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Atirah R. Radioctivity
Atirah R. Radioctivity
Atirah Rahman, Ikhsan Mandala Putra, Marcetrisna Metoli, Nur Fadhilah Syarif
Modern Physics Laboratory Physics Department Mathematics and Science Faculty
State University of Makassar
Abstract. Have been done experiment about "Radioactive Substances Activity. Aim of this
experiment are investigating the characteristics of the emission of radioactivity several radioactive
sources, investigate and compare the penetrating power of alpha rays, beta, and gamma, and
investigate the relationship with the radioactive source within the source activity. In This
experiment three activities. In the first activity, were observed related to the activity of radioactive
substances at the source of alpha, beta and gamma. In the second activity, observations were made
to determine the permeability sources of alpha radiation, beta or gamma using the barrier lead /
lead / Pb with different thicknesses. In the third activity was observed by changing the distance of
the radioactive source to see its effect on the activity of the source . Based on the results of the
analysis of data through graphs of data obtained in any activity that has a beta ray emission of
alpha radioactivity of the greatest and most have low activeness among other rays. While rays
penetrating power bo is the most powerful gamma rays and obtained between the distance of the
source activity radioactive sources and found that the activity of this source is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance.
THEORY
One of the unique properties
owned by the atom is its ability to
transform spontaneously from a core
with a certain value of Z and N be
another core. This event is called the
decay. Such properties are owned by an
unstable nucleus and is called the
radioactive core. Radioactivity involved
the transmutation of elements. Events
transmitting radioactive rays from an
unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously
called radioactivity [2].
Radioactivity is the ability of an
unstable atomic nucleus to emit
radiation and transformed into a stable
core. This change is called the decay
process, and an unstable atomic nucleus
are called radionuclides. Material
containing
radionuclides
called
radioactive. Radioactivity involved the
transmutation of elements. Events
transmitting radioactive rays from an
unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously
called
radioactivity.
Symptoms
radiokativitas was instrumental in the
development of nuclear physics. There
are three types of radiation may be
emitted in a decay event, namely
radiation , , . [1]
Three aspects of radio-activity
that is deemed outstanding from the
standpoint
of
classical
physics
(prerelativitas and prekuantum):
1. If a core alpha or beta decay,
atomic number Z changed and it turned
into a core nucleus of different elements.
So an element not unchanged, although
the mechanism of transformation is not
known by the expert alchemy
2. The energy released during
the decay of radioactive dating of the
individual core without external
excitation, in contrast to the case of
atomic radiation. How can this happen?
It is understood only after Einstein
showed the equivalence of mass and
energy.
3. Radioactive decay is a
statistical process that meets the legal
opportunities. There is no causal
relationship involved in certain nuclei
decay, only opportunities per unit time.
Classical physics can not explain such
behavior, things like that fits naturally
within the framework of quantum
physics. [1]
Geiger Muller detector is a
function of radiation count tool for
detecting and enumerating radiation.
Geiger detector consists of a cylindrical
tube which at its aft mounted wire anode
and the inner cylinder fitted sheath of
skin as a cathode. Geiger Muller
detector is used to determine the amount
of radiation or radioactive counts. The
workings of the Geiger Muller detector
is to detect radiation from a source or
radioactive material. The rate of
radioactive decay is called activity. The
greater the activity, the more nucleus
decays per second. Activity is not
relevant to the type of radiation emitted
by the decay or footage, or the energy of
the emitted radiation. Activity is only
determined by the number of decays per
second. [1]
If the opportunity for the decay
constant called paluruhan (symbol ),
then the activity of the material depends
on a lot of radioactive nuclei in the
material (N) and . Mathematically
written:
I=N
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Where It = activity of a
radioactive substance with a barrier, I0 =
the activity of radioactive substances
without a barrier, t = thick barrier
material, and = coefficient of
permeability materials. [1]
EXPERIMENT METHOD
This experiment aims to
investigate the characteristics of the
emission
of
radioactivity
some
radioactive substances with radioactive
sources (, , and ), investigate and
compare the beam penetrating power ,
, and .
The tools used to perform these
experiments are: Geiger-Muller tube
(GM), Ratemeter, Computer, radioactive
sources, sample holder, a number of
absorbent material (lead / lead / Pb) with
different thickness, calipers, micrometer
screw danserta. Before using the tools of
experimental investigation of the
activity of a radioactive substance, it
should be noted that the operational
voltage GM detector will be used so that
-7.60
-7.65
-7.70
-7.75
-7.40
-7.450.000
-7.50
-7.55
-7.60
-7.65
-7.70
-7.75
-7.80
-7.85
-7.90
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
y = 0.1817x - 7.9931
R = 0.943
80
60
40
20
0
Alfa ()
Beta () Gamma ()
Average CPS
100
-7.55
8.000
-7.50
2.000
4.000
6.000
y = 0.0229x - 7.6574
R = 0.2156
-7.80
-7.40
-7.450.000
-7.4
0.000
-7.5
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
-7.6
-7.7
-7.8
-7.9
-8
y = -0.0402x - 7.5616
R = 0.3474
Thickness of Lead
0
-10.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
-2
-3
= (1 2 )
-4
-5
-6
y = -1.3072x - 2.9079
R = 0.9555
-7
-8
Thick of Aluminium
-7.85
-7.90.000
2.000
4.000
6.000
= (1-R2)
= (1-0,2156) 0,0229
= 0,01
8.000
-7.95
-8
-8.1
-8.15
-8.2
-8.3
PF = | | = |0.020.01|
Alpha (Al)
= 0.1817, 2 = 7.9931
So,
KR = 1- R2
= 1 0,79931
= 0.20069
= (1 2 )
-8.05
y = -0.0595x - 7.8308
R = 0.9233
-8.25
Y= mx + c
Y= x + c
Thickness of Lead
= (1-R2)
= (1-7.9931) 0,1817
= -1.2706
PF = | | = |0.181.27|
-7.76
0.000
-7.78
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
-7.8
-7.82
-7.84
-7.86
-7.88
y = -0.0374x - 7.7502
R = 0.9224
Thickness of Al
Beta (Lead)
= 0.0402, 2 = 7.5616
So,
KR = 1- R2
= 1 7.5616
= -6.5616
= (1 2 )
= (1-R2)
= (-6.5616) 0.0402
= -0.263
PF = | | = |0.040.26|
Beta (Al)
= 1.3072, 2 = 2.9079
So,
KR = 1- R2
= 1 2.9079
= -1.9079
= (1 2 )
Beta ()
= (1-R2)
= (1-2.9079) -1.3072
= 2.494
Gamma
()
PF = | | = |1.312.5|
51.84
84.64
1.21
9.61
26.01
51.84
84.64
1.1
1.21
9.61
26.01
51.84
84.64
3.1
5.1
7.2
9.2
Gamma (Lead)
= 0.0595, 2 = 7.8308
So,
KR = 1- R2
= 1 7.8308
= -6.8308
= (1 2 )
7.2
9.2
1.1
3.1
5.1
7.2
9.2
1.9
98.50
1.8 152.35
257.37 311.42
94.27 905.93
47.57 1237.30
29.60 1534.46
23.30 1972.11
25.03
10.47
8.07
5.63
4.93
30.29
100.62
209.90
291.86
417.28
Alpha ()
12
= (1-R )
= (1-7.8308) -0.0595
= 0.406
2
Average cps
10
PF = | | = |0.05 0.41|
Gamma (Al)
8
6
4
y = -0.8464x + 7.9105
R = 0.5227
= 0.374, 2 = 7,7502
So,
KR = 1- R2
= 1 7.7502
= -6.7502
= (1 2 )
0
0
10
Distance cm^-2
= (1-R2)
= (1-7.7502) -0.374
= 2.252
12
y = 10.647x + 1.4305
R = 0.995
Average cps
10
PF = | | = |0.372.25|
3rd Activity: The inverse square law
8
6
4
2
Distance
(D).10^2 cm
1.1
3.1
5.1
Distance
(D)^2.10^4 cm^2
Average
cps
1.21
9.61
26.01
10
2.23
1.6
0
0.00
Average
cps x D^2
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
Distance 1/D^2
1.00
300.00
10
250.00
200.00
Average cps
Average cps
12
6
4
2
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
0
0
-50.00 0
10
y = -26.167x + 224.92
2
4R = 0.744
6
8
10
Distance (1/D^2)
Beta ()
Gamma ()
300.00
200.00
Average cps
Average cps
30.00
100.00
y = -26.167x + 224.92
2
4R = 0.744
6
8
0.00
0
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
y = -2.2127x + 22.199
R = 0.7439
5.00
10
0.00
-100.00
10
30.00
25.00
Average cps
Average cps
10
20.00
15.00
y = -6.9885x + 6.5378
R = 0.5876
0
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
Distance (1/D^2)
10.00
y = -2.2127x + 22.199
R = 0.7439
5.00
1.00
0.00
0
10
Average cps
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
y = -2.2127x + 22.199
R = 0.7439
0
10