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Granicne Vrednosti Funkcija
Granicne Vrednosti Funkcija
Granicne Vrednosti Funkcija
Grani
cne vrednosti funkcija
Poznate granicne vrednosti:
sin x
= 1;
x0 x
1. lim
2. lim (1 + x) x = e
x0
1
= 1;
x
log(1 + x)
4. lim
= 1,
x0
x
3. lim
lim 1 +
1 )x
= e.
x
ex
x0
(log = loge );
sin ax
= lim
x0 sin bx
x0
Primer 1. a) lim
sin ax
ax
sin bx
bx
ax
bx
a
;
b
( sin ax )2
sin2 ax
=
lim
a2 = a2 ;
x0
x0
x2
ax
b) lim
2 sin2
1 cos kx
=
lim
x0
x0
x2
x2
c) lim
kx
2
= lim
kx )2
2
kx
2
( sin
x0
k2
k2
= ;
2
2
Zadaci:
1. Odrediti:
)
(
a) lim
x x + 2 x + 1 ;
)
x+2
1
;
x1 x2 5x + 4
x2 3x + 2
1 + 4x 3
f ) lim
;
x2
2x 2
3
8x 2
g) lim
;
2
x1
x +32
e) lim
x+
2x + x + x 2x ;
b) lim
x+
3
x2 2 3 x + 1
c) lim
;
x1
(x 1)2
(
d) lim
x+
4
1+
x
1
1+
1+
5
x
3
x;
Re
senje: a) Imamo
)
(
L = lim
x x+2 x+1
x+
) x + 2 + x + 1
(
x + 2 (x + 1)
= lim
x x+2 x+1
= lim
x
x+
x+
x+2+ x+1
x+2+ x+1
x
1
1
= lim (
= .
) = lim
x+
x+
2
1
2
1
2
x 1+ x + 1+ x
1+ x + 1+ x
b) Racunamo
(
L = lim
(
x+
2x +
x+
= lim
x+
2x +
x+
)
2x
x + x + 2x
x 2x
2x + x + x + 2x
)
2x +
x 2x
x+ x
= lim
= lim
x+
x+
2x + x + x + 2x
2x + x + x + 2x
x 1 + 1x
1 + 1x
1
= lim
= lim (
= .
(
)
)
x+
x+
2 2
1
1
x 2 + x1 + x
+ 2
2 + x1 + x
+ 2
x
x
2x +
x+
c) Nalazimo
3
x2 2 3 x + 1
( 3 x 1)2
( 3 x 1)2
L = lim
=
lim
=
lim
(
)2
3
x1
x1 (x 1)2
x1
(x 1)2
( 3 x 1)( x2 + 3 x + 1)
1
1
= .
= lim
x1 ( 3 x2 + 3 x + 1)2
9
d) Odredujemo
1+
L = lim
x+
1+
= lim
x+
1+
1+
5
x
1+
5
x
1+
= lim
x+
4
x
1+
1+
4
x
1+
4
x
1+
1 1+
5
x
3
x
5
x
3
x
a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
=
a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b)
(
1+
1+
5
x
3
x
1+
4
x
1+
4
x
(
3
)2
)2
1+
1+
4
x
)2
)(
1+
(
1+
4
x
)2
1+
1+
4
x
)(
1+
1+
)(
1+
4
x
5
x
3
x
1+
3
x
1+
3
x
)(
4
x
1+
1+
4
x
1
lim x5
x+
x
5
x
1+
3
x
1+
3
x
1+
3
x
1+
3
x
)2
)2
)2
1+
)2 = 15 .
3
x
e) Imamo
)
)
(
1
1
x+2
x+2
=
lim
x1 x2 5x + 4
x1 (x 1)(x 4)
x2 3x + 2
(x 1)(x 2)
2
x 4 (x 4)
x(x 1)
= lim
= lim
x1 (x 1)(x 2)(x 4)
x1 (x 1)(x 2)(x 4)
x
1
= lim
= .
x1 (x 2)(x 4)
3
(
L = lim
f ) Nalazimo
1 + 4x 3
1 + 4x 3
1 + 4x + 3
2x + 2
L = lim
= lim
x2
x2
1 + 4x + 3
2x 2
2x 2
2x + 2
1 + 4x 9
2x + 2
4(x 2)
2x + 2
= lim
= lim
x2
2x 4
1 + 4x + 3 x2 2(x 2)
1 + 4x + 3
2x + 2
4
= lim 2
= .
x2
3
1 + 4x + 3
g) Odredujemo
3
3
3
8x 2
8x 2
(8x)2 + 2 3 8x + 4
x2 + 3 + 2
L = lim
= lim
x1
x2 + 3 2 x1 x2 + 3 2 3 (8x)2 + 2 3 8x + 4
x2 + 3 + 2
x2 + 3 + 2
8x 8
= lim 2
3
x1 x + 3 4
(8x)2 + 2 3 8x + 4
8
8(x 1)
x2 + 3 + 2
x2 + 3 + 2
=
lim
= lim
3
3
3
x1 (x 1)(x + 1)
(8x)2 + 2 8x + 4 x1 x + 1
(8x)2 + 2 3 8x + 4
4
= .
3
2. Neka je
f (x) =
Odrediti
lim f (x),
x+
lim f (x);
x0
Re
senje: Racunamo
(
L1 = lim
x+
4x2
x
27 4 x1 + 2013 sin
27
x3
=
.
1
1
x+ 2013 4 + 27 2
2013
x
x
= lim
x
x3 27 4 x1 + 2013 sin
x3
+ 2013 sin x
(
)
= lim
x+ x3 2013 4 1 + 27 1
2013x3 4x2 + 27x
x
x2
27x3
L2 = lim
x1
a zatim naci
k
x1
,
x1
( x 1)( 3 x 1) . . . ( 10 x 1)
;
x1
(x 1)9
lim
Re
senje: Vazi:
ak bk = (a b)(ak1 + ak2 b + . . . + abk2 + bk1 ).
Imamo
k
k
x1
x1
L = lim
= lim
k
k
x1 x 1
x1 ( x 1)( xk1 + k xk2 + . . . + k x + 1)
1
1
= lim
= .
x1 k xk1 + k xk2 + . . . + k x + 1
k
Sada je
10
( x 1)( 3 x 1) . . . ( 10 x 1)
x1 3x1
x1
...
L1 = lim
= lim
x1
x1 x 1 x 1
(x 1)9
x1
1
1
=
=
.
2 3 . . . 10
10!
4. Neka je
x2 + 14 + x
f (x) =
.
x2 2 + x
x+
lim f (x);
Re
senje: Neka je L1 = lim f (x) i L2 = lim f (x).
x+
Imamo
x 1+
x2 + 14 + x
L1 = lim
= lim (
x+
x+
x2 2 + x
x 1
14
x2
+1
2
x2
+1
1+
14
x2
+1
2
x2
+1
) = lim
x+
= 1.
x2 + 14 + x
x2 + 14 + x
x2 + 14 x
x2 2 x
L2 = lim
= lim
x
x
x2 2 + x
x2 2 + x
x2 + 14 x
x2 2 x
x2 + 14 x2
x2 2 x
14
x2 2 x
= lim
=
lim
x x2 2 x2
x2 + 14 x x 2
x2 + 14 x
|x| 1
14
= = lim
x 2
|x| 1
= lim (7)
x
2
x2
14
x2
x( 1 +
14
x2
x( 1
2
x2
= |x| = x,
+ 1)
1+
= lim (7)
+ 1) x
1
14
x2
+1
2
x2
+1
= 7.
5. Neka je
x2 2x + 6 x2 + 2x 6
f (x) =
.
x2 4x + 3
Odrediti granicne vrednosti
lim f (x),
x3
lim f (x),
x+
lim f (x);
Re
senje: Odredujemo
x2 2x + 6 x2 + 2x 6
x2 4x + 3
2
x 2x + 6 x2 + 2x 6
x2 2x + 6 + x2 + 2x 6
x2 4x + 3
x2 2x + 6 + x2 + 2x 6
x2 2x + 6 (x2 + 2x 6)
1
2
x2 4x + 3
x 2x + 6 + x2 + 2x 6
4(x 3)
1
2
(x 3)(x 1)
x 2x + 6 + x2 + 2x 6
4
1
1
= ,
2
2
(x 1)
3
x 2x + 6 + x + 2x 6
x2 2x + 6 x2 + 2x 6
L1 = lim
x3
x2 4x + 3
1
4
1
= lim
= ,
2
2
x3 (x 1)
3
x 2x + 6 + x + 2x 6
x2 2x + 6 x2 + 2x 6
L2 = lim
x+
x2 4x + 3
4
1
= 0,
= lim
2
x+ (x 1)
x 2x + 6 + x2 + 2x 6
x2 2x + 6 x2 + 2x 6
L3 = lim
x
x2 4x + 3
4
1
= lim
= 0.
x (x 1)
x2 2x + 6 + x2 + 2x 6
6. Odrediti
a) lim (1 cos x) cot x;
x0
cos 2x cos 3x
;
x0
sin2 5x
tan x sin x
c) lim
;
x0 (1 + sin x) sin3 x
b) lim
1 cos3 x
;
x0 x sin 2x
d) lim
e) lim
x0
1 cos x
;
f ) lim
x0+ 1 cos x
x
g) lim
;
x0
1 + 2x + sin x cos x
(
)
h) lim tan 2x tan
x ;
4
x/4
1 sin x
i) lim (
)2 ;
x/2
x
2
2 1 + cos x
j) lim
;
x0
sin2 x
Re
senje: a) Odredujemo
x
2 sin2 cos x
(1 cos x) cos x
2
L = lim (1 cos x) cot x = lim
= lim
x0
x0
x0 2 sin x cos x
sin x
2
2
x
sin cos x
2
= lim
= 0.
x
x0
cos
2
b) I nacin: Odredujemo
x
2 sin 5x
cos 2x cos 3x
2 sin 2
=
lim
x0
x0
sin2 5x
sin2 5x
L = lim
sin
5x
2
5x
2
= lim
x0
5x
2
sin 5x
5x
)2
x
2
sin
x
2
x
2
25x2
1
.
10
II nacin: Odredujemo
(cos 2x 1) + (1 cos 3x)
cos 2x cos 3x
= lim
2
x0
x0
sin 5x
sin2 5x
L = lim
2 sin x +
= lim
x0
sin2 5x
2
2 sin2 3x
2
2
= lim
sin x
x
x0
)2
+2
sin 5x
5x
( sin 3x )2
)2
3x
2
9
4
25
1
.
10
c) Odredujemo
sin x
tan x sin x
cos x sin x
=
lim
x0 (1 + sin x) sin3 x
x0 (1 + sin x) sin3 x
L = lim
sin x(1cos x)
cos x
3
1 cos x
(1 + sin x) sin x
(1 + sin x) sin2 x cos x
2 sin2 x2
2 sin2 x2
= lim
=
lim
x0 (1 + sin x) sin2 x cos x
x0 (1 + sin x)4 sin2 x cos2
2
1
1
= .
= lim
x0 2(1 + sin x) cos2 x cos x
2
2
= lim
x0
= lim
x0
x
2
cos x
d) Odredujemo
1 cos3 x
(1 cos x)(1 + cos x + cos2 x)
= lim
x0 x sin 2x
x0
x sin 2x
L = lim
= lim
2 sin2 x2 (1
x0
( sin x )2
= lim
x0
x
2
+ cos x +
x sin 2x
cos2 x)
( sin x )2
2
= lim
x0
(1 + cos x + cos2 x)
4 sin2x2x
3
4
x
2
x2
4 (1 + cos x
sin 2x
2
2x 2x
+ cos2 x)
e) Odredujemo
1 cos(1 cos 2x)
1 cos(2 sin2 x)
2 sin2 (sin2 x)
=
lim
=
lim
x0
x0
x0
x4
x4
x4
( sin(sin2 x) )2 sin4 x
= lim 2
= 2.
x0
x4
sin2 x
L = lim
f ) Odredujemo
2 sin2 x2
2 sin x2
1 cos x
= lim
= lim
L = lim
x0+ 2 sin2 x
x0+ 1 cos x
x0+ 2 sin2 x
2
2
sin x x
2
2 x/2 2
= lim ( x )2 = 2.
x0+
sin 2
x
2 x/2
4
g) Odredujemo
x
1 + 2x + sin x cos x
x
1 + 2x + sin x + cos x
= lim
x0
1 + 2x + sin x cos x
1 + 2x + sin x + cos x
(
(
)
)
x 1 + 2x + sin x + cos x
x 1 + 2x + sin x + cos x
= lim
= lim
x0
x0
1 + 2x + sin x cos x
2 sin2 x2 + 2x + sin x
)
(
x 1 + 2x + sin x + cos x
1 + 2x + sin x + cos x
2
= lim
= lim
= .
( sin2 x
)
x
sin
x0
x0
3
2
sin x2 + 2 + sinx x
x
x 2 x 2 + 2 + sinx x
L = lim
x0
h) Neka je
L = lim tan 2x tan
x/4
Uvodimo smenu
x=t x
4
4
tan( x) = tan t,
4
tan 2x = tan 2(
x .
t 0,
1
1 tan2 t
t) = tan( 2t) = cot 2t =
=
.
4
2
tan 2t
2 tan t
10
Sada je
1 tan2 t
1
tan t(1 tan2 t)
= lim
= .
t0
t0
2 tan t
2
2
L = lim
i) Neka je
1 sin x
L = lim (
)2 .
x/2
x
2
Uvodimo smenu
t=
x
2
Imamo
t 0,
2 sin2
1 cos t
=
lim
t0
t0
t2
t2
L = lim
t
2
sin x = sin
= lim 2
( sin t )2 1
2
t
2
t0
t = cos t.
1
= .
2
j) Odredujemo
2 1 + cos x
2 1 + cos x
2 + 1 + cos x
L = lim
= lim
x0
x0
sin2 x
sin2 x
2 + 1 + cos x
2 sin2 x2
1 cos x
= lim
=
lim
x0 sin2 x( 2 + 1 + cos x)
x0 4 sin2 x cos2 x ( 2 + 1 + cos x)
2
2
1
1
= .
= lim
x
2
x0 2 cos
4 2
2 ( 2 + 1 + cos x)
7. Odrediti:
(
a) lim
x+
)1+2x
x2
;
x2 + x + 1
1
3x
b) lim (1 + tan x) ;
x0
2x
d) lim x x1 ;
x1
g) lim
x0
( sin x )
sin x
xsin x
11
Re
senje: a) Racunamo
(
L = lim
x+
)1+2x
( x2 + x + 1 (x + 1) )1+2x
x2
=
lim
x+
x2 + x + 1
x2 + x + 1
((
+x+1) ) (x+1)(1+2x)
x + 1 ) (xx+1
x2 +x+1
.
1 2
x +x+1
= lim
x+
)(
x2 1 + x1 x1 + 2
(x + 1)(1 + 2x)
(
)
L1 = lim
= lim
x+
x+
x2 + x + 1
x2 1 + x1 + x12
(
= lim
x+
)(
1+
1
x
1+
1
x
1
x
Sada je
+2
1
x2
= 2.
L = e2 .
b) Nalazimo
1
) tan x
=e
3x
x0
) sin x
x
1
3 cos x
x0
c) Neka je
(
) 3(1cos x)
4x2
x0
x0
(0.1)
Imamo
6 sin2
3(1 cos x)
=
lim
x0
x0
4x2
4x2
lim
x
2
3 ( sin x2 )2 3
= .
x
x0 8
8
2
= lim
(0.2)
2x
x1
x1
)2x
= e2 .
12
e) Racunamo
(
x0
(0.3)
Imamo
2 sin2 x2 cos x
(cos x 1) cot x
(cos x 1) cos x
= lim
= lim
x0
x0
x0
x
x sin x
x sin x
sin2 (x/2) 1
2 (x/2)2 4 cos x
1
= lim
= .
sin x
x0
2
x
lim
(0.4)
x 1)
x0
(0.5)
Imamo
( x
x + ex 1
ex 1 )
= lim
+
x0
x0 sin x
sin x
sin x
ex 1 )
( x
+ sinx x = 1 + 1 = 2.
= lim
x0 sin x
x
lim
( sin x )
x0
((
= lim
x0
sin x
xsin x
= lim 1 +
x0
) sin x
sin x
1 xsin x
x
x
sin x x ) sin xxx ) sin
x
= e1 .
1+
x
(0.6)
13
8. Izracunati:
e
a) lim
x0
1+3x2
e
;
1 cos x
1
1+x
d) lim log
;
x0 x
1x
3
1 + x2 cos x
;
e) lim
x0
log(1 x2 )
log(1 + sin2 x)
;
x0
ex 2 1
b) lim
c) lim
x0+
log(1 + 2x)
;
log(1 + x2 )
Re
senje: a) Odredujemo
(
3
1+3x2
e e 1+3x 1 1
e
et 1
L = lim
= lim
= lim
=
1
x0 1 cos x
x0
1 cos x
t0
t
(
)
3
2
3
e e 1+3x 1 1
1 + 3x2 1
= lim
3
x0
1 cos x
1 + 3x2 1
(
)
3
2
= lim
3
3
x0
2 sin2 x2
1 + 3x2 1
(1 + 3x2 )2 + 3 1 + 3x2 + 1
e e 1+3x 1 1
3x2
1
( x )2
= lim
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
sin
x0
x
1 + 3x 1
(1
+
3x
)
+
1 + 3x2 + 1
2
2 x
4
(
e
= lim
x0
3
2
e 1+3x 1
1
1
6
( x )2
= 2e.
3
3
2
2
2
sin
1 + 3x 1
(1 + 3x ) + 3 1 + 3x2 + 1
2
x
2
b) Odredujemo
log(1 + sin2 x)
log(1 + sin2 x) sin2 x
x2
=
lim
= 1.
2
2
2
2
x0
x0
x
ex 1
sin x
ex 1
L = lim
c) Odredujemo
log(1 + 2x)
= lim
x0+
x0+ log(1 + x2 )
L = lim
d) Odredujemo
log(1+2x)
2x
2x
log(1+x2 ) 2
x
x2
log(1+2x)
2x
2
x0+ log(1+x )
x2
= lim
2
= +.
x
14
1
1+x
1
1+x
log(1 + x) log(1 x)
L = lim log
= lim
log
= lim
x0 x
1 x x0 2x
1 x x0
2x
(
)
1 log(1 + x) log(1 x)
1
= lim
+
= (1 + 1) = 1.
x0 2
x
x
2
e) Neka je
(
)
3
2 1 + (1 cos x)
3
2
1
+
x
1 + x cos x
L = lim
= lim
.
x0
x0
log(1 x2 )
log(1 x2 )
(0.7)
Imamo
1+
x2
1=
(
3
1+
x2
3
)
(1 + x2 )2 + 3 1 + x2 + 1
1
3
3
(1 + x2 )2 +
1 + x2 + 1
x2
,
=
3
(1 + x2 )2 + 3 1 + x2 + 1
i
1 cos x = 2 sin2
(0.8)
x
.
2
(0.9)
1+
L = lim
x2
1 + (1 cos x)
log(1 x2 )
x0
3
= lim
x0
1
+ 12
(1+x2 )2 + 3 1+x2 +1
2)
log(1x
x2
3
= lim
x0
( sin x )2
x
2
9. Data je funkcija
f (x) =
1
(1+x2 )2 + 3 1+x2 +1
log(1x2 )
x2
5
= .
6
e2010x 2
.
e2011x + 1
Odrediti
lim f (x),
lim f (x),
x+
lim f (x);
x0
+2
sin2 x2
x2
15
Re
senje: Neka je
e2010x 2
t = x
L1 = lim 2011x
=
x e
+ 1 x
e2010t 2
= lim
t+
t+ e2011t + 1
= lim
1
e2010t
1
e2011t
t +
2
= 2.
+1
(
e2010x 1
2
(
= lim
e2011x + 1 x+ e2011x 1 +
e2010x
L2 = lim
x+
= lim
x+
ex 1
2
e2010x )
1
+ e2011x
2
e2010x
1
)
)
e2011x
= 0.
e2010x 2
1
= .
x0 e2011x + 1
2
L3 = lim
Neprekidnost funkcije
Funkcija f je neprekidna u tacki a ako vazi
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (a).
xa
xa+
xa
lim f (x) = B2 ,
xa+
B1 , B2 R,
tada kazemo da u tacki a funkcija ima prekid prve vrste. U slucaju B1 = B2 prekid
je otklonjiv.
Ako je a tacka prekida funkcije f i prekid nije prve vrste onda je prekid druge
vrste.
16
Zadaci:
1. Ispitati neprekidnost funkcije
f (x) =
21/x ,
0,
x = 0,
x=0
u tacki x = 0.
Re
senje: Racunamo levi i desni limes u nuli
x0
1
x
x0
x0+
x0+
1
x
= 0,
+ = +.
Imamo f (0) = lim f (x) i lim f (x) = +. S obzirom da desni limes nije konacan
x0
x0+
1 cos4 (1 ex )
f (x) =
x sin 3x
a,
x = 0,
x = 0.
Odredujemo
1 cos4 (1 ex )
x0
x sin 3x
(1 cos(1 ex ))(1 + cos(1 ex )(1 + cos2 (1 ex )
= lim
x0
x sin 3x
2 1ex
2 sin 2 (1 + cos(1 ex ))(1 + cos2 (1 ex ))
= lim
x0
x sin 3x
x0
( sin 1ex )2 (
2
1ex
2
= lim
1ex
2
)2
x0
= lim
x
sin 1e
2
1ex
2
x0
Imamo a = f (0) = 23 .
)2 (
ex 1
x
)2
2
= .
3
17
f (x) =
3
1
,
+
3
1
x
x
A,
x = 1,
x=1
x1
Odredujemo
(
3
1 )
2 x x2
3 (1 + x + x2 )
+
=
lim
=
lim
x1 1 x3
x1
x1
x1
1 x3
1 x3
(1 x)(2 + x)
2+x
= lim
= lim
= 1.
x1 (1 x)(1 + x + x2 )
x1 1 + x + x2
x1
Imamo A = 1.
4. Odrediti vrednost konstante a R tako da funkcija
f (x) =
x 0,
x + a,
1 cos x
,
ax2
x>0
bude neprekidna na R.
Re
senje: Funkcija x + a je neprekidna za x < 0, jer je elementarna. Funkcija
1 cos x
ax2
je neprekidna za x > 0 kao kolicnik elementarnih funkcija i imenilac je razlicit od
nule.
Realnu konstantu a cemo odrediti iz uslova neprekidnosti u tacki x = 0:
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (0).
x0
x0+
Odredujemo
lim f (x) = lim (x + a) = a = f (0),
x0
2 sin2
1 cos x
=
lim
x0+
x0+ ax2
ax2
x0+
x0
x
2
= lim
( sin
x0+
x
2
x
2
)2 1
2a
1
.
2a
18
1
a =
2
2
a=
.
2
f (x) =
x + a,
x 1,
axe1/(1x) ,
x > 1,
bude neprekidna na R.
Re
senje: Kao elementarne funkcije, x + a je neprekidna za x < 1, a axe1/(1x) je
neprekidna za x > 1. Realnu konstantu a cemo odrediti iz uslova neprekidnosti u
tacki x = 1:
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (1).
x1
x1+
Odredujemo
lim f (x) = lim (x + a) = 1 + a = f (1),
x1
x1
i
lim
x1+
1
1
= lim = ,
1 x t0 t
odakle je
lim e1/(1x) = 0
x1+
i
lim f (x) = lim axe1/(1x) = 0.
x1+
x1+
Imamo 1 + a = 0, pa je a = 1.
6. Odrediti konstante a, b R tako da funkcija
sin 2015x
f (x) =
bude neprekidna na R.
ax + b,
log x2
,
x1
x < 0,
0 x 1,
x>1
19
Re
senje: Funkcije
log x2
sin 2015x
,
ax + b,
x
x1
su neprekidne na (, 0), (0, 1) i (1, +) redom, kao elementarne.
Realne konstante a i b cemo odrediti iz uslova neprekidnosti u tackama x = 0 i
x = 1.
Uslov neprekidnosti u x = 0:
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (0).
x0
x0+
Odredujemo
sin 2015x
sin 2015x
= lim
2015 = 2015,
x0 2015x
x0
x
x0
x0+
x0+
Dobijamo b = 2015.
Uslov neprekidnosti u x = 1:
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (1).
x1
x1+
Odredujemo
lim f (x) = lim (ax + b) = a + b = f (1),
x1
x1
log x2
2 log x
2 log(1 + (x 1))
= lim
= lim
x1+ x 1
x1+ x 1
x1+
x1
2 log(1 + t)
= lim
= 2,
t0+
t
x1+
f (x) =
sin(ex 1)
2 2x
x + ax + b,
x+32
,
x1
bude neprekidna na R.
x < 0,
0 x 1,
x>1
20
Re
senje: Funkcije
sin(ex 1)
,
2x
x + ax + b),
x+32
x1
x0
x0+
Odredujemo
sin(ex 1)
1 sin(ex 1) ex 1
1
= lim
= .
x
x0
x0 2
2x
e 1
x
2
x0
Imamo
lim f (x) = lim (x2 + ax + b) = b = f (0).
x0+
x0+
1
Dobijamo b = .
2
Uslov neprekidnosti u x = 1:
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (1).
x1
x1+
Odredujemo
lim f (x) = lim (x2 + ax + b) = 1 + a + b = f (1),
x1
x1
x+32
x+32
x+3+2
x+1
= lim
x1+
x1
x+1
x+3+2
)
(
(x 1) x + 1
x+1
2
(
) = lim
= .
= lim
x1+
x1+ (x 1)
3
x+3+1
x+3+1
Dobijamo 1 + a + b = 23 , odakle je a =
1
5
2
1 = .
3
2
6
21
f (x) =
ax2
1,
2
2b + sin x,
x /2,
/2 < x /2,
a 5b log/2 x,
x > /2
x/2
f (x) =
lim
x/2+
f (x) = f (/2).
Odredujemo
lim
x/2
f (x) =
lim
x/2+
lim
( ax2
x/2
f (x) =
1 =
lim
a
1 = f (/2),
4
(2b + sin x) = 2b 1.
x/2+
x/2
f (x) =
lim
x/2+
f (x) = f (/2).
Odredujemo
lim
x/2
f (x) =
x/2
lim
x/2+
f (x) =
lim
x/2+
a 5b log/2 x = a 5b.
a = 8b
a = 7b + 1
b = 1,
a = 8.
22
sin ax
,
4x
f (x) = b2 x2 + b(x + 2),
e1/(2x) 1,
x < 0,
0 x 2,
x>2
b2 x2 + b(x + 2),
e1/(2x) 1
x0
x0+
Odredujemo
lim f (x) = lim
x0
x0
sin ax
sin ax a
a
= lim
= ,
x0 ax
4x
4
4
x0+
x0+
a
4
x2
x2+
Odredujemo
lim f (x) = lim (b2 x2 + b(x + 2)) = 4b2 + 4b = f (2),
x2
x2
x2+
x2+
1/(2x)
x 2+ 1
2x
1 =
= 1.
e1/(2x) 0
)
23
x + e1/(x1) ,
f (x) =
A,
B + arctan
x < 1,
x = 1,
1
x1 ,
x>1
neprekidna na svako R.
(
)
(
)
1
Re
senje: Funkcije
x + e1/(x1) i B + arctan x1
su neprekidne za x < 1 i
3
x > 1, redom, kao elementarne.
Realne konstante A i B odredujemo iz uslova neprekidnosti u tacki x = 1.
Najpre odredujemo
x 1
1
e1/(x1) 0, arctan
,
x1
x1
2
x 1+
1
1
+ e1/(x1) +, arctan
.
x1
x1
2
Uslov neprekidnosti u x = 1:
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (1).
x1
x1+
x1
x1
x1+
Dobijamo
odakle je A =
x1+
x + e1/(x1) =
,
3
1 )
=B+ .
x1
2
=A=B+
3
2
, B = 6 .
3
24
Re
senje: U svakom od datih slucajeva tacka x = 0 je tacka prekida. Odredicemo
vrstu prekida.
a) Odredujemo levi i desni limes funkcije f u nuli
x 0
1
lim f (x) = lim
=
e1/x 0
x0
x0 1 + e1/x
1
x
= 1.
(0.10)
x 0+ 1 +
1
x
lim f (x) = lim
=
= 0.
e1/x +
x0+
x0 1 + e1/x
(0.11)
x0+
x0
x0
1/x
x 0
=
e1/x 0
1
x
= 0.
x0+
x0+
(0.12)
e1/x x 0+ x1 +
= lim
=
e1/x +
x0+ 1/x
et
= +.
t+ t
(0.13)
= lim
xn =
1
0,
n
xn =
2
0,
4n +
n +
f (xn ) = sin(
+ 2n) = 1 1,
2
n +.
25
sin x
sin x
= lim
= 1.
x0+ x
x0 x
lim
x0+
b) f (x) = 21/x .
2
Re
senje: a) Odredujemo levi i desni limes funkcije
x0
x0
x0+
1
x
x0+
+ = +,
1
x
= 0.
Imamo lim f (x) = + i lim f (x) = 0. S obzirom da levi limes nije konacan,
x0
x0+
x0
x0
1
x2
sin(x 3)
.
x2 4x + 3
= 0.
26
Re
senje: Funkciju f (x) mozemo napisati u obliku
f (x) =
sin(x 3)
.
(x 3)(x 1)
x 1
sin(x 3)
1
lim f (x) = lim
=
x1
x1
x3
x 1 x 1
1
x1
sin(x3)
sin2 2
x3
= .
1
sin(x 3)
x 3
=
lim f (x) = lim
x3
x3
x3
x 1 x 3
sin(x3)
x3
1
1
x1
2
= .
2
U ovom slucaju smo dobili konacnu granicnu vrednost, istu i levu i desnu granicnu
vrednost, pa je prekid prve vrste, otklonjiv.
14. Dokazati da je x = 1 tacka prekida funkcije
1
,
f (x) = arctan x + e1/(1x)
0,
x = 1,
x=1
x1
x1
x1+
x1+
1
arctan x + e1/(1x)
x 1 1 +
1x
1
= x 1 e 1x + = 0,
x 1 arctan x
4
1
arctan x + e1/(1x)
x 1+ 1
1x
4
1
= x 1+ e 1x 0
= .
x 1+ arctan x
4
27
Imamo
f (1) = lim f (x) = 0 = lim f (x) =
x1
x1+
4
.
f (x) = [x] = n.
Sada imamo, za n Z,
lim f (x) = lim [x] = n 1,
xn
xn
xn+
xn+
S obzirom da leva i desna granicna vrednost nisu jednake funkcija ima prekid u
svakoj tacki n Z, a kako su dobijene granicne vrednosti konacne, prekid je prve
vrste, neotklonjiv.
16. Ispitati vrstu prekida funkcija
1
f (x) = ,
g(x) = 1 + 21/x ,
x
h(x) =
1
.
1 + 21/x
Re
senje: Za funkciju f vazi
x 0
1
x
1
21/x 0 1 + 21/x 1,
x
1
+ 21/x + 1 + 21/x +.
x
Desna granicna vrednost je beskonacna, pa je prekid druge vrste.
x 0+
1
x
+)
28
x 0+
1
1
21/x 0 1 + 21/x 1
1,
x
1 + 21/x
1
1
+ 21/x + 1 + 21/x +
0.
x
1 + 21/x