Method

Characteristic fluorescence of rocks and minerals is caused by trace

elements and defects in the crystal structure.
Wavelength of fluorescence and decay behaviour: information that is
obtained

Strengths

If two or more materials show similar spectra, one may use different decay
behaviour to distinguish those.
A wavelength filter allows for simultaneous reception of different
wavelengths, as well as different decay times.
Two different type of tasks can be carried out: separation of material
groups, and quantitative correlation between fluorescence characteristics
and mineral content.

Weaknesses

Complex classification and pattern recognition algorithm (such as Support

Vector Machines) for mineral content quantification
Programming of these algorithms is time-consuming and costly
Mostly for already mined material. Application of LIF on mining machines is
too complex at this point. However, it has been used on LHDs in Kiruna.
No universal LIF, but mine-specific
Limited to what can be seen on the surface of the investigated material
It generally is impossible to directly relate fluorescence intensity to one
element or mineral present in a heterogeneous rock.

Opportunities & Threats

High information content and little sensitivity to disturbance factors such

as dust and moisture compared to other optical sensors in the visible
spectra.
Quick method: measurement frequencies of 500 samples per second can
be realized if required.
Research is mostly done on porphyry coppers and industrial minerals.
Horizon control offers an opportunity to implement a real time control over
the extraction process based on a non-contact measurement of the face:
i.e. less mined waste rock and less dilution
Profile logging: new approach for drill and blast operations Early
recognition of chances in the deposit, quick reaction, and implementing
opportunities in drifting plan.

Applications in mining

LIF was found successful for lignite and waste rock, lamphroite (diamonds),
coal and waste rock, and for the separation of dark plastics.

The Fe and K-content in kaolinite, Fe and Mg content in limestone and the

anhydrite and Ca-content in gypsum were only intermediately successful,
while rock salt was unsuccessful.
Mostly successful in hard coal, lignite, and evaporates.
Rock identification by LIF signatures can be applied for quality control,
blending, and process control.
Horizon control

http://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/50047/files/Vinzelberg_Gero.pdf