Social,Political,andEconomicReforms

UnitedKingdom
PoliticalReforms

EconomicReforms

SocialReforms

MagnaCarta(1215):
Requiresconsentof
parliamenttotax.
GloriousRevolution
(16881689)Billof
RIghts:
Parliament
controltaxes
ReformAct(1832):
Thereformactin1832
redistributedseatsin
theHouseof
Commonsastheygive
representationtolarge
townsandcities,italso
enlargedtheelectorate
bygrantingsuffragefor
moremen.
Peoples
Charter/Petition
(1838):
Thepeoples
Charterfromthe
workerunions
demandeduniversal
malesuffrage,annual
parliamentary
elections,salariesfor

IndustrialRevolution
(17601840):
the
rapiddevelopmentof
industrybroughtbythe
introductionof
machinery,
characterizedbythe
useofsteampower,
thegrowthoffactories,
andthemass
productionof
manufacturedgoods.
Repealofhightariffs
ongrains(1846)

Protestant
Reformation(16th
century):

religious,
political,intellectual
andculturalupheaval
thatsplinteredCatholic
Europe,settingin
placethestructures
andbeliefsthatwould
define
thecontinent
in
themodernera
3rdReformAct
(1884):

createda
uniformfranchiseinthe
UnitedKingdom
4thReformAct
(1918):
gavethevote
toallmenover21and
toallwomenoverthe
ageof30years
Representationofthe
PeopleAict(1928):
womenwerefinally
giventhefranchiseon
thesametermsas
men

Remaining
AntidemocraticFeatures

TheUnitedKingdom
stillhasaqueenin
reign,andonlyelects
itsPrimeMinister
Irelandhadtofought
awartogain
independencefrom
theUK

membersof
Parliament,andalso
votingbythesecret
ballot.
2ndReformAct
(1867):
Allowedparts
ofmaleworkingclass
thatownspropertyto
vote.
BallotAct(1872):
attemptedtodealwith
theproblemof
electoralnegligentby
allowingsecretballots
ParliamentAct
(1911):
reducedthe
poweroftheHouseof
Lordsandreplaced
theirvetowiththe
abilityonlytodelay
billsfromtheHouseof
Commonsfortwo
years

Slavetrade
prohibited(1807)
Slaveryincolonies
abolished(1833)
Allwomenand
childrenunder10are
forbiddentoworkin
mines(1842)
Womenandchildren
arelimitedtowork
for10houraday
(1847)
Improvementson
publichealthand
housing
Freeelementary
education
Establishmentof
insurances
Oldagepensions

France
PoliticalReforms

EconomicReforms

SocialReforms

FrenchRevolution
(17891799):
aperiod
oftimewhenFrench
citizenswereunhappy
aboutthewaythey

NapoleonIIIpromoted
investmentinindustry
andlargescale
venturessuchasrail
roadbuilding,urban

ParisCommune:
Rejectedtheharsh
peacetheNational
Assemblyhassigned
withGermany.Was

Remaining
AntidemocraticFeatures

AntiSemitismand
DreyfusAffair:
AhighrankedJewish
officerAlfredDreyfus

weretreated,sothey
overthrewtheabsolute
monarchandchanged
itintoarepresentative
republic
Napoleoniccode:
Forbadeprivileges
basedonbirth,allowed
freedomofreligion,
andspecifiedthat
governmentjobs
shouldgotothemost
qualified.
Revolutionof1848:
Ledtothecreationof
FrenchSecond
Republic.

TheDefeatofFrance
oftheFranco
PrussianWar:
Establishmentofthe
ThirdRepublic,Setup
aprovisional,a
temporarygovernment.
Twohouse
legislatureand
universalmale
suffrage.
Theelected
presidentofthe
republic
controlslittle

renewalofParis.
NapoleonIIILegalized
laborunions,extended
publiceducationto
girlsandcreateda
smallpublichealth
program.

dreamingofcreatinga
newsocialistorder.
Universalmale
suffrageoflowerhouse
ofFrenchParliament.
Passedlawsregulating
wages,hour,and
safetyconditionsfor
workers.
Setupsystemoffree
publicelementary
schools.

wasaccusedofspying
forGermany.Yethe
andhislawyerwasnot
allowedtoseethe
evidenceagainsthim.
InjusticeagainstJews
showscountrys
hostilitytoward
outsiders.
WomenSuffrage:
Not
untilafterWWIIthat
womenhadwinto
vote.

power,real
powerwasheld
bytheprime
minister.

UnitedStates
PoliticalReforms

AmericanRevolution
(17651783):
a
revolutionthatthe
Americancolonists
carriedouttofreeitself
fromtheoppressing
controlofBritain.
AmericanCivilWar
(18611865)
costmorethan
600,000lives
TheTransnational
Natureofthe
ProgressiveEra

EconomicReforms

SocialReforms

Transcendentalism
andSocialReform
firstwomensrights
convention
Emancipation
Proclamation
enslavedAfrican
AmericansintheSouth
weredeclaredfree
threeamendmentsto
theConstitution
bannedslaveryand
grantedpoliticalrights
toAfricanAmericans
FifteenthAmendment
AfricanAmericanmen
wontherighttovote
Nineteenth
Amendment
EducationReformin

Remaining
AntidemocraticFeatures

AfricanAmericans
didnthaverights
untilPresident
Lincolnabolished
slavery

AntebellumAmerica
SylvesterGraham
andAntebellumDiet
Reform.
ModernWomen
PersuadingModern
Men:TheNineteenth
Amendmentandthe
Movementfor
WomanSuffrage,
19161920
childlaborreform

EssentialQuestion:

WhatwerethemainsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthepathwaystodemocracyintheUS,France,andUK
inthe19thcentury?