BodePlots PDF

Overview of Bode Plots
Review of transfer functions and Bode plots

Piece-wise linear approximations
First-order terms
Second-order terms (complex poles & zeros)
J. McNames
Portland State University
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
Prerequisites and New Knowledge

Prerequisite knowledge
Ability to use transfer functions for steady-state sinusoidal circuit
analysis
Ability to generate and interpret Bode plots with tool such as
Matlab
New knowledge
Knowledge of how poles and zeros affect transfer function
frequency response
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
Transfer Function Review

x(t)
H(s)
y(t)
Recall that if H(s) is known and

x(t) = A cos(t + ),
then we can find the steady-state solution for y(t):
yss (t) = A|H(j)| cos (t + + H(j))
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
Bode Plots
x(t)
H(s)
y(t)
Bode plots are standard method of plotting the magnitude and

phase of H(s)
Both plots use a logarithmic scale for the x-axis
Frequency is in units of radians/second (rad/s)
The phase is plotted on a linear scale in degrees
Magnitude is plotted on a linear scale in decibels

HdB (j) , 20 log10 |H(j)|
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
Bode Plot Approximations

Until recently (late 1980s) Bode plots were drawn by hand
There were many rules-of-thumb, tables, and template plots to

help
Today engineers primarily use MATLAB, or the equivalent
Why discuss the old method of plotting by hand?

It is still important to understand how the poles, zeros, and
gain influence the Bode plot
These ideas are used for transfer function synthesis, analog
circuit design, and control systems
We will discuss simplified methods of generating Bode plots
Based on asymptotic approximations
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
Alternate Transfer Function Expressions

There are many equivalent expressions for transfer functions.
H(s) =
=
=
N (s)
D(s)
bm sm + bm1 sm1 + + b1 s + b0
an sn + an1 sn1 + + a1 s + a0
bm (s z1 )(s z2 ) . . . (s zm )
s
an
(s p1 )(s p2 ) . . . (s pn )

s
s
s
1 z1
1 z2 . . . 1 zm

k s
1 ps1
1 ps2 . . . 1 psn
This last expression is called standard form
The first step in making Bode plots is to convert H(s) to standard

form
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
Magnitude Components
Consider the expression for the transfer function magnitude:
|HdB (j)| = 20 log10 |H(j)|

s (1 s ) . . . (1 s )

z1
zm
= 20 log10 k

(1 ps1 ) . . . (1 psn )
= 20 log10 |k| |j|
|1
|1
s=j
j
j
|
.
.
.
|1
z1
zm |
j
j
|
.
.
.
|1
p1
pn |
= 20 log10 |k| 20 log10

j

+20 log10 1
+ + 20 log10 1

z1

j
20 log10 1
20 log10 1

p1
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots

j
zm

j
pn
Ver. 1.22
Magnitude Components Comments

|HdB ()| = 20 log10 |k| 20 log10

+20 log10 1 j
+
+
20
log

10 1
z1

j
20 log10 1 p1 20 log10 1

j
zm

j
pn
Thus, |HdB ()| can be written as a sum of simple functions
This is similar like using basis functions {(t),u(t),& r(t)} to write

an expression for a piecewise linear signal
We will use this approach to generate our piecewise linear
approximations of the Bode plot
Note that there are four types of components in this expression
Constant
Linear term
Zeros
Poles
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
Magnitude Components: Constant

|H(j)| (dB)
40
20
0
(rad/sec)
-20
-40
The constant term, 20 log10 |k|, is a straight line on the Bode plot.
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
Magnitude Components: Linear Term

|H(j)| (dB)
40
20
0
(rad/sec)
-20
-40
The linear term, 20 log10 ||, is a line on the magnitude plot with a
slope equal to 20 dB per decade.
The x-axis intercept occurs at = 1 rad/s.
Plot the Bode magnitude plots for H(s) = s, 1s ,s2 ,
J. McNames
ECE 222
1
s2 .
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
10
Magnitude Components: Real Zeros

Consider two limiting
conditions for a term containing a zero,

20 log10 1 j
z
First condition: |z|

lim 20 log10 1
z 0
Thus, if
|z|

1, then 20 log10 1
j
z
Second condition: |z|

j

lim 20 log10 1 z = 20 log10 |
j
z
=0
0.
j
z |
= 20 log10 || 20 log10 |z|
Thus, if |z|
1, then this term is linear (on a log scale) with a slope
of 20 dB per decade and an x-axis intercept at = |z|.
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
11
Magnitude Components: Real Zeros Continued

|H(j)| (dB)
40
20
0
(rad/sec)
-20
-40
Our piecewise approximation joins these two linear asymptotic

approximations at = |z|.

j

Plot the piecewise approximation of the term 20 log10 1
.
z
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
12
Magnitude Components: Real Zeros Continued 2

50
Bode Magnitude Real Zero: z = 1 rad/s
40
Mag (dB)
30
20
10
0
10
2
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
The approximation is least accurate at = |z|. The true magnitude is

3 dB higher than the approximation at this corner frequency.
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
13
Magnitude Components: Real Poles

|H(j)| (dB)
40
20
0
(rad/sec)
-20
-40
Consider two
conditions for a term containing a pole,
limiting

20 log10 1 j
p
This is just the negative of the expression for a zero
The piecewise approximation is the mirror image of that for a zero
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
14
Magnitude Components: Real Poles Continued

10
Bode Magnitude Real Pole: p = 1 rad/s
Mag (dB)
10
20
30
40
50
2
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
The approximation is least accurate at = |p|. The true magnitude is

3 dB less than the approximation at this corner frequency.
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
15
Complex Poles & Zeros

Complex poles and zeros require special attention
Will discuss later
There are essentially 3 steps to generating piecewise linear
approximations of Bode plots
1. Convert to standard form
2. Plot the components
3. Graphically add the components together
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
16
Example 1: Magnitude Components

Draw the piecewise approximation of the Bode magnitude plot for
(s + 10)(s + 100)2
H(s) =
10s2 (s + 1000)
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
17
30 k
Example 1: Workspace
|H(j)| (dB)
60
40
20
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
(rad/sec)
-20
-40
-60
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
18
Example 1: Solution
Bode Magnitude Example 1
60
Mag (dB)
40
20
0
20
40
1
10
J. McNames
10
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
ECE 222
10
Bode Plots
10
Ver. 1.22
19
Magnitude Components Summary

s
s
s
1
.
.
.
1
z
z
z
N (s)
1
2
m

H(s) =
= k s
s
s
s
D(s)
1
1
... 1
p1
p2
pn
Can consider the roots of N (s) (zeros) and D(s) (poles) as

corner frequencies (radians/second)
Each zero z causes the magnitude to increase at 20 dB/decade
for |z|
Each pole p causes the magnitude to decrease at 20 dB/decade
for |p|
The constant term k just shifts the entire response up or down on

a log (dB) scale
The linear term causes a linear offset with a slope that is
20 dB/decade
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
20
Phase Components
H(j)
= k
(j) (1
(1
j
z1 ) . . . (1
j
p1 ) . . . (1
j
zm )
j
pn )
Each of these terms can be expressed in polar form: a + jb = Aej .
Note that (j) = j = (ej 2 ) = ej 2
j 2
( e )N1 ej1
. . . Nm ejm
H(j) = |k|e
D1 ej1 . . . Dn ejn
|| N1 . . . Nm
= |k|
D 1 . . . Dn
exp j(k + 2 + 1 + + n 1 n )
jk
where
J. McNames
(
0
k =
1
k>0
k<0
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
21
Phase Components: Comments

H(j)
= k + 2 + 1 + + n 1 n

j
j
= k + 2 + 1
+ + 1
z1
zm

j
j
1
1
p1
pn
Thus the phase of H(j) is also a linear sum of the phases due to
each component
We will consider each of the four components in turn
Constant
Linear term
Zeros
Poles
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
22
Phase Components: Constant

H(j) (deg)
180
90
0
(rad/sec)
90
180
The complex angle of the constant term, k, is either 0 if k > 0 or

180 if k < 0.
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
23
Phase Components: Linear Term

H(j) (deg)
180
90
0
(rad/sec)
90
180
The linear term, (j) = j = 90 , is a constant multiple of 90

Plot the Bode phase plots for H(s) = s, 1s ,s2 ,
J. McNames
ECE 222
1
s2 .
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
24
Phase Components: Real Zeros

Consider three limiting conditions for a term containing a zero,
1 j
z
First condition: |z|
lim 1
Thus, if
|z|
1, then 1
j
z
j
z
= 0
0 .
Second condition: = |z|

j
1 z =|z| = (1 jz ) = z 45
where z = sign(z)
Third condition: |z|

lim 1
Thus, if
J. McNames
|z|
j
z
1, then 1
j
z
=
j
z
= z 90
z 90 .
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
25
Phase Components: Real Zeros Continued

H(j) (deg)
180
90
0
(rad/sec)
90
180
Our piecewise approximation joins these three linear asymptotic

approximations at = 101 |z| and = 10|z|.

j
Plot the piecewise approximation of the term 1 z . Assume
that z is in the left-hand plane (i.e. Re{z} < 0)
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
26
Phase Components: Real Zeros in Left Plane

100
Phase (deg)
80
60
40
20
0
2
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
The approximation is least accurate at = 0.1|z| and = 10|z|.
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
27
Phase Components: Real Zeros Continued 2

H(j) (deg)
180
90
0
(rad/sec)
90
180
If the zero is in the right half plane (i.e. Re{z} > 0), then the phase
approaches 90 asymptotically.

j
Plot the piecewise approximation of the term 1 z . Assume
that z is in the right half plane.
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
28
Phase Components: Real Zeros in Right Plane

0
Phase (deg)
20
40
60
80
100
2
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
The approximation is least accurate at = 0.1|z| and = 10|z|.
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
29
Phase Components: Real Poles

Real poles in the left half plane have the same phase as real zeros in
the right half plane. We will only discuss poles in the left half plane
because only these systems are stable.
First condition: |p|

lim 1
j
p
= 0
Second condition: = |p|

j
= (1 sign(p) j) = (1 + j) = 45
1 p
=|p|
Third condition: |p|

j
j
lim
=
j
=
90
p
p
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
30
Phase Components: Real Poles

H(j) (deg)
180
90
0
(rad/sec)
90
180
Plot the piecewise approximation of the term 1

that p is in the left-hand plane (i.e. Re{p} < 0)
J. McNames
ECE 222
j
p
Bode Plots
. Assume
Ver. 1.22
31
Phase Components: Real Poles in Left Plane

0
Phase (deg)
20
40
60
80
100
2
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
The approximation is least accurate at = 0.1|p| and = 10|p|.
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
32
60 k
Example 2: Phase Components

H(j) (deg)
270
180
90
10
10
10
10
10
10
(rad/sec)
90
180
-270
Draw the piecewise approximation of the Bode phase plot for

(s + 10)(s + 100)2
H(s) =
10s2 (s + 1000)
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
33
Example 2: Solution
50
Phase (deg)
50
100
150
10
J. McNames
10
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
ECE 222
Bode Plots
10
10
Ver. 1.22
34
Phase Components Summary

H(j)

j
j
= k + 2 + 1
+ + 1
z1
zm

j
j
1
1
p1
pn
Each zero z causes a phase shift of 90

Spans from one decade before to one decade after the zero
Zeros in the left half plane cause a 90 increase
Zeros in the right half plane cause a 90 decrease (like poles)
Each zero z causes a phase shift of 90
Spans from one decade before to one decade after the pole
The constant k causes a phase shift of 0 (k > 0) or 180 (k < 0)
The linear term causes a phase shift of 90
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
35
Complex Poles
Complex poles can be expressed in the following form:
n2
C(s) = 2
=
2
s + 2n s + n
1
1+
2 sn
n is called the undamped natural frequency
s
n
2
(zeta) is called the damping ratio

p
The poles are p1,2 = ( 2 1) n
If 1, the poles are real
If 0 < < 1, the poles are complex
If = 0, the poles are imaginary: p1,2 = jn
If < 0, the poles are in the right half plane (Re{p} > 0) and the
system is unstable
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
36
Complex Poles Continued

The transfer function C(s) can also be expressed in the following form
C(s) =
1
1 + 2 sn +
where
s
n
2 =
Q,
Note that if
1
2
1
1+
s
Qn
s
n
2
1
2
< Q < , the poles are complex.
The meaning of Q, the Quality factor, will become clear in the

following slides.
1
C(j) =
2
j
1 n + Q
n
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
37
Complex Poles Magnitude

1

2

j

+
20 log10 |C(j)| = 20 log10 1

n
Qn
s
2
2
2
= 20 log10
+
1 2
n
Qn
For n ,
20 log10 |C(j)| 20 log10 |1| = 0 dB
For n ,
20 log10 |C(j)| 20 log10
2
= 40 log10
dB
n2
n
At these extremes, the behavior is identical to two real poles.
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
38
Complex Poles Magnitude Continued

s
2
2
2
20 log10 |C(j)| = 20 log10
1 2
+
n
Qn
For = n ,
20 log10 |C(jn )| = 20 log10
J. McNames
1
= 20 log10 Q = QdB
Q
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
39
Complex Poles Magnitude

Complex Poles
40
Q = 0.1
Q = 0.5
Q = 0.707
Q=1
Q=2
Q = 10
Q = 100
Mag (dB)
20
20
40
60
10
J. McNames
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
ECE 222
10
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
40
Complex Poles Phase

C(j)
=
1
For n ,
1
2
j
Qn
C(j) 1 = 0
For n ,
C(j)
Q
n
Qn
= 1 = 180
For = n ,
C(j)
1
1
= = j = 90
Qj
j
At the extremes, the behavior is identical to two real poles. At other

values of near n , the behavior is more complicated.
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
41
Complex Poles Phase

Complex Poles
0
Q = 0.1
Q = 0.5
Q = 0.707
Q=1
Q=2
Q = 10
Q = 100
20
Phase (deg)
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
10
J. McNames
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
ECE 222
10
Bode Plots
10
Ver. 1.22
42
Complex Zeros
Left half plane:
Inverted magnitude of complex poles
Inverted phase of complex poles
Right half plane:
Inverted magnitude of complex poles
Same phase of complex poles
This is the same relationship real zeros had to real poles
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
43
Complex Zeros Magnitude

Complex Zeros
80
60
Mag (dB)
40
20
Q = 0.1
Q = 0.5
Q = 0.707
Q=1
Q=2
Q = 10
Q = 100
0
20
40
1
10
J. McNames
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
ECE 222
10
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
44
Complex Zeros Phase

Complex Zeros
180
160
Phase (deg)
140
120
100
80
Q = 0.1
Q = 0.5
Q = 0.707
Q=1
Q=2
Q = 10
Q = 100
60
40
20
0
2
10
J. McNames
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
ECE 222
10
Bode Plots
10
Ver. 1.22
45
Complex Poles Maximum

What is the frequency at which |C(j)| is maximized?
C(j)
1+
|C(j)|
r
j
Qn
1

2
2
n
1
2

+
j
n
2
Qn
2
For high values of Q, the maximum of |C(j)| > 1
This is called peaking
The largest Q before the onset of peaking is Q =
1
2
0.707
This curve is said to be maximally flat
This is also called a Butterworth response
In this case, |C(jn )| = 3 dB and n is the cutoff frequency

J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
46
Complex Poles Maximum Continued

If Q > 0.707, the maximum magnitude and frequency are as follows:
r
Q
1
r = n 1
|C(j
)|
=
r
1
2Q2
1 4Q
2
r is called the resonant frequency or the damped natural
frequency
As Q , r n
For sufficiently large Q (say Q > 5)

r n
|C(jr )| Q
Peaked responses are useful in the synthesis of high-order filters
Complex zeros (in the left half plane) have the inverted magnitude
and phase of complex poles
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
47
Example 3: Complex Poles

50 mH
R
+
vs(t)
200 nF
vo(t)
-
Generate the Bode plot for the circuit shown above.
H(s) =
J. McNames
s2 +
1
LC
R
1
L s + LC
n2
n2
= 2 n
= 2
s + 2n s + n2
s + Q s + n2
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
48
Example 3: Complex Poles Continued

n
Q =
1
= 10 k rad/s
LC
R
R
LC =
CL = R 0.001
2L
2
r
1 L
L 1
500
=
=
CR
R
LC R
R=5
= 0.005
Q = 100
Very Light Damping
R = 50
R = 707
= 0.05
= 1.41
Q = 10
Q = 0.707
Light Damping
Strong Damping
R = 1 k
=1
Q = 0.5
Critical Damping
R = 5 k
=5
Q = 0.1
Over Damping
J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
49
Example 3: Magnitude Response (dB)

Resonance Example
40
20
Mag (dB)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2
10
J. McNames
R=5
R = 50
R = 707
R = 1 k
R = 5 k
R = 50 k
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
ECE 222
10
Bode Plots
10
Ver. 1.22
50
Example 3: Phase Response

Resonance Example
0
20
Phase (deg)
40
60
80
R=5
R = 50
R = 707
R = 1 k
R = 5 k
R = 50 k
100
120
140
160
180
2
10
J. McNames
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
ECE 222
10
Bode Plots
10
Ver. 1.22
51
Example 3: Step Response

Resonance Example
R=5
R = 50
R = 707
R = 1 k
R = 5 k
R = 50 k
1.8
1.6
Output (V)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
J. McNames
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009

Time (sec)
ECE 222
Bode Plots
0.01
Ver. 1.22
52
Example 3: MATLAB Code

function [] = Resonance ();
close all ;
% = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = == =
% User - Specified Parameters
% = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = == =
wn = 1;
% Undamped natural frequency
L = 50e -3;
% Inductance
C = 200 e -9;
% Capacitance
R = [5 50 707 1 e3 5 e3 50 e3 ];
% Resistances
N = 1000;
% Number of frequencies to evaluate plot at
PL = 2;
% Lower frequency decade ( w = 10^ PL )
PH = 6;
% Upper frequency decade ( w = 10^ PH )
% = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = == =
% Preprocessing
% = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = == =
functionName = sprintf ( % s , mfilename );
% Get the function name
f i l e I d e n tif ier = fopen ([ functionName .tex ] , w );
% = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = == =
% Calculate the Responses
% = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = == =
mag = [];
phs = [];
t = 0:0 .00001 :0 .01 ;
stp = zeros ( length (t ) , length ( R ));
J. McNames
ECE 222
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Ver. 1.22
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st = {};
w = logspace ( PL , PH ,N );
for cnt = 1: length (R ) ,
sys = tf ([1/( L *C )] ,[1 R( cnt )/ L 1/( L * C )]);
[m , p ] = bode ( sys , w );
mag = [ mag reshape (m ,N ,1)];
phs = [ phs reshape (p ,N ,1)];
stp (: , cnt ) = step ( sys , t );
end
% = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = == =
% Plot the Figures
% = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = == =
figure (1);
FigureSet (1 , Slides );
h = semilogx (w ,20* log10 ( mag ));
set (h , LineWidth ,1 .5 );
grid on ;
xlabel ( Frequency ( rad / sec ) );
ylabel ( Mag ( dB ) );
title ( Resonance Example );
box off ;
xlim ([ w (1) w ( end )]);
ylim ([ -120 45]);
AxisSet (8);
legend ( R = 5 \ Omega , R = 50 \ Omega , R = 707 \ Omega , R = 1 k\ Omega , R = 5 k \ Omega , R = 50 k\ Omega
fileName = sprintf ( %s - Magnitude , functionName );

print ( fileName , - depsc );
fprintf ( fileIdentifier , % % = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = = == = = == = = = == = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = == \n
J. McNames
ECE 222
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Ver. 1.22
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fprintf ( fileIdentifier , \\ newslide \ n );

fprintf ( fileIdentifier , \\ slideheading { Example \\ arabic { exc }: Magnitude Respo nse ( dB )}\ n );
fprintf ( fileIdentifier , \\ i n c l u d e g ra phi cs[ scale =1]{ Matlab /% s }\ n , fileName );
figure (2);
h = semilogx (w , phs );
grid on ;
xlabel ( Frequency ( rad / sec ) );
ylabel ( Phase ( deg ) );
box off ;
axis ([10^ PL 10^ PH -190 10]);
AxisSet (8);
fileName = sprintf ( %s - Phase , functionName );

fprintf ( fileIdentifier , \\ slideheading { Example \\ arabic { exc }: Phase Response }\ n );
figure (3);
h = plot (t , stp );
grid on ;
J. McNames
ECE 222
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Ver. 1.22
55
xlabel ( Time ( sec ) );

ylabel ( Output ( V ) );
AxisSet (8);
fileName = sprintf ( %s - StepResponse , functionName );

fprintf ( fileIdentifier , \\ slideheading { Example \\ arabic { exc }: Step Response }\ n );
% = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = == =
% Post Processing
% = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = = = = = == = = = == = = == = = == = = = == = = == =
fprintf ( fileIdentifier , \\ slideheading { Example \\ arabic { exc }: MATLAB Code }\ n );
fprintf ( fileIdentifier , \ t \\ matlabcode { Matlab /% s.m }\ n , functionName );
fclose ( f i l e I d e n tif ier );
J. McNames
ECE 222
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Ver. 1.22
56
Bode Plots Summary

Magnitude and phase are just made up of simple components
Constant gains shift the entire magnitude plot up or down
Linear terms cause a linear attenuation or gain in the magnitude
Poles
At low frequencies ( p) have no effect
At high frequencies ( p) cause a magnitude decrease
(attenuation) of 20 dB per frequency decade and a phase shift
of 90
Zeros
At low frequencies ( p) have no effect
At high frequencies ( p) cause a magnitude increase (gain)
of 20 dB per frequency decade and a phase shift of 90
Complex poles and zeros can cause peaking or resonance
We can think of the poles and zeros as corner frequencies

J. McNames
ECE 222
Bode Plots
Ver. 1.22
57

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Overview of Bode Plots

Review of transfer functions and Bode plots

Second-order terms (complex poles & zeros)

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Prerequisites and New Knowledge

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Transfer Function Review

Recall that if H(s) is known and

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Bode plots are standard method of plotting the magnitude and

The phase is plotted on a linear scale in degrees

Magnitude is plotted on a linear scale in decibels

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Bode Plot Approximations

There were many rules-of-thumb, tables, and template plots to

Why discuss the old method of plotting by hand?

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Alternate Transfer Function Expressions

This last expression is called standard form

The first step in making Bode plots is to convert H(s) to standard

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= 20 log10 |k| 20 log10

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Magnitude Components Comments

Thus, |HdB ()| can be written as a sum of simple functions

This is similar like using basis functions {(t),u(t),& r(t)} to write

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Magnitude Components: Constant

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Magnitude Components: Linear Term

Plot the Bode magnitude plots for H(s) = s, 1s ,s2 ,

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Magnitude Components: Real Zeros

Second condition: |z|

= 20 log10 || 20 log10 |z|

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Magnitude Components: Real Zeros Continued

Our piecewise approximation joins these two linear asymptotic

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Magnitude Components: Real Zeros Continued 2

Bode Magnitude Real Zero: z = 1 rad/s

The approximation is least accurate at = |z|. The true magnitude is

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Magnitude Components: Real Poles

This is just the negative of the expression for a zero

The piecewise approximation is the mirror image of that for a zero

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Magnitude Components: Real Poles Continued

Bode Magnitude Real Pole: p = 1 rad/s

The approximation is least accurate at = |p|. The true magnitude is

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Complex Poles & Zeros

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Example 1: Magnitude Components

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Magnitude Components Summary

Can consider the roots of N (s) (zeros) and D(s) (poles) as

The constant term k just shifts the entire response up or down on

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Each of these terms can be expressed in polar form: a + jb = Aej .

Note that (j) = j = (ej 2 ) = ej 2