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(23 24) Free Convection
(23 24) Free Convection
(23 24) Free Convection
Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Delhi
E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in
p
Natural/free
convection
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
Natural Convection
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
Buoyancy Force
The upward force exerted by a fluid on a body completely or partially
immersed in it is called the buoyancy force. The magnitude of the
b
buoyancy
fforce is
i equall tto th
the weight
i ht off th
the flfluid
id di
displaced
l
db
by th
the b
body
d
F = fluidgVbody
Fnet = W Fbouyancy
= bodygVbody - fluidgVbody
= (body - fluid)g
)gVbody
It is
i the
th buoyancy
b
fforce that
th t keeps
k
the
th ships
hi afloat
fl t
in water (W = Fbuoyancy ) for floating objects
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
1
1
=
T P
T P
1
1
=
T
T T
At constant P
= (T T )
1
T
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
Equation of Motion
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
m a x = Fsurface, x + Fbodyy , x
m = (dx dy 1)
A
Acceleration
l ti
ax =
du u dx u dy
u
u
=
+
=u
+
dt x dt y dt
x
y
Forces
P
Fx = dy
y (dx 1) dx (dyy 1) g(dx.dyy.1)
x
y
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
2 u P
g (dx dy 1)
y 2 x
= u
y
Momentum Equation
u
u
2 u P
g
u
+ =
2
x
y
y
x
The x-momentum equation for the quiescent field outside the boundary
layer can be found by applying the above equation as u = 0
P
= g
x
The y-momentum equation results:
P
=0
y
P = P( x ) = P ( x )
P P
= g
=
x
x
u
u
2u
u
+ =
+ ( )g
2
y
y
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
u
u
2u
u
+ =
+ g(T T )
2
y
y
x
= (T T )
8
Grashof Number
g(Ts T )L3c T
1 2u
u
+v
=
2 +
2
x
y
Re L Re L y2
Gr L =
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
g ( Ts T ) L3c
2
Limits
For a vertical plate
Gr < 109 Laminar
> 109 Turbulent
Forced convection dominates
Free convection dominates
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
10
hL c
= C(GrL Pr) n = CRa nL
k
Ra L = GrL Pr =
g(Ts T )L3c
Pr
11
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
12
Constant
ConstantheatfluxconditionforVertical
heat flux condition for Vertical
surface:Samerelationasconstant
.
qs L
temperature case Nu = hL =
temperaturecase
k
Verticalcylinders:
y
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
k (TL / 2 T )
35L
GrL1 / 4
13
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
Inthecaseofacoldplateinawarmer
environment??
14
Inclined Plate
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
Horizontal Surface
For a hot surface in a cooler
environment, the net force acts
upward, forcing the heated fluid
to rise.
If the hot surface is facing
upward, the heated fluid rises
freely, inducing strong natural
convection currents and thus
effective heat transfer.
Butt if the
B
th hot
h t surface
f
is
i facing
f i
downward, the plate will block
the heated fluid that tends to rise
(except near the edges)
edges), impeding
heat transfer
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
16
Identifytheconditions:Ts </>T
Ts < T
Ts < T
Ts > T
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Ts > T
17
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18
Empirical
E
i i l
Correlations
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
19
Natural Convection
inside Enclosure
g(T1 T2 )L3c
Pr
Horizontal enclosure
20
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21
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22
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23
24
N = 0.195Ra
Nu
R 1L/ 4
10 4 < Ra
R L < 4 x105
Nu = 0.068Ra1L/ 3
Nu = 0.069Ra1L/ 3 Pr 0.074
1708
Nu = 1 + 1.44 1
Ra L cos
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
Ra
cos
18
L
Pr
Ra L ) 0.29
0.2 + Pr
Pr
H
Nu = 0.22(
Ra L ) 0.28 ( ) 1 / 4
0.2 + Pr
L
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
Pr
Ra L > 103
0.2 + Pr
2 < H / L < 10
10 < H / L < 40
H
= 0.42Ra1L/ 4 Pr 0.012
Nu = 0.46Ra1L/ 3
A prandtl
Any
dtl number
b
0.3
1 < H / L < 40
1 < Pr < 20
106 < Ra L < 109
27
Lc = (Do - Di)/2.
)/2
for 0.70 Pr 6000 and 102 FcylRaL 107.
For FcylRaL 100, natural convection currents
are negligible and thus keff = k.
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
28
This is especially the case for surfaces with high emissivities. For
example, about half of the heat transfer through the air space of a
double pane window is by radiation
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29
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30
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31