Kck`bpsS NSn ]cn]mSn FXn\pdw hyXykvX hn`mKw
P\fpw P\{]Xn\n[nIfpw DtZymKcpw ssItIm-p Hcp
aptamIWw CXv. P\Iobmk{XW{]m\w krjvSn k
{]h\ns ssNX\yw hosSpWw. P\obImbn
aptdptms hntI{oIrX amen\y kwkvIcW
kwhn[m\w mbnbmpXn\p NnIfpw kwhn[m\fpw
cq]sSpm\pw {ithWw.
FmWv ]mfnw?
tIcfnse P\fn alm`qcn]hpw GsXnepw
_lpP\kwLS\Ifn AwKfmWv. cmjv{Sob ]mnIfpsS
{]hItcm A\p`mhnItfm BWv. ]mfnsam Hs
hynIfpsS ]mfnw am{Xa, Cu _lpP\kwLS\IfpsS
]mfnamWv. t{SUv bqWnb\pI, IjIkwL, hnZymn bphP\kwLS\I, alnfmkwLS\I XpSnbh-sbmw
kPoh]mfnw DdphcpWw. CXn\psmcp amw ipNnXzImbn\pthn \Kck`m hmUpXefn cq]oIcn-sSp
P\Iob kanXnIfn Chsmhpw {]mXn\n[yw \evIpI
FXmWv. Hcp]t, AwKfpsS Fw IqSntmImw. Fncpmepw {]mXn\n[yw {][m\amWv. {]mtbmKnI{]h-\v
FIvknIyqohv InnIfpw BImw.
ipNnXz]cn]mSn hoSpIsf tI{oIcnp {]h\amWtm
apJyambpw hcpXv. AXpsImv Bhmkew tI{oIcnv cq]w
sImnp Abqpw dknU v k v Atkmkntbj\pIpw kp{][m\amsbmcp ]v ipNnXz{]m\n hlnm\pv. AtXmsSmw _pI, hmb\imeI XpSnbh-bpsS
]mfnhpw {][m\amWv.
\Kck`mXenep hn]peamb _lpP\ Ishj\n
shpthWw \Kck`bpsS ipNnXz Iuknen\p cq]w \evtIXv. hmUnepw CXpt]mep Ishj\pI thWw. CXn\p
]pdsa, Hmtcm hmUnsebpw {][m\ IqmbvaIfpsS tbmKw tNcWw.
dknU vkv Atkmkntbj\pI, IpSpw_{io, Abq,
v hmb\imem `mchmlnI, cmjv{Sob aXkw-LS\I FnhbpsS tbmKw {]tXyIw hnfnpIqpI. Hmtcmcp-cpw \evtI
klmbw, \nlnt NpaXeI Chsbmw IrXyambn
Xocpam\nWw. \Kck`bpsS t\XrXzn sNp Imcy
Cu tbmKfn t_mysSppI.
64

{]mtbmKnI{]h\p thn Hmtcm hmUpIsfbpw

50100 hoSpIfpsS dpIfmbn XncnWw. Cu dpI
\nehnep dknU v k v Atkmkntbj\pIfpsS, Asn
Ab-qfpsS FepII IqSn IWnseSpv Xocpam\nm
{]h\ kpKaamIpw. Hmtcm dn\pw Hcp tIm Inn
thWw. Chcmbncnpw, {]mtbmKnIambn {]h\v t\XrXzw \evIpI.
]mfnsam kwLS\mt\XrXzfpsS Hu]NmcnIambnp AwKXznsemXpm ]mSn. Hmtcm _lpP\kwLS\bpw
AhcpsS AwKfpsS hoSpIfn kwkv I cW D]IcW
m]npXn\v apssIsbSpmhpXmWv . AwKv
t_m[hevcWn\p tbmKfpw kwLSnnmhpXmWv.
Poh\mcpw sXmgnemfnIfpw Ah tPmen sNp m]\fpw
]cnkcfpw ipNnbmbn kqnpXn\p thnbp kqvaXe
m\pI DmpIbpw \SmpIbpw sNmw.
CtXmsSmw tbmKfneqsS ipNnXz Imbns Hmtcm
Lnse {]h\fpw ]camh[n BfpIv hyamnsm-Sp-pIbpw Amcy XfpsS {]tZiv \SmpXv
kw_np Xocpam\fn Ahsc kPoh ]mfnIfmpIbpw thWw. CXn\p thnhcp {]bXv\w kab\jvSambn
IWmm ]mSn. Xocpam\n ]mfnapsnte \SmpXns NpaXe Bmambn GsSpq.
IpSpw_{io Abqfpw dknU vkv Atkmkntbj\p-Ifpw

]mfnw DdmpXn IpSpw_{io dknU vkv Atkmkntbj\p ]v kqNnnphtm. cp encw IpSpw_{io bqWnpIfnembn 30 entesd kv{XoI AWn\ncnpv. tIcfnse ]IpXn hoSpIfntev ipNnXz-ktiw XpSbmbn FnpXn\v Ghpw ê{]Zamb amw IpSpw_{io
hgnbp t_m[hev cWamWv . km[mcW- mv amen\ykwkvIcW D]m[nI hmpXn\p hmbv]bpw IpSpw_{io
hgn e`yamm\mhpw. Bepgbnse Nne F Un FkpI kzoIcn amw CXmWv. _tbmKymkv mp hmpXn\p 3500 cq]
kzw ^n\nv ]eniclnX hmbv]bmbn \evIpp. Hmtcm
BgvNbpw e`yamIp Kymkns ]mNIhmXIhne IWmn
BgvNtXmdpw XncnShv \nPsSp-pp. A\yYm ]mNIhmXI
Kymkn\mbn sNehgntnbncp XpI Hc hjtmfw
ASbvptXmsS hmbv]bpsS IShpw hoSpp.

65
IpSpw_{io F Un Fkns klmbtmsS _tbmKymkv

mpIfpw ss]v ItmpIfpw ]cn]menpXn\p sSIv\n ktmv Sow Asn sabn\kv Sow cq]oIcn-Ww.
Xncph\]pcv Ctm hnhn[ tkh\mbn \nbn-np
ôkv Xmsg sImSppp.
1. ss]p Itmv, _tbmKymkv mpIfn amen\yw \nt]nv Ah {]hnnpI 200 cq]
2. honse amen\yw tiJcnv s]mXp Fbvtdm_nIv _npIfn
\nt]npI 150 cq]
3. _tbmKymkv mpIfpsS {]h\n\p tat\mw hlnpI 100 cq]
4. ss]v ItmpIfpsS tat\mw 100 cq]
5. mnIv amen\yw amkn cp {]mhiyhpw ap AssPh
amen-\y amkn Hcp XhWbpw \ow sNpI 60
cq].
Cu \ncpI IcSp \ntiw am{XamWv. hmUv ipNnXzkanXn-bmbncnpw Ana Xocpam\saSppI. Hcp kokv Sow AwKn\v {]Xnamkw 7500-10,000 cq] e`nWw. o sh Poh\m
XpSnb t]cpIfnemhn Ch AdnbsSpXv. sSIv\n
kokv Sow AwK Fmbncnpw. Cu ]Zhnv A\pkcnp
imkv{X kmtXnI ]cnioe\fpw Ahp e`npw.
IpSpw_{iobn IqSpX ]mhshcpw km[mcWmcpamWv.
\Kcfnse CScmsc {]Xn\n[oIcnpXv dknU vkv
Atkmkntbj\mWv . km[mcWKXnbn hmUpXen
Atkmkntbj\pIv AsIvkv kanXnIfpw DmImdpv.
dknUkv Atkmkntbj\pIv AhcpsS AwKhoSpIfnse
ipNnXz ]cn]mSnbpsS NpaXe Gev]nmw. KmlnI amen\yw
kwkv I cnpXn\v am{Xa, sXcphpIfpw apw hrnbmbn
kqnpXn\pw dknUkv Atkmkntbj apJy]phlnm\mhpw. kokv Sow AwKp ôkv hopIm
\evIpXn\v Atkmkntbj\pIv \nw sNepm\m-hpw.
^vfmp kapbtmtcmn\pw {]tXyIw Atkmkntbj\pI km[mcWamWv. ^vfmpIsf kw_nStmfw
s]mXphmbp kwkvIcW kwhn[m\ A\nhmcyamWv. Cv
s]mXphn IphcpXv Ckn\tddpI m]nv amen\y
FcnpIfbemWv . Cu Ckn\tddpI AXy]qamtb
amen\ykwkv I cWn\p am\Z ]menppq.
ssPhamen\y _tbmKymtkm Itmtm BpIXs
thWw. CXn\mbp s]mXpkwhn[m\ \nnXamWw.
66

thXncn AssPhamen\y ^v f mpIfn\nv \ow

sNpXn\p kwhn[m\w ap\nknmenn DmpIbpw thWw.
Npcpn IpSpw_{io, dknU v k v Atkmkntbj,
^vfmv Atkmkntbj\pI XpSnb kqvaXe Ab]qmbvaIfmWv ipNnXz Imbn\ns Anhmcw. ChbpsS
FepII t\mnthWw dpI cq]oIcntXv. HmtcmXcw
kqvaXe IqmbvaIpw {]tXyIw ]cnioe\hpw A\nhmcyamWv.
hmSvkm _pIfpw hnZymnIfpw

ipNnXzktiw Fm hoSpIfnepsanm\p Ghpw \
ktihmlI hnZymnIfmWv. alm`qcn]w hoSpIfnsebpw
HcpIpnsbnepw GsXnepsamcp kvIqfn ]TnppmIpw.
kvIqfnshv ê{]Zambn ipNnXzt_m[hevcWw mknse
]mTfpambn _nnv \ev I m\mhpw. sIankv { Sn mkn\v
A\p_ambn Itmnnsbpw _tbmKymknsbpw
imkv{Xhpw Fhtbmsadv kbkpambn _sv aen\oIcWspdnpw Pohimkv{Xhpambn _sv ssPh-]dnsbpdnpw kmaqly]mThpambn _sv ipNnXz]u-c[spdnpw IpnIsf ]Tnnm\mhpw. CXv ]mTtmsSm-amImw,
Asn ]mTtmsSmap A\p_ mkpI hgnbmImw.
IznkpI, t{]mPIvSpI XpSn Htsd ]mTym\p_ {]h\ BhnjvIcnm Ignbpw.
Ccw {]h\ GtIm]nnpXn\p thn
IpnIfpsS ipNnXz_pIp cq]w\evImhpXmWv. Hmtcm
Unhnj\nepw cp IpnIv NpaXe. anIvkUv mkpIfn
\nambpw HcmIpnbpw Hcp s]Ipnbpw BbncnWw
NpaXem. Unhnj NpaXemcn\npw cpt]sc kvIq
Xe NpaXemcmbn sXcsSppI. thWsan 57 t]cSp Hcp SoapamImw. Hmtcm hn`mKnepw (bp ]n, Fv Fkv,
Fv Fkv Fkv) Hcp Sodn\v NpaXe thWw. Ctm/sl-v
_v NpaXem Xs CXnsbpw NpaXebn hcpXmIpw
\Xv. ipNnXzioe hoSn\pw \mSn\pw kaqln\pw ]Iv
\evIpI, amen\y Dev]mZ\w Ipdbvm ioennpI XpSn
honepw \mnepw at\m`mh amns ]XmI hmlIcmn
IpnIsf ampIbmWv hmSv k m _pIfpsS eyw. kv I q
ipNnXzhpw mnIv clnX hnZymebfpsams amXrIm eyfmn {]hnmw.
Unhnj Xe eoUamsc ]sSpnpsImp 23 Znhkw

67
\op \nevp hmSvk IympIfpw kvIqfpIfn ]camh[n

hnZym-nIsf ]sSpnpsImp GIZn\ IympIfpw {][m\amWv. IfnI, mkpI, FIvkn_nj\pI, ]mgvhkvXp- D]tbmKsSpnbp \nmW Fns\ sshhn[y am
]cn]mSnI Iymn DsSpmw. mnn\v ]Icw t]
_mKv / XpWn kn FnhbpsS {]NmcWn\v IpnIfpsS
apssI-bpmWw. t] _mKpIfpw apw \nnm IpnIv ]cnioe\w \evIpI.
Ghpw {][m\s {]h\w IpnIv hoSpIfn
sNm Ignbp t{]mPIvSpIfpw BIvSnhnnIfpamWv. CXphgn
ipNnXzw honsebpw Hcp Nmhnjbamn amm\mhpw. at\m`mh
amn\v apXnhsc t{]cnnm IpnIv Ignbpw. hmSvkm
_pI, F Fkv Fkv IympI, pU v tIUv s]meokv
Fnhsbms {]NcWn\v D]tbmKnmw. F Fkv Fkv
IympI {]mtZinI ipNoIcW {]h\fpambn _nnv
BhnjvIcnXns Htsd A\p`h Bepgbnepw Xncph\]p-cpapv. Bepgbnse IdpIbn hmUns\ Ip\mnse Hcp
lb skdn kvIqfnse IpnI ZsSpncnpIbmWv.
Ign cp {InkvXpakv IympIfpw Cu hmUnshmbncpp. Ctm Iymnsnepw Nne Znhkfn Cu F Fkv
Fkv bqWnp {]hI hmUp kinv ipNoIcW
{]h\-fn GsSpp.
pU v tIUv s]meokn\pw F kn kn pw sXcphpI
hrnbmbn kqnpXn\p Imbn\pI ê{]Zambn
GsSpmw. XfpsS kvIqfn\v ASpp Xncp GsXnepw
tdmUv en {ô tkmWmbn {]Jym]nmw. sXcsSps
Znhkfn bqWnt^man IpnI tdmp NppIbpw sXcphn
amen\yw hensdnbphsc hnkneSnp \nn hensdnh
XncnsSpm \ntinpIbpw sNmhpXmWv. hensdnbphsc \mWnnm CXp hfsc ê{]ZamWv. Htm ctm
amkwsImv Cu sXcphnse hensdnb Ahkm\npw.
Ccn `mh\m]qamb {]h\ IpnImbn
BhnjvIcnm IgnbWw.
Bm-hmbn k--{]-h-I
kmcXm{]m\nepw P\- I o- b m- k q- { XW {]m- \ nepsat]mse henbtXmXn k{]hIsc BIjnm Ignmte taev ] d coXnbnep {]h\
ê{]Zambn kwLSnnm Ignbq. A[n-Imc hntI-{o-I-cWw
68

mbn-bm-p--Xn\v thn \S kam-\-X-I-fn-m Hcp Imbn-\mbncptm P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-]-cn-]m-Sn. P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-Wns ASn-m\ t\-f

- n Hv k-X
- b
- psS ASn-m-\
- n
AWn-\n-c e-W
-
- n\v {]h-Ic
- m-bn-cp-p. {]N-mc-W
- n\pw
]Xn cq]o-I-c-W-n\pw kmtXnI ]cn-tim-[-\-Ipw hsc
k--{]-h-I AWn-\n-c A\p-`-h-am-Wv P\-Io-bm-kq-{XW
{]m-\-n-\p--Xv. k--{]-h-I {ItaW hntI-{o-Ir-Xmkq-{X-W- {]h\fn\npw ]nd-tIm-p-t]mbn. k kmtXnItk\bpw I-k-an-Xn-Ifpw Fmw `c-W-L-S\m_mly-amb CSs]-S-epIfm-sW-sms hsc hnai-\-ap-m-bn. Zu`m-Ky-I-c-amb
Cu kao-]\w Xti kzbw-`-cW m]-\--fnse P\-]-m-fnw
t]cn\p am{X-am-Ip--Xn-te-mWv \bn--Xv.
Fmepw P\-Io-bm-kq-{XWw hfnsbSp k-{]h\-ndm\p at\m`mhw A\p-Iqe k`--fn-semw
apf-\o-m ]mI-n Pohmbn \ne-\nevp-p-v. Bepgbnse
"\n-e`h\w \ne\Kcw' ]-Xn-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-nepw \Sn-nepw k{]-h-I-cpsS ]m-fnw \nm-b-I-am-bn-cp-p.
km DtZym-K-cmbn ]-Xn-bn-tev h-hcn ]ecpw k-{]-h-I-cmbn amdn. X-fpsS hIp-ns D-c-hm-ZnXzw am{Xa- , ]cn- ] m- S n- b psS Fm LS- I - - f nepw Xfmemhp
{]h\ kzw \nebn AhtcsSpp. hntI-{o-Ir-Xamb Hcp amen\y kwkvIc
- W ]cn-]mSn Dm-n-sb-Sp-t-Xv tIcfns s]mXp Bh-iy-am-sWp I-dn Ipsdt CXc PnI-fn\np-w Bepgbnsen {]h-\
- v t\XrXzw \evIn.
CXv GXp \Kcnepw kmyamWv. ]t, P\{]Xn\n[nIfpsSbpw Db DtZymKcpsSbpw at\m`mhn amw thWw.
A[nImchntI{oIcWw FXv tI{kwm\ kmcpIfpsS
{]mtZinI IpnXnpIf. adnv, P\ t\cnv `cWn
]mfnIfmIp {]Xy P\m[n]Xyns cq]fmWv F
[mcWbpsnte k{]hIcpsS CSs]S A\[nIrXamb ssIISe, P\Iob ]mfnns A\nhmcyLSIamWv Fp t_m[apmIq.
\psS \Kcfn dnb sNbvXnp Hcp]mSv s{]m^jWepIfpw Db DtZymKcpapv. Ahscsbmw ipNnXz {]m\ntev BIjnm\mhWw. tIhew t_m[hev-cW {]h\fn am{Xa \qX\ kmtXnI hnZyI BhnjvIcn-pXn\pw {]NcnnpXn\pw Chp henb ]phlnm-\mhpw.

69
DtZymK
t_m[hev cW {]h\pw {]NmcWpw
KpWt`mmsf BIjnpXn\psamw taev]d Fm
hn`mKpw hlnmhp ]v AhnXnXamWv. KmlnI
D]m[nIfpsS ]cn]me\w sSIv\n ktmv SoapI \Spw.
]t, {]mtZinI s]mXp kwkvIcW kwhn[m\fmb
Fbvtdm_nIv _npIfpw hInS _tbmKymkv mpIfpw Fs\
]cn]menpw? AXpt]mseXs dntkmgvkv dnhdn skdpIfpsS
{]h\hpw XpSbmbn \Stp HmWv . CXn\v
DtZymK IqSntb Xocq.
\KckÌfn ]pImev ipNoIcW {]h\
\SnbncpXv tXmnIfmbncpp. a\pjyhnkyw Npav aew
UntmIfn sImpt]mbncp ChcpsS Imew Zim_vZp
apt Ahkm\np. Fm hoSpIfn\npw m]\fn\npw hensdnbp amen\y tiJcnv Ahsb kwkvIcnpXn\pw bmUpIfn \nt]npXn\pw hn[ns
InsPkn Poh\m Cpw Hmtcm \KckÌfnepw Gsdbpv. ChcpsS NpaXeIfn ASnm\]camb amw hcppXn\mWv ipNnXzImbn eyanSpXv. hoSpIfn-shp Xs
amen\yw thXncnpXn\pw ]camh[n kwkv I cnp- Xn\pamWtm Imbn DupXv. _mnbph s]mXp kwhn[m\fn kwkvIcnpw. Cu ktXfpsS ]cn]me\-n-\p
sSIv\ojymcmbn Poh\m amdWw. CXneqsS am{Xta {]mtZinI s]mXpkwkv I cW kwhn[m\s kpnc- a mbn \ne\npXn\pw Ah amen\ytI{fmbn amdn Fpdp hcppXn\pw Ignbq. CXn\pXIp coXnbn imkv { X- k m- t XnI
hnZym`ymkhpw sshZKvy]cnioe\hpw Poh\mp \evtIXpv.
taev ] d {]hrnIv tat\mw hlnpXnt\msSmw \Kck`mPoh\mv{]tXyInv slv Ckvs]-IvSamvHcp khntijamb A[nImchpw NpaXebpapv. Ah
thWw amen\y XpSpw hensdnbphsc \nb{nm\pw
inn- m\pw. _Z kwkv I cW am krjv S n- pXnt\msSmw aen\oIcWw \SphsXnsc Ii\amb
inm\S]SnI kzoIcnpIbpw sNbvtX Xocq. cm{XnImefn
s]meokv klmbtmsS Poh\mcpsS kvIzmUpI ]t{SmfnMv
\SWw. ]ng CuSmpIbpw IpmsXnsc tIskSppIbpw
thWw. HntesdhW ]nSnsSp ISI thnhm
ko sNWw. amen\y XpSbmbn hensdnbm IqSpX
70

kmyXbp sXcphp aqeIfnepw apw HfnIymadI m]nWw. ]Ikabw ISIfn mnIv ]cntim[\ \SWw.
\ntcm[nX C\w mnpI ]nSnsSppIbpw inW\S]SnI kzoIcnpI-bpw thWw.
DtZymKcpsS at\m`mhamn\v Hu]NmcnI ]cnioe\w
am{Xw t]mc. ]cn]mSnI Bhnjv I cnpXnepw Ahsc
kPoh]mfnIfmWw. s]mXpth ]dm \Kck`m
Poh\mcn ipNnXz {]h\fn GsSp InsPkn
Poh\mtcmSv AhKW\bpw hnthN\hpw s]cpamn
{]ISamWv . CXnsemcp amw hcpWw. \Xp sNphsc
t{]mmlnnpIbpw AwKoIcnpIbpw thWw. Bepg
\Kck`bnse ipNnXz{]m\w hnkv a bIcamb amamWv
slv Poh\mcnepw InsPkn Poh\mcnepw hcpnbXv. CXmWv AhnSs ipNnXz{]h\w kpncampXn
\nmbIamb amw hcpnbXv. Cu amw GXp \Kck`bnepw
kmyamWv.
{]NmcWw
ipNnXz Imbn\ns apJy{]h\w {]NmcWamWv .
imkv { X{]m\w, kmcXmP\Iobmkq{XWw t]mep
Imbn\pI Fnh ê{]Zambn ]conp hnPbnnp
Htsd {]NmcW coXnI \appv. CXnsems ]mfnIfmbnphsc D]tbmKsSpm Ignm hfsc s]sv ipNnXz
{]NmcW {]h\ Dmbnbnemm Ignbpw.
Hmtcm hmUnsebpw sXcsSps tI{fn hnhn[
kwkvIcW kwhn[m\fpsS {]Zi\w, ]mpI, IemPmYI
XpSn Fmhtcbpw BIjnm Ignbp P\Iobamb
Iemcq] {]NmWn\mbn D]tbmKnmw. ^vfmjv tam_pt]mep- ]pXpatbdnb coXnI XmcXtays\ sNehp IpdXpw
P\{i IqSpX BIjnm\pXIpXpamb Bib {]NmcWcoXnIfmWv.
IemPmYbmWv km{XnIambn D]tbmKsSpp Hcp
ktXw. ipNnXzns BhiyIX hnfnp ]dbp Hcp sXcphp
\mSIns kv{In]vv IspIbmWv IemPmYbpsS BZy]Sn.
imkv{XkmlnXy]cnjv t]mep kwLS\I, ipNnXzanj,
Bepg \Kck` Fnh Ccw kv{In]vpI Xmdmnbnpv.
ChbntesXnepw sXcsSpmepw aXnbmIpw. 15 t]
ASp Hcp IemSoans\ Xmdmn, th{X ]cnioe\w \evIn
IemPmY Hcpmw. IpnIfpsS ]mfnw DdmWw.

71
am[yafneqsS {]NmcWw, t]m {]NmcWw, _m\

ssUv {]Zi\w, P\]mfntmSbp ipNnXz BtLmj kwLSnn XpSn ipNnXz ]cn]mSn P\fpsS Dhamn amWw.
am[ya]npW
apIfn hnhcn coXnI apJyambpw hynIfntetm
sNdpIqfntetm Fnm\p {]h\fmWv. ipNnXz
Imbn ê{]ZamIWsan ktiw Fm P\fntepsaWw. ]{Xw, sSenhnj, tdUntbm t]mep _lpP\
am[yafmWv CXn\p amw. \mw kwLSnnp Hcp tbmKw
am[yahmIfmbn amdptm NSn ]sSpp \qtdm
Bbnctam t]cnte, Ah \KchmknIfmb ]Xn\mbncp ipNnXz ktiamIpp.
ê-{]-Z-amb hnI-k\ Imbn _lp-P-\-am-[y-a--fpsS ]npW-tbmsS Fs\ hfn-sb-Spmw F-Xns Da DZm-l-cW-amWv km-cXm {]m-\w. P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-Whpw XpS--n
km-{Xn-I-amb am[ya ]npW t\Sn. Fm ]noSv tNcn-Xn-cnhp-Ifpw hnai-\--fpw-sImv A-cow apJ-cn-X-am-b-tXmsS
kt-i- ]m-e _l-f-n apn-tmbn. P\-Io-bm-kq{X-W-nse h\n-Xm-L-S-I-]--Xn-bpsS hnP-bhpw ]nIh D]-]-Xn-bpsS Xmc-X-tay\ ]ntm--Snbpw kwthZ\ hnP-b-]-cm-P-b-fpsS ASn-m-\-n hni-Zo-I-cn-p {]am-W-{]-_-- Xsbp-v. Be-p-g-bpsS hnP-b-n\v ImcWw am[y-a- \evInb
AI-ag
- n ]np-Wb
- m-Wv. ASn Zriyam[yafpw
--"\ne `h\w
]Xn'bn ]mfnIfmbn. kmcXm {]m\-n\p e`n ]npWsb A\pkvacnnpwhn[amWv Cu hntI{o-IrX amen\ykwkvIcW ]cn]mSnp am[ya ]npW \evIpXv. Bepgbnepmb Nnd cmjv{Sob FXnpI Cu ]cn-]mSnsb _m[nmXncnpXpw Cu am[ya ]npWsImmWv.
am[ya]npWbptmgpw hnai\mIamb hmIfpw
hniIe\fpw A\nhmcyamWv . Acw hnai\tfmSv
klnjvWpXtbmsS kwhZnpXn\p IgnbWw. Hmtcm hnai\ns ]nnepw Hcp KqVmtemN\bpsp at\mhn{`mn
th. Xmgtp ktiw \evIpXn\p am{Xa, Xmsg \np
{]XnIcW AdnbpXn\p D]m[n IqSnbmWv am[ya.
Cu am[ya[w adpsImv D]Pm]fn- t esSp- h cpmImw. ipNnXzw t]mep Imcyfn Xpd a\tmsS hnai\sf kao]nm XmdmhpXv Ccw D]Pm]sf ]cam-
72

h[n Ipdbvm klmbnpw. hmI am[ya{]h--Icntev FnpXn\v Nnbmb {]h\w thWw. Hu]-NmcnI
NSpIfpsS hmmpdnpI am{Xa, {]mtZinI-ssh-bnI
A\p`hfnembncnpw am[yap IqSpX Xmev]-cyw.
ipNnXz ]cn]mSnbpsS imkv { XamWv aqp apX Ap
hscbp Aymbfn ]cntim[nXv. ipNnXz]cn]mSnbpsS
IebmWv Cu Aymbns DSw. imkv{Xhpw Iebpw
tNcptmgmWv ipNnXz]cn]mSn P\Iob {]m\amIpXv.

73
BepgbpsS A\p`hw
ip NnXztIcf {]m\ns imkv{Xhpw Iebpw
cmjv{Sobhpw N sNbvXp Ignp. Xzn Chsbms
icnbmbncnmw. Fm {]mtbmKnIamtWm? P\]mfn DdhnS
amen\ykwkvIcWns BZiw AXncpIhn ip`m]vXnhnizm-khpw `mh\bpat? Cs\bp ktl kzm`mhnIamWv. Fm Cu ktlhmZnIp adp]SnbmWv BepgbpsS A\p`hw. Bepg aen\oIcWn Ip{]knam-bncpp.
sXcpthmc am{Xa, Ingns sh\okns tXmSpIfpw
amen\yIpsmnIfmbn. Fmenv ]Ww hrnbpXmWv.
cpsIms {]h\ ]cn{ia êamWv Cu amw. Rm\pw
Fw tKm]Ipamdpw tNsgpXnb amdp a\pI, amen\y-aIep sXcphpI (Nn 2014) F {Kn Bepgbnse
A\p`h hniZambn {]Xn]mZnn-pv. Ah Bhn-pXn\p ]Icw A\p`hsf {]kamb Nne ]mTfmbn t{ImUoIcnm {ianpIbmWv. 2010 F Un F^v km Xocpam\nXpw, Fm \SmsX t]mbXpamb P\Iob ipNnXz{]m\w Bepgbnse A\p`h-sf ]cnKWnp-sImmWv 2014
]p\cmcw`nXv.
B]v AhkcampI
{]XnZn\w GXmv 50 S amen\yw krjvSnsSp Hcp
\KcamWv Bepg. asm ]Wfpw sNbvXpsImncpXp
74

t]mse Bepg ap\nknmennbpw \Kcamen\yw apgph

sXmSp ]mbnse amen\ytI{ntev sImpt]mbn.
ktmZb]pcs ]Xn\v G emWv Cu amen\y
\nt]nncpXv. Gsgp hjw apv ChnsS m]n tI{oIrX
amen\ykwkv I cW m v kwkv I cW cwKp ]cmPbsp.
Ghpw {][m\s {]iv \ w XcwXncnmsX amen\ysamw
hmcnsmpt]mbn Itmnn\v \ev I p coXnbmbncpp.
m ns amt\Pv s a nepw ]nghpmbn. klnsIv P\
kacn\ndn. amen\yw \ow XStXmsS \Kcw Hcp
Ipsmnbmbn amdn. 2012 se agmew ]Ihym[nIfpsS IqSn
Imeambn amdn.
dknU vkv Atkmkntbj\pIfpsSbpw IpSpw_{io
{]hIcpsSbpw ]uc{]apJcpsSbpw Hcp skan\m \Kck`
hnfnpIqn. kpZoLamb {]kwKsmSphn DdhnSns amen\yw thXncnWsap Xocpam\np. ssPhamen\yw
am{Xw ktmZb]pctp sImpt]mhpI. CXn\mbn Fm
honepw cp _pI ap\nknmenn \evIWsap [mcWbmbn. _p hmnsbnepw ImeXmakapmbn. AXn\nsS
ap\nknmennv ssIImcyw sNm\mhmhn[w KmlnI amen\yfpsS kw`cWw s]cpIn. o tIcf kvIoan {]hn-ncp
IpSpw_{io {]hI hoSpIfn\nv amen\yw kzoIcnp
k{Zmbw \nehnhXns\ XpSv t\cs hons
kwkv I cnncp amen\ywt]mepw thXncnmsX ap\nknmennbpsS Xebn sInshp nXnbmbn. KXycanmsX
ap\nknmenn hoSpIfn\np kw`cWw \nemn. ]t,
CXpsImv {]iv \ w Xocntm. sXcphpI- f nse amen\yqmc hepXmbnsmncpp.
kacmcpambn NI \Sn, HpXopmn. \Kcn\np amen\y\ow {]XnZn\w Ap Smn Ipdbvmw
Fv \Kck` Ddp]dp. CXns ASnm\n amen\ykwkv I cW tI{w Xpdp {]hnm {]tZihmkn- I
A\phZnp. Imcyw hfsc hyambncpp. ]camh[n ssPhamen\yw hoSpIfns kwkvIcnpXn\p Hcp Imbn\nmsX amen\yw tiJcnpXn\p kwhn[m\w hn]coXêta
DmpIbpq. ktmZb]pctv A\phZn 4-5 temUv F
Afhntev amen\yhchv Ipdbv p- sXs\? hopw Hcp
kIn skan\m \Sp. Xnn\nd- Su lmfn

75
kpZoLamb {]kwKfpmbn. ]t, Hcp êhpw Dmbn.

Cusbmcp ]menemWv "\ne `h\w, \ne \Kcw
]Xn'p cq]w \evInbXv. Fs\bmWv amen\yns Afhp
Ipdbv pI. Cusbmcp NbmWv DdhnS amen\ykwkv I cWneqnsmp "\ne \Kcw \ne `h\w ]Xn'-bnte-p \bnXv. Iqkv amen\yw hoSn\pn kwkvIcnm-san FpsImv ASpf amen\yw As\ sNbvXpIqSm? CXmbncpp Bepgbnepbnb tNmZyw. ssPhamen\yw IgnhXpw
t{kmXkns kwkvIcnpI. AssPhamen\y XcwXncnv s]mXpkwkvIcW kwhn[m\ntev \evIpI.
km[mcWKXnbn A{]mtbmKnIw Fsmw ]dp
]cnlknmhp Cu amamsX asmcp t]mwhgnbpw Bpw
\ntinm\pmbncpn. B]v Hcp Ahkcamm
Xocpam\np.
sNdpsXnepw sNbvXp sXfnbnpI

aqmasXmcp skan\m thspshp. \KcXe skan\mdns hyX cp A\p`h sXfnbnphtm. FhnsSsbnepw ]pXnb kao]\w sNbvXp sXfnbnpI. B hnPbIcamb
A\p`hns ASnm\n \Kchym]Iamb Hcp ipNnXz{]-m\n\p cq]w \evIpI.
2012 BK-kvXn Be-pg \ntbm-PIa-e-ns- \-K-ck`m Iukn-e-am-cp-ambn \S-nb N-bn ]-Xnv Hcp
hmUn XpS-a
- n-Sm Xocp-am-\n-p-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p. InS-mw-]d
- v XmcX-tay\ sNdnb hmUmWv. \ ]pw A`ykvXhnZy-cmb ay-hm-cpsS hoSp-I. Aev]w ]Wsehv h
- c
- p Dd-hnS amen\y kwkvIcW DZy- a - - t fmSv kl- I - c n- m Chv {]bm- k - a p- m- I n
FptXmn. dkn-U vkv Atkm-kn-tb-j-\p-I-fpsS k{Inb kmny--am-bn-cpp asmcp A\p-Iq-e-L-S-Iw. 2012 sk]vXw-_ 2 \v InSmw-]-dv hmUnse dkn-U vkv Atkm-kn-tb-j-\p-I-fpsS tbmKn BWv "\n- e - ` - h \w \ne \Kcw ]Xn' Hu]NmcnIambn P\fpsS apn AhXcnnXv. {]Xo sXnbn,
InSmw]dpIm ]Xn GsSpp.
imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-v {]hIcpw P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-WImes k- - { ]- h - I cpambncpp IqSnbmtemN\Ifn
apJyambpw ]sSpncpXv . Hcp amks BtemN\Ifpw
NIfpsamw Bbtm IqSpX hmUpI ]Xnbn
76

]mfnIfmIm kambn. As\ "\ne `h\w \ne

\Kcw ]Xn' 12 hmUpIfntev hym]nnm Xocpam\np.
12 hmUpIp Hcp {]tXyI t{]mPIv S v Xmdmn
ipNnXzanjs AwKoImcw hmn. 4.675 tImSn cq] ASep
]Xnbmbncpp ipNnXzanj\v kanXv. 2.475 tImSn cq]
k_vknUnbpw 2.2 tImSn cq] KpW-t`mr hnlnXhpap ]Xn.
CXp {]Imcw ]{p hmUpI- f n 1 m3 tijnbp 2500
t]m_n _tbmKymkv mpIfpw 5250 ss]v Itmp
bqWnpIfpw 500 anc Itmpw 1500 t]mv Itmv bqWnpIfpw 1200 dnMv Itmp bqWnpIfpamWv ]Xn \ntin
DsmnncpXv. ipNnXzanjs AwKoImcw e`npXn\p
A\nhmcyambn DmIp ImeXmakw IWn-seSpv As\ns 500 ^nIvkUv _tbmKymkv mpIp kvs]jy
Dchv hmnbncpXp ]Xn Xocpam\n\p tijw henb
XmakanmsX Bcw`nm klmbIcambn.
BZys cp amkw AXnthKn _tbmKymkv mpIfpsS m]\w aptdn. ZnhkwtXmdpw 1015 mpI m]np.
250mw mns m]\hpw 500mw mns m]\hpw BtLmj]qw sImmSn. 1000mas _tbmKymkv mns XobXnbpw
{]Jym]np.
"\ne `h\w \ne \Kcw' t{]mPIvSv \Snnse aptw
\Kck`m hym]Iambp t{]mPIvSn\pw AwKoImcw hmpXn\p ]cn{iav Bw Iqn. 2013 BKv amkn
AwKoImcw e`np. \Kck`bpsS B`napJynep ]Xnpw
"\ne `h\w \ne \Kcw' Fp XsbmWv t]cnXv .
ap\nknmennbnse `cWkwhn[m\nse Xfpw AwKoIrX
t{]mPIv S n Nne t`ZKXnI hcppXn\p thnh
kabhpsamw IqSnttm \Kck`mXense ]Xn
Bcw`nm ]nsbpw Hcphjw thnhp. sNdnbtXmXnemsWnepw ]coWmSnm\n DdhnSamen\ykwkvIcWw
Bcw`nm Xocpam\nXv Ghpw DNnXambn.
KpWt`mr hnZym`ymkns {]m[m\yw

]t, CXn\nSbn Kuchamb XncnSn t\cnp. Bbncmas
_tbmKymkv m v m]np XobXn {]Jym]nssnepw
\Smbn. XpSnse t]mse Bhiym aptmv hcmXmbn.
{]h\ kvXw`\nep-ambn. FhnsStbm Ipgapsv

77
hyambn. _tbmKymkv m vsh hoSpIsfmw Fw F F

ASaph kinp. AtmgmWv Imcy hyambXv.
mpIfn Iptdsbw {]h\clnXamWv. {]hnphsb- pdnmIs, hfsctbsd ]cmXnIfpw. hmsamgnbmbn
Bt]w FmbnSfn- t epw ]cncn- p- p. \mbn
{]hnp _tbmKymkv mpIsfpdn {]hnm
Npcpw Nnehsbpdnmbn- kwkmcw apgph\pw. ]Xn
kvXw`\ntev \opIbm-sWv hyambn-cpp. Hcp hnZKv
Sow Fm _tbmKymkv mpIfpw ]cntim[nv {]iv \
XnsSpn. ]IpXnbntesd {]iv \ D]t`mm- f psS
A\pNnXamb {]h\ aqeamsWv hyambncpp.
Ccn {]iv \ IqSpX DmbXv Hntesd
IpSpw_m Hcpanv D]tbmKnncp mpIfnemWv. kzambn
mpI m]nmhcpsS Ahin AbmcpsS
m n \nt]nm t{]cnnncpp. As\ GXm\pw
IpSpw_fpsS dnemWv mpI m]nXv Cu ]coWw
{]mtbmKnIasv sXfnp. ]e hopImcmIptm tat\mw
icnbmbn \Sn. HcmfpsS \ncpchmZ]camb s]cpamw
aXnbtm Imcy AhXmfnemm.
CXn\npw Rsfmcp ]mTw ]Tnp. hniZamb D]t`mr
hnZym`ymkw A\nhmcyamWv, mpI shpXn\p ap]pw
tijhpw. D]t`mmp ]cnioe\ ]cn]mSn AXphsc
dknU vkv Atkmkntbjs ASnm\nemWv \SnbXv.
B tbmKfn BWpfmWv IqSpX ]sSpncpXv .
bYm D]t`mmfmb kv{XoIsf Imcy ]dp a\nemntb Xocq, AXpw \mepw Apw IpSpw_fSnb sNdp
{KqpIfn. Ccsamcp ]cnioe\ ]cn]mSnv ipNnXzanj
AwKoImcw \evIn.
sabn\kv Soans A\nhmcyX

Fm ]IpXntbmfw ]cmXnI \SnpImcpsS `mKv
\np hogv N IfpsS êambncpp. ]camh[n mpI
shm\p [rXnbn sNdnb Imcy ]eXpw hnpt]mbn. Hcp
FIv j Sow HcpZnhkn ctm aqtm mn\pdw
m]ntXn Fv Xocpam\np. kmtXnIambn h Nne
]nghpIfpw Dmbncpp. NmWIns KpWnepw Afhnepw
Dmb A]cym]vXXbmbncpp Ghpw {][m\w. Cmcy-n
78

]pXnb am\Z \nbnsp. ]cmXn Innbm DSs\

{]XnIcWansp Bt]w hfscbpmbncpp.
_tbmKymkv mpIv CSbvnsS DmIp {]iv\
ASnbcambn ]cnlcnm ncw sabn\kv Sow A\nhmcyam-bncpp. _tbm-Kymkv mns {]h-\i
- m-kv{Xhpw AXns
kmt-XnI hi-fpw kzmb--am-nb Hcp kwLambn-cn-Ww
kokv Sow. Hmtcm hmUnepw 34 kv{XoI AS-p kwLw.
Ah m v ^np sNpw. _tbm-Kymkv m-Sw Dd-hnS amen-\ykw- k v I - c W kt- X - - f psS tat\m- hpw ]cn- ] m- e - \ hpw
\nlnpXpw Cu kwLw Xsbmbncnpw.
Cu [mc-W-b\p-k-cnv t{]mPIvSv hmUp-I-fn kokv SoapI cq]o-I-cn-p. cp L--fn-embn Bdp Znh-ks Nn-bmb
]cn-io-e-\hpw \evIn. IRTC bpsS ]me-mSv Iym-kn shm-bncpp ]cn-io-e-\w. Dd-hnS amen\ykwkvI-c-W-ns kmaq-ln-Ihpw
kmt-Xn-I-hp-amb hi--sfmw kokv Soans\ ]cn-io-en-n-p.
Ctm _tbm-Kymkv mp-I ^np sNp-Xv GXmv ]qambpw kv{XoI-fpsS Cu kwL-am-Wv. ]cn-]m-e-\hpw Ah Xs.
{ItaW Chsc lcn-X-km-t-XnI hnZy-I-fn {]mho-Wy-ap Hcp
lcn-X-tk-\-bmn amp-I-bmWv eyw. AXn-tev \om-\mIpw
Fp Xs-bmWv {]Xo-.
kokv Soan\v {]Xn-êw \evIp-Xv F-s\-bmWv? m v
^np sNp-tm ^nnMv Nmv \evIm {]bm-k-ap-m-In-.
XpSp ]cn-]m-e\
-
- n\pw tat\m-
- n\pw Ch ]q kabw
]Wn-sb-Spt ]q. AXn-\p {]Xn-êw Fs\ Ispw?
Dd-hnS amen\ykwkvI-cW kt-X- m]n-n-cn-p hop-Im
Hcp hnlnXw \evI-Ww. AXp-sIm-p-am{Xw aXn-bm-In-. \K-c-k`
Ipdp ]Ww CXn-\mbn \onshtn hcpw. CXn\v A\phmZw
\ev I msav km kXnnpsnepw ]Xnhpt]mse
CXphsc Dchndnbnn.
{]mtZinI amen\ykwkvIcWn\v Xpqapgn amXrI

F{X {ianmepw Fm hopImscsmpw hon ssPhamen\yw kwkvIcnpI A{]mtbmKnIamWv. Atm _mnhcphv Hcp _Z amw DdphcpWw. IayqWnn _tbmKymkns\pdnmWv BZyw BtemNnXv. ]t, _tbmKymkv
mpIfpsS ZpKXn t\cs kqNnnphtm. IayqWnn
_tbmKymkv m v hnPbnnpI AXnt\m ZpjvIcambncnpw

79
Fp tXmn. Hcp t]mwhgnp thnbp At\zjWw Xpqapgn

Fbvtdm_nIv _nnemWv Fn\nXv. Fs\bmWv Bepgbn Cu ]coWw hnPbnnXv Fv Ignsmcym-bn
hnhcnnpv.
sXcpthmcv Fbvtdm_nIv Itmv _n m]nv Hcp
aen\oIcWhpanmsX ssPhamen\yw kwkvIcnm Ignbpsap
sXfnp. AXn\m hoSpIfn kwkvIcW am
m]nm kmyXbnmhv amen\yw XcwXncnv
Fbvtdm_nIv ItmnMv bqWnpIfnsenmw F \nebmbn.
Bepg ipNnXzImbn\ns Hcp kp{][m\t\w {]mtZinI
kmaqlykwkv I cWn\v A\ptbmPyamb Hcp ktXs
P\Iobamn FXmWv.
Rsf Aenb asmcp {]iv\w tImf\nIfnse amen\ykwkvIcWamWv. InSmw-]dv hmUn\np XpSnbtms
Cu {]iv \ w Db- ncpp. Hcp kwkv I cW kwhn[m\hpw
m]nm eanm tImf\nIfpv. CSpnb \ncpIfpw
\ncpI-ncp]pdw \nc\ncbmbn hoSpIfpw. aptam ]nmpdtam
C. ChnsSsb-s\bmWv _tbmKymkv mpw apw m]npI?
]e tImf\n-Ifnepw s]mXpIqkv s]mnsbmen \nebnemWv.
hop amen\y \ncpIfnepw aqebnepw IqnbnSpIbpw sNpw.
ap aman. FmWnXn\p t]mwhgn? Ctmgpw ]q ]cnlmcambnn. Nm\mSv ap\nkn tImf\nbn Hcp amXrI \SnempIbmWv . 48 hoSpIfnembn 60 IpSpw_fmWv ChnsS
XmaknpXv. ChnsS Fp ]pXnb IqkpIfpw IpfnapdnIfpw
\nnv AXns\ Hcp henb IayqWnn _tbmKymkv mnt\mSv
_nnp. Krlamen\yhpw CXn \nt]nmw. AXn\p
{]tXyI tNdpv. Cu kwtbmPnX m v cq]Iev]\ sNbvXv
\nnXv As\mWv. ]Xn\p ew cq]bmWnXns sNehv.
CSpnb tImf\nIfnse ssPh amen\ykwkvIcWn\v Cu
kwtbmPnX m v Hcp ]cnlmcamhpsamWv RfpsS {]Xo.
\ P\{]Xn\n[nI + DtZymK + k {]hI

ipNnXz Imbns hnPbns kq{XhmIyw \
P\{]Xn\n[nI + DtZymK + k {]hI FXmWv.
BepgbpsS A\p`hw t\mnbm Hmtcm hmUnsebpw
Imbns hnPbw hmUv IuknedpsS {]Xn_XbpsS
kqNnIbmsWp ]dbmw. \ P\{]Xn\n[n GsXmcp Xtikzbw-
80

`cW m]\ns t\XrXznep GsXmcp P\Iob

CSs]Sensbpw hnPbns app]m[nbmWv. Zu`mKyhim
P\{]Xn\n[nInSbn In cmjv{Sobns `nX
tbmPnp {]h\p XSambncpp. tIm{Kknsemcp
hn`mKw XpSw apX ipNnXz ]cn]mSnIfpsS hnaiIcmbncpp.
amen\y{]iv \ w ]cnlcnmsX XpScpXmWv cmjv { Sobambn
Xp \Xp F [mcWbmWv Ahsc \bnncpXv. kXyw
]dm DdhnS amen\ykwkvIcW X{w hnPbnpIbn F
anYymt_m[amWv Ahsc kzm[o\nncpXv.
AtXkabw Poh\mnSbn {]tXyInv ipNnXz ]cn]mSnbpambn IqSpX _sp {]hnp Poh\mnSbn
Ccsamcp cmjv { Sob `nnv {]ISambncpn. tIm{Kkv
A\p`mh kwLS\bpsS t\Xmfnsemcm ipNnXzImbn\n
t\XrXz]camb ]pXs hlnncpp. Ghpw hnkvabIcamb
amw iqNoIcWsmgnemfnIfnembncpp. Chp am{Xambp
{]tXyI ]cnioe\ ]cn]mSnI, AhtemI\tbmK,
k{]hIcpambn hfph Nmw Fmw tNtm Fbvtdm_nIv _npIfpsS Nnbp ]cn]meIcmbn Ah
amdn. \mpIm hensdnbp FnepI Npaphcn\nv
]pXnb NpaXebntep amw ]pXnsbmcp {]Xn_X
krjvSnp. DdhnS amen\ykwkvIcW ]XnbpsS kpncXbpsS
Hcp Kymcn Cu amamWv.
CXns\ms t{]cIambn hnXv ipNnXzw Pzcambn amdnb
HcpIqw k{]hIcmbncpp. imkv{XkmlnXy]cnjv
{]hI, apP\Iobmkq{XW {]hI XpSnbhcSnb 15 Hmfw t]cpsS Hcp sNdpIqw k{]hI
GXmv XfpsS Hgnhpkabw ]qambn Imbn\pthn
amnshm Xmdmbn apnp hXmWv Imbns hnPbnse
aqmas LSIw. ]cnioe\n\pw {]NmcW-n\pw Npm
]nSnncpXv ChcmWv.
{]NmcWw ]ca{][m\w
P\sf t_m[hevcnpXpt]mseXs A\pIqeamb
Hccow krjvSnpXn\pthnbpw {]NmcW {]h\
henb ]phlnp. IemPmY, Iqmv , {Inkv X pakv Itcm,
t]mdnMv , _m\dpI, t\mokpI XpSnb \m\mhn[
{]NmcWcoXnI {]tbmP\sSpn. BZyLn _tbmKymkv

81
mpshp hoSpI Fw F F Xs t\cnsv

\ne`h\w n HnpXpt]mep \qX\coXnI Ahew_np. Krlki\ ]cn]mSnIpw sNdpkwL-tbmKpw
{]tXyI {]m[m\yw \ev I n. Bepgbnse {]NmcW{]h\fpsS ]pXpa Bib{]NmcWn\v IpnIsf ]mfnIfmn
FpXmWv. Fm hoSpIfn\npw HcpIpn- s bnepw
kvIqfpIfn ]Tnppv. kvIq tI{oIcn ipNnXz{]Nm-cWw
hoSpIfnepw A\pcW\ krjvSnpw.
Ipn-Isf am-ns kti hml-I-cmn ampXn\pthn
WATSAN p-I- (Water and Sanitation Club) cq]oIcnp. \K-cmXnn-bnse Fm UP, HS, HSS kvIqfp-I-fn-epw WATSAN pIfpmbn. hyn-ip-NnXzw am{X-a kmaqly ipNn-Xzhpw {][m-\am-sW kt-iamWv Cu p-I-fn-eqsS {]NcnXv. Pe-kw-c-Whpw kmaq-lnI ipNn-Xzhpw \msf-bpsS krjvSnv A\n-hmcyLSI--fm-sW Bi-b-n-eq-nb {]h-\-- p-I GsSp-p. amen-\y-ap--amb Hcp A-co--n\v A\nhmcyamb Nne
_Z Pohn-X-aq-ey-v hnp]mIm Ipn-Iv Ign-bp-sav
Bepgbn sXfnp.
ipNnXzktiw hoSpIfn NmhnjbampXn\v IpnIsf
{]tbmP\sSpm IuXpIIcamb Hcp ]coWw hmSvkm
_pI \Sn. hoSpIfn Fp mnIv hen-s-dn-bp-Itbm
In-p-Itbm sN-cpXv. AXv Ipn-I Iqn-sh--Ww. IgpIn shSnmn DW-n kvIqfp-I-fn sImp-hv Xqn mnv Afv
Nmn kqn--Ww. Hcp Intem mn-n\v Ccp]Xp cq]bpsS
{IUn- v Iq. kvIqfn kqn- p cPn- - d n CXp
tcJsSppp. hjm-h-km\w CXp]tbmKnv ]pkvXtImhn IpnIv ]pkvXIw hmmw. kvIqfp-I-fn\npw \K-ck` mnIv kw`-cnv dntkmgvkv dn-hdn sk-dn-tev ampw.
mnIv kw`cW-n\v kokv Sow AwK- kvIqfp-Isf klmbn-pw. Cu ]cn]mSnbpsS eyw IpnIsf D]tbmKnv mnIv
tiJcnpIb. honse mnIv Nn{]Imcw tiJcnptm
hon Nbvp XpSw Ipdnpw. As\ mnns hn\mispdnv hoSpIfn Aht_m[w krjvSnm klmbnpw.
Cu kv I ow Fm Imepw \ne\nm DtinpXpa.
GXm\pw amk Ignbptm kokv SoamIpw hoSpIfn
\nv mnIv tiJcnpI. s{IUnv t\mpXv IrXyamb
Xqns ASnm\nepa, ]mfnIfmIp apgph-
82

t]pw Hcp s{IUnsnepw e`npw. ASnm\]cambn CsXmcp

t_m[hevcW ]cn]mSnbmWv. FmenXv _methebm-sWp
]dv Nne s^bvkv _pv hnZzmm cwKndnbXv Rsf
Acnp.
ap\nkn-Xe-nepw kvIqXe-nepw hmSvkm IympI kwL-Sn-n-ppv. hntI-{o-IrX Dd-hnS amen-\y-kw-hn-[m-\-fpsS imkv{Xhpw kmt-Xn-IhnZybpw Ipn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s-Spp {]h-\m-[n-jvTn-X-amb Iymp-I-fmWnh. _Z Dev]--fpsS \nm-Ww, hen-s-dn-bp hkvXp--fn\npw Ifn-m-fpw IuXpI hkvXp-fpw \nn-, ipNnXzw {]ta-b-amn
kvInp-I Xm-dm- XpSn Iymv Gsd hnm-\-{]-Zhpw ckI-ch
- p-am-bn-cp-p. hnZym-eb
- i
- p-NnXzw kw_-n t{]mP-IvSp-I Xmdm-nbmWv kvIqfp-I Iymn FpI. t{]mP-IvSp-Iv achpw Gs-Sp-n-bn-cp-p. ]cn-nXn kwc-W-ns {]m[m\yhpw amen-\y-`mcw hcp-p hn\-Ifpw Fmw IuXp-I-I-c-ambn
Ipn-I-fn-se-n-m Iymn\v Ign-p.
2014 sk]vXw_dn \S hmSvkm Iymn 500 hnZymnI ]sSpp. ipNnXzns ASnm\n kvIqfpIv t{KUnMv GsSpm Iymv Xocpam\np. kvIqfpIfn
D]tbmKnp mnIv Dev ] v ]camh[n ]Icw
hkvXp Isn D]tbmKnm Iymv AwK
apssIsbSppw. Fm cmw i\nbmgvNbpw HptNcm\pw
XpSbmb ipNnXz {]NmcWfn GsSm\pw Xocpam\npsImmWv Iymv kam]nXv. kvIq, ap\nknXe IznkpI
kwLSnnpXn\pw Xocpam\nnpv. am-ns, thdn-smcp
]mX-bpsS Nn kmh-Imiw ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bn-tev ssIamdp-IbmWv hmSvkm _p-I.
]q am[ya]npW
at\m`mhn amw hcpn amen\y{]iv\w ]cnlcnm\p
{iaamWtm Cu Imbn. kmtXnIhnZybpsS sXcsSppw
{]tbmKhpwt]mepw amdnb a\pIfn \npapmtI Xocpam\fmWv. XpSw apX ]camh[n \KchmknIfntev t\cnp
ktisanm\mbncpp {iaw. CXn\v hynKX kwthZ\tam
{KqpIfpambp kwthZ\tam am{Xw t]mc. _lp-P\ kwthZ\w
A\nhmcyamWv. CXp \nlnXv am[yafmWv.
a\p \ndmWv am[ya Cu ]-Xnsb ]npWXv.

83
ASn am[yafpw Zriyam[yafpw "\ne `h\w ]Xn'bn

]mfnIfmbn. kmcXm {]m\- n\p e`n ]np- W sb
A\pkvacnnpwhn[amWv Cu hntI{o-IrX amen\ykwkv-IcW
]cn]mSnp am[ya ]npW \evInbXv. NS-p-I-fpsS "[mcmfnw' hnai-\-hn-t[-b-am-bn-p-v. Hmtcm NSpw am[y-a-fn
hm-I-fmbn amdpp F efn-X-amb hkvXpX hnai-I adpt]m-bn. NS-n ]s-Sp-p \qtdm Bbn-ctam t]cn-te- \K-chm-kn-If
- mb ]Xn-\m-bn-c
- f
- n-te-mWv Im-bns ktiw Cs\
Fp--Xv.
Bepgbnepmb Nnd cmjv{Sob FXnpI adnISm
IgnXv am[ya ]npW DmbXpsImmWv. "\ne `h\w
]Xn'bpsS kti P\fnsenpw hensdnbphv
apdnbnp \ev I nbpw ]Xn krjv S np IuXpI
hmbmnbpw am[ya Imbns\mw tNp. am[ya
kzm`mhnIambn hnai\ Dbnpw. sXpIfpw Zu_eyfpw NqnmWnWsamWv R BhiyspsImncpXv. ]t, t]mcmbvaI \nIngnm B hm IqSn
\evIWsapw A`ynp. Ccn hfsc BtcmKyIcamb
_w hfnsbSpm Ignp.
Bepgbnse am[ya{]NmcWcwKs Ghpw henb
Zu_eyw \ham[ya kmyXIsf th{X D]tbmKsSpnbn
FpXmWv. sh_vsskpt]mepw ê{]Zambn {]hnn.
Fs s^bvkv_pv t]mpIfneqsSbmWv Ipdsnepw Cu ISa
\ndthnbXv. Xncph\]pcs Imbn\n Cu t]mcmbva
\nIm {ianpIbmWv. hnZymkcmb k{]hIsc
BIjnpXn\pw \ham[yacwKs CSs]S klmbIcambnpv.
acmcow krjvSn
ipNnXzIymbn XpSn Htm ctm hmUpIfn
Bbncnpw XpSpXv . Fnepw \KcmSnm\nep
{]h\ambn A\nhmcyambpw amdpw. kzm`mhnIambpw Fm
hmUpIsfbpw kqipNnXzntev Dbm\mWv
{ianpXv. Fm Fm hmUpw Htc thKXbn \on
FXpw hyamWv. Fm hmUpw hcs, Fnmhmw
ipNnXz{]Jym]\w F kao]\amWv BZysams kzoIcnncpXv. Fm Ccsamcp kao]\w hn]coXêapmpw
84

Fp a\nembtXmsS ipNnXz am\Z ssIhcn

hmUpIsf kq ipNnXzhmUpIfmbn {]Jym]nm
Xocpam\saSpp.
kq ipNnXz ]Zhn ssIhcnm Bepgbn \nbn
am\Z Chbmbncpp: hmUn 25 iX-am\w hoSpIfntem
Asn 200 _tbmKymkv mpItfm m]nWsaXmWv
Hmas am\Zw. _tbmKymkv mpw ss]p Itmpw
tNm ]IpXn hoSpIfnsenepw DdhnS amen\ykwkvIcWw
DmbncnWw. Fm hoSpIfnepw ssPhAssPhamen\y
thXncnpIbpw hon kwkv I cnm ssPhamen\y
ZnhkwtXmdpw ap\nknmenn hnIfnsenm kwhn[m\w
DmIpIbpw thWw. mnIv kw`cnv \nbns tI{fnsenm kwhn[m\apmIWw. Cu ey ssIhcnp
hmUpI-v kq ipNnXz ]Zhn \evIpsap Xocpam\np.
taev ] d ey t\Sm Ignbp hmUpIfn
IqSpX {i \evIm k{]hI Xocpam\np.
ey A\ambn \ontmIpXv Imbn\ns Bthin\v AdpXn hcppw. Nne efn thKw eynsenbm AXv av {]tZi-v {]tNmZ\hpamIpw. kq
ipNnXz ]Zhnp am\Z IqSpX Iiamn. CXp
{]Imcw hmUnse 80 iX-am\w hoSpIfnsenepw GsXnepw
DdhnS amen\y kwhn[m\w m]nWw. CXn\p ]pdsa
sXcphpIfpw s]mXp efpw ipNnbmsWpdp hcpWw.
Cu am\Z {]Imcw aqp hmUpI kq ipNnXzw
F eyw t\Sn. ap hmUpIfn CXv Nne {]Xntj[
Dmsbnepw hmUpI Xn Hcp act_m[w krjvSnm
klmbnp. Cu aqp hmUpIfnemhmsan FpsImv ap
hmUpIfnem-bnqSm Fp tNmZyapbp. Ccnsemcp
acw krjvSnpXv Imbn aptdpXn\v A\nhmcyamWv.
hrnbmIp Bepg
aqphmUpIsf kq ipNnXz]Zhn ssIhcnnpq-shnepw Imbn ]pXnsbmcp Aht_m[w krjvSnp. hensdnb
KWyambn Ipdp. hensdnbens\Xnsc Ii\amb \S]SnI
kzoIcnp. amen\yw hensdnbphcptS ta am{Xa, amen\yns DdhnSamb ISIfpsS t]cnepw \S]SnsbSpp. hynIv ]ng Npan. ISI ko sNbvXp. kmtcm]tZiw sImp

85
am{Xamhn. Hmtcm \Kck`bpw AhcpsS sdKptedn A[nImcw

iambn D]tbmKntXpv. \Kck` \nbn emsX ashnsSsbnepw amen\yw hensdnbpXv . ]pXnb
\nbat`ZKXn {]Imcw Db ]ng am{Xa, XShpin hsc
e`nmhp IpamWv . BZysamw Nne cmjv { Sobt\Xm
Iphmfn-Isf kwcnm Cdpambncpp. ]noSv Ah B
{iaw Dt]np. Imbns Ahkm\Lfn s]meokpw
kPoh-ambn. CXns êambn sXcphpI hrnbmbnpSn.
Cu amw \mSIobambn A\p`hs Hcp k`w 2014 Dmbn.
ktmZb]pcv hopw kacw s]mnpdsp. ktmZb]pcs amen\yw Iymp sNbv X v em v kv t Ip sNmw Fv
IfIv S dpambn Hcp hjw app \S HpXop Nbn
Ddpe`nncpp. CXv \Smnbn F ImcWw ]dmbncpp
kacw XpSnbXv . ipNnXzanjs A\paXnbnmsX Cu
HpXop hyh \Smm ap\nknmennp Ignbpambncpn. ^b Hcp hjambn kmcns Nphp\mSbnembncpp.
hnkvabIcsap ]dbs, A[nIw XmaknbmsX kacns
ap{ZmhmIyw amdn. amen\ykwkvIcW m v Fstpambn
ASp]qWsambn ap{ZmhmIyw. Fpam{Xa, \Kck`bn
m]\fn\np tiJcnp ssPhamen\yw thXncnv ]n,
tImgn, ao hf tI{fn FnpXn\v IcmsdSp
tIm{SmIvSpw kwkvIcW m n {]thi\m\paXn
\ntj[np. \Kcnse amen\y{]Xnkn \nb{Wm-[o\amIpXn thhemXn ]q NnecmWv Cu a\wamn\p ]nn
{]hnXv . temIk`m XncsSpns ]men
\Kcn amen\y{]Xnkn cqamm\p Hcp ]XnbmbnmWv RfnXns\ IXv.
amen\y mn\p kao]w kXy{Klancnp P\sfbpw Cu
Ip_pnIsfbpw Hcpt]mse ImWm R Xmdmbn. \o
\mfs Xnm\p`hfpsS ]men P\v Ccw
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sNbvXpsImncp DdhnS amen\y-kwkvIcW {]h\fpsS
ssh]peytam {]m[m\ytam Ah Xncndnncppan. ktmZb]pcs \Kck`bpsS ev Cs coXnbnep amen\y
kwkvIcWw Lw Lambn HgnhmpI FXv Xsbmbncpp
Cu Imbn eyw shncpXv. Atmt-p amen\y-\ow
{]XnZn\w 4050 Sn\nv 45 Smbn Ipdbvm\pw Ignn-
86

cpp. AXpsImv Xn\p t]mbn; amen\y kwkvIcW

m v ]qambn ASp InSs F kao]\amWp
kzoIcnXv. ktmZb]pcw m v As\ ASp ]qn. 2014
akq Bcw`n \Kcn \np amen\y- \ ow
]qambpw \nep.
2012 se Imehjmes \Kcns nXnbpw 2014 se
Imehjmes \Kcns nXnbpw XmcXaysSpnbm
"\ne \Kcw \ne `h\w' Imbn \Kcn hcpnb
`mhamw Xncndnbmw. ktmZb]pctp amen\y\ow
\netm Ap \Kcw amen\yqmcambncpsn 2014
Cs\sbmcp {]Xnkn cq]sXmbn Bpw tXmnbtXbn.
XpS{]h\fpsS A\nhmcyX
Bepgbnse ipNnXzIymbns Hcp apJy]cnanXn AXp
Jcamen\y-kwkvIcWs am{Xta eyanncppq FpXm-Wv. Bepgsb kw_nStmfw Xpey{]m[m\yapXmWv
Peaen\oIcWw. Cu NpaXe ]noSv GsSpmw FmWv
Xocpam\nXv . CXn\p klmbIcamb cp t{]mPIv S pI
Ctms km \SmnpSnbnpv. I\mepIfnse
sNfn \ow sNbvXv hrnbmm\p t{]mPIvSpv. 2010 se
_PnemWv CXn\p ]Ww \onshXv. I\m kpncambn
hrnbmn kqnWsan ImemImefn Dpshw
Ibn ipoIcnWw. Xoapw _v ASp InSpXpsImv Hmcp shw Ibdpnsp am{Xa, km[mcWKXnbnep thenbndhpan. Cu kmlNcynemWv. {]tXyI ss]p
hgn ISshw I\mentep \nb{nXambn IbpXn\p
t{]mPIv S v Bhnjv I cnXv . cmas t{]mPIv S v sabn
I\mentep sNdptXmSpI hrnbmm\mWv. Ch
hrnbmngnm AXpt]mse XpScWsan kao]hmUpI kq ipNnXzw ssIhcnWw. aqmaXp t{]mPIv S v
I\mcIsf tamSn]nSnnm\mWv. Fm I\m hrnbmp-Xn\p apv tamSn ]nSnnm\mWv HcpnbncnpXv. I\m
hrnbmemhs, Hcp {]lk\ambn amdnbnpv . ]t,
I\mepI hrnbmpXn\p IrXyamb ]Xn Cp
\nehnepv.
Jcamen\ykwkv I cWamWv Ctmgs eysanepw
ssPhamen\yw am{Xta Ctm ]q \nb{Wn

87
sImphnpq. AssPhamen\yw hensdnb-sSpns-tbpq. AXns Afhn Hcp Ipdhpw hnn. A[nIw

XmaknbmsX \Kcs mnIv D]tbmKw KWyambn IpdbvpXn\v Ii\\S]SnI ap\nknmenn kzoIcnm \nbnncnpIbmWv. CXpw Iymbn ASnm\nemWv \SmpXv.
hoSpIfn\nv mnpw av AssPhamen\yfpw kzoIcnpXn\v Hcp ]cn]mSn Xmdmnbnpv. ssPhamen\yw kzoIcnp t]mbnpIfn Ahsbnm aXn. ap\nknmenn GsSppw. 40 ssat{ImWn Xmsgbp mnIv Imcn_mKpI
\ntcm[nm\mWv Xocpam\w. CXn\p apIfnep Imcn_mKpIv
ISm ap\nknmennv ôkSv ko sht D]tbmKnm
]mSpq. mnn\p ]Icap _Z Dev] Dmm\p
sNdpInS bqWnpI m]nphcpp.
aqmasXmcp XpS ]cn]mSn \Kc]dn IrjnbmWv. _tbm
Ithj k{ZmbamWtm Bepgbn A\ph-npXv. CXns Dt]mev]fmb Itmpw _tbmKymkv dnbpw
Hmcw hfamWv. CXp]tbmKnv hym]Iambn \Kc]dn Irjn
Bcw`nm\mhpw. t]mfnlukv , agadrjn, IrXyXm Irjn,
apmhp Irjn, ASpftmw, hb]dv ]dn Irjn
XpSn Fm k{Zmbfpw DsmnpsImp hniZamb
t{]mPIvSp Xmdmnbnpv. \Kc]dn Irjnv tIcfn
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\Kcntep ]dnp\mses\bncnpw? Irjn hIpv
CXn\mbn Hcp {]tXyI t{]mPIvSn\v AwKoImcw \evInbnpv.
amcmcnpfw t]mep \mn]pdv CsXms \Spw.
]t, \Kcn {]mtbmKnIamtWm Fv ktlnph
Gsdbpv. Ahp adp]SnbmWv Iyq_bnse lhm\ \Kcw.
Iyq_bpsS 0.67 iXam\w `qhnkv X rXn am{Xap lhm\
\KcnemWv P\fpsS 20 iXam\w Xnn ]mpXv. Cu
\Kcnse ]dn Bhiyns knwl]pw Cv \Kcn
XsbmWv IrjnsNpXv. \KcIrjnbpsS Da amXrIbmWv
lhm\.
1998 Bbncpp XpSw. tkmhnbv bqWnb XIp.
AhnsS \np CdpaXn \neambtXmsS Iyq_bn
maambn. cmkhffpw IoS\min\nIfpw \ntXmsS Iyq_bnse
Irjnbpw AhXmfnembn. Atacn D]tcm[waqew
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kao]cmPyfpsS klmbhpw \ntj[nsp. lhm\m Cu

B]v Hcp Ahkcamn. sSdknepw hopappw Fpth,
Xpdmb Xcninepsams ]dn Irjnbndn. ip ssPh
]dn Irjnsb Ah HmKt\mt]mWntmkv FmWv
hnfnpXv. kIemimeIfpw KthjW m]\fpw am{Xa
km[mcWmcpw \qX\ambn Irjn k{Zmb BhnjvIcnp.
AXnhn]peambn ]cnioe\w kwLSnnp. km \K- c Irjnpthn Hcp a{mebw Xs krjvSnp.
^pUv B v A{Kn HmKss\tkjs (FAO)
am\Z{]Imcw Hcmv {]XnZn\w 300 {Kmw ]dnbmWv
thXv. 2001 Iyq_bn 131 {Kmta e`yambncppq. 1997
lhm\ \Kcnse ]dn Dev]mZ\w 20,000 S am{Xambncpp.
2001 AXv 1.3 ew Smbn. 2005 2.72 ew Spw. {]Xnioj
]dn e`yX 340 {Kmw Bbn Dbp. 48 ew sXmgn
sNphcp Iyq_bn \Kc IrjntaJebn ]pXpXmbn 3.5
ew t]v sXmgn \evIm\mbn.
thWsan CXv ChnsSbpw \Spw. thWsav \
Xocpam\nWw.

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Ghpw {][m\sXv ssPhamen\yamWv. \Kcamen\yns

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(t{kmXv sI Fkv bp Un ]n ]T\w)

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(10.5%). IeymWa]fpsS hnlnXw Hcp iXam\n-tesdbmWv. ChnSfnsemw Dev]mZnnp amen\yns 70 80

(t{kmXv \Kcicmicn sI Fkv bp Un ]n ]T\w,

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\evInbncpp. ]t, hoSpIfn\nv amen\yw tiJcnp-hcmIs, Chsbmw Xnbnv H temdnbn sImpt]mhpI-bmbncpp

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bmUntem XcwXncnmw Fv IcpXpXv AkmyamsWv

amen\yw IpdbvpI, ]p\cp]tbmKnpI, ]p\\nn-pI

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Dsmtp Nne s]mXpXzfpv. F{Xam{Xw amen\yw

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Imew hn- n- pI FXv {][m- \ - a m- W v . AXn- k - o- a m- b

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ASpf amen\yw hons

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XsbmWv . GXm\pw ASn Bgn Hcp IpgnsbSppI.

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\ncmn cv CjvSnII tNp hbvpI. ss]n\pntev

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ss]n\pn amen\yns ssPhhnLS\w \Sp

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Zzmcfnv ItmnMv ss]n\pn \Sphnembn m]nv AXn\p

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sn s]nbpsS \ofhpw hoXnbpw Iqmw Fm s]nbpsS/