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Revised and Updated Edition
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By Salik Hussain
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2 | Page

Projectile Motion

By

Salik Hussain

Projectile is a body thrown with an initial velocity in the vertical

plane and then it moves in two dimensions under the action of gravity
alone without being propelled by any engine or fuel. Its motion is called
projectile motion. The path of a projectile is called its trajectory.
Examples:
A packet released from an airplane in flight.
A golf ball in flight.
A bullet fired from a rifle.
A jet of water from a hole near the bottom of a water tank.
A bomb dropped from a fighter plane in flight
Projectile motion is a case of two-dimensional
motion. Any case of two-dimensional motion can be resolved
into two cases of one dimensional motion -one along the xaxis and the other along the y-axis. The two cases can be
studied separately as two cases of one dimensional motion. The
results from two cases can be combined using vector algebra to
see the net result.
What is important to remember is that the motion along the
horizontal direction does not affect the motion along the
vertical direction and vice versa. Horizontal motion and
vertical motion are totally independent of each other.
A body can be projected in two ways:
1) Horizontal projection-When the body is given an initial
velocity in the horizontal direction only.
2) Angular projection-When the body is thrown with an initial
velocity at an angle to the horizontal direction.
We will study the two cases separately. We will neglect the
effect of air resistance, effect of rotation of projectile, effect of
curvature of earth, effect of rotation of earth. We will take x2 | Page

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3 | Page

Projectile Motion

By

Salik Hussain

axis along the horizontal direction and y-axis along the vertical
direction.

Case 1: Horizontlal Projection

A body is thrown with an initial velocity u along the horizontal
direction. We will study the motion along x and y axis
separately. We will take the starting point to be at the origin.

Figure showing the case of Horizontal Motion.A Free Body Diagram is

also shown

Equation of a trajectory(path of a projectile) for

Horizontal Projection:
We know at any instant ,x = ut
t=x/u
Also, y= (1/2)gt2
Subsituting for t we get
1
x
y= ( 2 )g( u )2
1

y= ( 2 )(g/u2 )x2
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Projectile Motion

4 | Page

By

Salik Hussain

y= kx2
;where k= g/(2u2 )
This is the equation of a parabola which is symmetric about the yaxis.Thus,the path of projectile, projected horizontally from a height above
the ground is a parabola.

Table showing the motion along both axes:

Along x-axis

Along y-axis

1. Component of initial
velocity along x-axis.

1. Component of initial
velocity along y-axis.

Ux= u

Uy=0

2. Acceleration along xaxis

ax=0
(Because no force is
acting along the
horizontal direction)
3. Component of velocity
along the x-axis at any
instant t.
Vx=ux + axt=u +
0
vx=u
This means that the
horizontal component
4 | Page

2. Acceleration along yaxis

ay=g=9.8m/s2
It is directed
downwards.
3. Component of velocity
along the y-axis at any
instant t.
Vy=uy + ayt=0 + gt
vy=gt

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5 | Page

Projectile Motion

By

Salik Hussain

of velocity does not

change throughout the
projectile motion.
4. The displacement along
x-axis at any instant t
x=uxt + (1/2) axt2
x=uxt + 0
x=uxt

4. The displacement along

y-axis at any instant t
y= uyt + (1/2) ay t2
y= 0 + (1/2) ayt2
y=1/2 gt2

Figure showing components of velocity of a Horizontally fired

Projectile:

Net velocity at any instant of time ,t:

We know, at any instant, t
vx= u
vy= gt

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6 | Page

Projectile Motion

By

Salik Hussain

v= (vx2 + vy2)1/2
= [u2 + (gt)2] 1/2
Direction of v with the horizontal at any instant :
= tan-1 (vy/vx)= tan1
(gt/u)

Time of flight(Tf):
It is the total time for which the projectile is in flight ( from O to
B in the diagram above).
To find T we will find the time for vertical fall.
From y= uyt + (1/2) gt2
When , y= h , t=Tf

[y=h, means that the projectile has hit the

ground. How?]

h= 0 + (1/2) gt2
T=(2h/g)1/2

Range(R):
It is the horizontal distance covered during the
time of flight T.
From x= ut
When t=Tf , x=R
Range, R=uTf

[Tf is the Time of flight]

R=u(2h/g)1/2

[because Tf=(2h/g)1/2 ]

6 | Page

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7 | Page

Projectile Motion

By

Salik Hussain

Case 2: Angular Projection

We will now consider the case when the object is projected with
an initial velocity u at an angle to the horizontal direction.
We assume that there is no air resistance .Also since the body
first goes up and then comes down after reaching the
highest point; we will use the Cartesian convention for
signs of different physical quantities. The acceleration due
to gravity 'g' will be negative as it acts downwards.
We will separate the motion into horizontal motion (motion
along x-axis) and vertical motion (motion along y-axis) .We will
study x-motion and y-motion separately.

Along X-axis

Along Y-axis

1. Component of initial
velocity along x-axis.
Ux= u cos

1. Component of initial
velocity along y-axis.
Uy=u sin

2. Acceleration along x- 2. Acceleration along y7 | Page

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8 | Page

Projectile Motion

By

Salik Hussain

axis

axis

ax=0
(Because no force is
acting along the
horizontal direction)

ay= -g=
-9.8m/s2
(g is negative as it is
acting in the
downward direction)

3. Component of
velocity along the xaxis at any instant t.
Vx=ux + axt
=ucos + 0=
ucos
vx=ucos
This means that the
horizontal
component of
velocity does not
change throughout
the projectile
motion.
4. The displacement
along x-axis at any
instant t
x=uxt + (1/2) axt2
x=ucos.t

3. Component of
velocity along the y-axis
at any instant t.
Vy=uy + ayt
vy=usin - gt

8 | Page

4. The displacement
along y-axis at any
instant t
y= uyt + (1/2)
ayt2
y= usin.t -

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9 | Page

Projectile Motion

By

Salik Hussain

(1/2)gt2

Equation of Trajectory (Path of projectile) for Angular

Projection:
At any instant t,
x= ucos.t
t= x/(ucos)
Also , y= usin.t - (1/2)gt2
Substituting for t,
y= usin.x/(ucos) -- (1/2)g[x/(ucos)]2
y= x.tan -- [(1/2)g.sec2 .x2 ]/u2
This equation is of the form y= ax + bx2 where 'a' and 'b are
constants. This is the equation of a parabola.Thus, the
path of a projectile is a parabola.

Net velocity of the body at any instant of time,

t:
vx=ucos
vy=usin gt
V= (vx2 + vx2 )1/2

Direction of v with the horizontal at any instant :

= tan-1 (vy/vx) ,where is the angle that the resultant
velocity(v) makes with the horizontal at any instant .
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10 | P a g e

Projectile Motion

By Salik Hussain

Time of flight,Tf:
Angular Projectile motion is symmetrical about the highest point.The
object will reach the highest point in time Tf/2 .At the highest point,the
vertical component of velocity vy becomes equal to zero.
vy =usin - gt
At t=Tf/2 , vy= 0
0= usin gTf/2
T= (2usin)/g

[ALTERNATE APPROACH:
Suppose the particle is at B, as shown in figure below.
The equation for Horizontal motion gives,
OB=x=Uxt=ucos
They y-coordinate at the point B is zero. Thus, from
the equation of vertical motion,

y=utsin-1/2gt2
or, 0=utsin-1/2gt2
or, t(usin-1/2gt)=0
10 | P a g e

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11 | P a g e

Projectile Motion

By Salik Hussain

Thus, either t=0 or t= 2usin/g

Now t=0, corresponds to the position O of the particle.
The time at which it reaches B is thus,
Tf=2usin/g, which is same as by other
method!]

Maximum height,Hmax:
Equation for vertical distance (y-component),
y= uyt - (1/2)gt2
At t=Tf/2 , y=H
Hmax.= usin.Tf/2 - (1/2)g(Tf/2)2
Substituting Tf
Hmax.= usin.usin/g - (1/2)g(usin/g)2

[Since Tf =2

usin/g, so Tf /2=usin/g ]

= (u2sin2)/g - (u2sin2)/2g
Hmax.=
(u2sin2)/2g

Range,R:
Range is the total horizontal distance covered during
the time of flight.
From equation for horizontal motion, x=uxt
When t=Tf, x=R
R= uxTf = ucos.2usin/g
11 | P a g e

[ux=cos & Tf= 2usin/g]

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12 | P a g e

Projectile Motion

By Salik Hussain

= 2u2sincos/g
=u2 (2 sincos)/g
= u2sin2/g

[using 2sincos= sin2]

R=
(u2sin2)/g

12 | P a g e

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