Professional Documents
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Introductory
Introductory
chemistry
HSC COURSE
FOURTH EDITION
conquering
chemistry
HSC course
roland smith
fourth edition
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30/09/10 1:46 PM
Conquering Chemistry
HSC course
4th Edition
Roland Smith
Acquisitions editor: Libby Houston
Production editor: Sybil Kesteven
Editor: Joy Window, Living Language
Permissions editor: Jill Roebuck
Proofreader: Tim Learner
Indexer: Glenda Browne
Text and cover design: Jenny Pace Walter
Cover image: Zefaimages Pty Ltd
Illustrator: Alan Laver, Shelly Communications
Typeset in Plantin by Jenny Pace Walter
Any URLs contained in this publication were checked for currency during the
production process. Note, however, that the publisher cannot vouch for the
ongoing currency of URLs.
First published in 1987 by McGraw Hill Australia.
Reprinted 1989 (twice), 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 by McGraw Hill Australia.
Second edition 1995 by McGraw Hill Australia.
Reprinted 1995 (twice), 1996, 1998 by McGraw Hill Australia.
Third edition 2000 by McGraw Hill Australia.
Reprinted 2001 (twice) by McGraw Hill Australia.
Fourth edition 2005 by McGraw Hill Australia.
Reprinted 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 by McGraw Hill Australia.
This edition published in 2010 by Cengage Learning Australia.
Acknowledgements
Additional owners of copyright are named in on-page credits or on the
acknowledgements page.
Contents
Acknowledgments
About this book
To the student
The NSW Board of Studies list of verbs
vi
vii
x
xiii
5
41
74
93
98
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10
103
107
146
181
186
191
195
234
262
297
304
309
313
346
382
386
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 12
395
415
444
448
453
457
480
511
533
537
Answers
Index
543
596
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 14
Acknowledgments
The author and publisher wish to thank Keith Tonkin and Joanne Jamie of the
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences of Macquarie University
for providing space and access to equipment and chemicals in order for us to
take many of the photos in this book and Ray Pohl of Cheltenham Girls High
School for allowing access to other equipment for photos.
Thanks are also due to the manuscript reviewers whose constructive
comments and suggestions have made this a better book.
Finally the author wishes to record his deep and sincere thanks to
Meryl Smith for her understanding, patience and help, particularly during the
hectic period of preparing the manuscript for this book.
CREDITS
Text
Chemistry Stage 6 Syllabus Board of Studies NSW and list of verbs (pp. xiiixiv) Science
Stage 6 Syllabus for and on behalf of the Crown in right of the State of New South Wales 2002.
Photographs
Photographs without credits are by the author.
Andrew Kay Photography Pty Ltd: pp. 42, 104, 109 (right), 119, 138, 159, 210 (both), 216 (all), 228, 316,
329 (all), 340
Auscape International: pp. 105 (right), 237 (left)
Australian Picture Library: pp. 6, 192 9left), 193 (right), 286, 431
Getty Images: pp. 241, 433, 455 (right)
Newspix: p. 455 (left)
Photolibrary.com: pp. 2 (far left), 31, 81 (left and right), 127, 147 (both), 192 (right), 237 (right), 310 (left),
392, 400, 403, 425, 497, 501
Zefaimages Pty Ltd: cover
Other photographs are reproduced courtesy of:
pp. 3 and 85: Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO); p.19: Vinidex Pty Limited;
p. 33: CSR Distilleries; p. 86: Diona Damien; p. 203: CSBP Limited; p. 239: Department of Environment
and Conservation (NSW); p. 241: Emission Laboratory, Ford Motor Company of Australia; p. 249:
CSIRO Atmospheric Research; p. 259: Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA; p. 265: Streamwatch;
p. 271: Fairfax Photos; p. 290: United KG; pp. 293 and 295: Memcor Australia Pty Ltd, a USFilter
company and part of the Siemens Water Technology business; p. 311 (right): Queensland Alumina
Limited, photographer, Murray Ware; p. 333: WMC Resources Ltd; P. 310 (right) and 311 (left):
Huntsman Chemical Company Australia Pty Ltd; p .374: Penrice Soda Products Pty Ltd; p. 393 (left):
Photo, Gary Cranitch, Queensland Museum; p. 393 (right) Australian National Maritime Museum
collection; p. 436 (both): photos, Patrick Baker, WA Maritime Museum; p. 439: Shipwreck Galleries of
the WA Maritime Museum, photo by Patrick Baker; p. 454 (left): photo, Mike Combe, NSW Police Media
Unit; p. 504 (chart): Division of Analytical Laboratories, ICPMR, Sydney West Area Health Services
vi
vii
Presentation
Conquering Chemistry follows syllabus order apart from a few minor exceptions
where the logical introduction of concepts seems to demand variation.
The book presents a thorough treatment of syllabus material, but equally
importantly, it contains very little material that is outside the syllabus. On the few
occasions where non-syllabus material has been included (because logic seems to
demand it), footnotes are used to indicate this.
General structure
Each module begins with a general introduction setting out its purpose and scope.
There are then two or three chapters treating the material, followed by a set of
Extended Response Exam-style Questions and one 90 minute or two 45 minute
Revision Tests. Finally, there is a section called Module x and the HSC Syllabus.
This presents tables showing where each syllabus item is treated in the book,
where information can be found for the compulsory experiments, how and where
items in the student activity column have been treated and a brief comment on
how the material relates to the Prescribed Focus Areas of the syllabus.
Structure of chapters
Each chapter starts with a section called In this chapter, which lists the main
topics to be discussed. At the end of the chapter is a list of Important new terms
with page references to denitions or explanations and nally a set of Test yourself
questions for students to see whether they have gained the required knowledge.
Sets of exercises are located throughout the chapters at places where the
author considers it is appropriate to pause and consolidate learning by applying
it to problem-solving.
Revision test is a mini-HSC exam (at the end of each module). It combines
For each module or chapter the site contains comments about the syllabus,
explanations for the approach or sequence adopted by the book, further
information about the topics of the chapter (generally outside the syllabus, but
often relevant and interesting) and further exercises (some more challenging).
Most importantly, this website will be updated to meet any further finetuning of the syllabus that may occur after publication of the book.
ix
30/09/10 1:49 PM
To the student
Do not be alarmed by the size of this book; you only have to study two thirds of
it (because it contains three options, of which you study only one). The aim of
Conquering Chemistry is to help you understand and use the basic concepts of
chemistry and develop an appreciation of the way chemistry is involved in your
life and in the world we live in. The emphasis is on help. You must make the
real effort and do the hard work to gain that understanding and appreciation; no
book or teacher can do it for you. But if you do make the effort, you will soon
come to enjoy chemistry and the fascinating insights it provides into the world
around us. The key to success is studying effectively.
you are still having difculty, ask your teacher or a friend to help you with the
rst one or two, then try the rest on your own. Eventually you must be able to
solve exercises on your own, so do not rely on helpers for too long!
Self-testing
When you think that you have mastered a topic, check that you have absorbed
the essential facts and concepts from the chapter by trying the Test yourself
questions. These questions highlight the key points of the chapter and allow you
to check that you have absorbed them. Whenever you revise a chapterand
frequent revision is necessary in order to remember what you have learntuse
these Test yourself sets. You havent really learnt the material of the chapter until
you can answer those simple questions!
You will enjoy chemistry when you can succeed at it (just as you enjoy tennis,
netball or dancing when you can do it properly) and success in chemistry, as well
as in sports, requires perseverance and practice.
Key aspects
Three of the key aspects of succeeding at chemistry are:
being able to write formulae for compounds without having to memorise
them;
being able to write chemical equations for common types of reactions,
regardless of which particular compounds are involved; and
being able to do simple quantity calculations based on chemical formulae
and equations.
Hence this book places great emphasis on developing these skillsthey take
time, patience and perseverance for mastery, but the rewards are worth it.
In chemistry, as in mathematics and physics, the emphasis is on using the
information acquiredworking exercises and solving problems. Assimilation
of facts is necessary but it is not sufcient. So develop the habit of working
exercisesand persevering with them until you get them correctright from the
beginning of your course.
TO THE STUDENT
xi
Answers section of this book. The use of such questions in the HSC examination
means that chemistry students now need to memorise a lot more information
than they did before 2001.
The HSC examination will be a mixture of these extended response
questions and problem-solving questions similar to the exercises throughout the
chapters of this book.
When you have nished studying a complete module and worked most of
the exercises in the chapters and many of the Extended Response Exam-style
Questions, and consider that you have a reasonable grasp of the material, try
the Revision Test at the end of the module. Revision Tests are similar to HSC
examinations: they are mixes of problem-solving and extended response questions
and have the topics in random order.
previous section, look it up to make sure you know what it is all about.
Interconnecting todays study with last weeks or last months work is an
important part of learning.
Set out your exercises systematically and neatly. This will help you develop
logical arguments and make it easy for you to check for errors in your work
or for your teacher to diagnose where you are having problems. The worked
examples in this text have been set out in ways that should serve as good
models for your own work.
If you are having difculty with exercises based on a particular topic, take
the time to read the relevant part of the text carefully and study it thoroughly.
Do not just grab a formula or copy a worked example. Time spent getting to
understand the basic idea is denitely not time wastedeven when the object
is to get some homework exercises done!
Classroom wits will soon discover that there are two ways of taking the title of
this book. The author is condent that, with reasonable effort, you will be able to
take it as intendedas you mastering chemistry. Good study and good luck!
xiii
Explain Relate cause and effect; make the relationships between things evident;