Led Table of Contents

Code of Practice
for the Application of
LED Lighting Systems
Published by: Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom

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ii
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
viii
Participants in the Technical Committee
ix
Acknowledgements
Foreword
xi
Scope and Purpose
xiii
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Overview of LED lighting systems

Introduction to LED lighting systems
LED lighting systems definitions
Conventional and LED lighting sources
Conventional and LED lighting system architectures
LED lighting products and systems configurations
Advantages and limitations of LED lighting systems
Added value
Application of integrated and discrete LED lighting systems
10
12
2
2.1
2.2
Applications
Interior lighting applications
Exterior lighting applications
14
14
23
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
System performance, lifetime and safety considerations

LED lighting system compatibility, certification and specification
LED lighting system performance
LED lighting system lifetime and failure
LED lighting systems and optical safety
28
28
31
35
40
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Lighting design parameters

Lighting design principles
Quantity of light
Light distribution
Colour
Flicker
Lifetime and maintenance factor
44
44
44
47
54
59
60
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
Physical installation and thermal management

Physical installation, location and positioning
Equipment protection
Operating, storage and ambient temperature
62
62
63
65
iii
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Maintenance, inspection and testing

Lighting system maintenance, inspection and testing
Electrical maintenance, inspection and testing
Emergency lighting
Competence
70
70
71
72
73
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Drivers and wiring

LEDs and electrical control gear/drivers
Driver lifetime expectations
Driver and system efficiency
Electrical design and installation
Alternative and emerging approaches to LED power distribution
74
74
78
80
82
84
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Control systems and interfaces

Introduction to lighting control systems
Control of LED lighting systems
User-input controls
Environmental-input controls
86
86
88
89
91
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
Dimming methods and protocols: Low voltage and mains voltage

Dimming and LED lighting systems
Considerations for mains switching and mains dimming of LED lighting
Methods of mains dimming
Low-voltage control protocols
Other lighting control and lighting data transport protocols
100
100
102
104
107
116
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
Retrofit of LED lighting systems

Retrofit solutions and key considerations
Retrofit criteria checklist
LED source alternatives to linear tube type lamps
LED retrofit luminaires
LED source alternatives to reflector lamps
LED source alternatives to traditional GLS style light bulbs
LED source alternatives for exterior lighting retrofit
120
120
121
125
134
136
142
144
Annex A Specification and application considerations, criteria and
checklists
147
Annex B Key national/international regulation
163
Annex C References
175
Annex D Myth busting factsheet
179
Annex E Glossary
185
Index
193
iv
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 LED lighting systems architecture

3
Figure 1.2 Example LED module schematic

4
Figure 1.3 LED luminaires with fixed or interchangeable LED light source (image
courtesy of URBIS and OSRAM)

5
Figure 1.4 Colour Changing or Variable White LED luminaires (images courtesy
of Philips and Studio Force)

5
Figure 1.5 LED module for use in various luminaire types (images courtesy of OSRAM)
6
Figure 1.6 LED light engines

6
Figure 1.7 Retrofit LED replacement lamps (images courtesy of OSRAM)

6
Figure 1.8 Rigid LED arrays often used in media screens, signage or facade
systems (images courtesy of OSRAM)
7
Figure 1.9 Flexible LED arrays often used in architectural details, media screens,
signage or furniture systems (images courtesy of OSRAM)

7
Figure 1.10 OLED arrays and PLED forms (often used in light art, signage,
display) (images courtesy of OSRAM)
7
Figure 2.1 Downlighting can give a harsh rendering of facial features (image
courtesy of BRE)
15
Figure 2.2 Lighting using LED tubes in a retail warehouse (photo courtesy of BRE)
16
Figure 2.3 LED task lights (photo courtesy of BRE)

17
Figure 2.4 Display lighting using LEDs (photo courtesy of BRE)

19
Figure 2.5 LED floodlights used for accent lighting of architecture (photo courtesy of BRE) 20
Figure 2.6 LED downlights in a domestic kitchen (additional lighting under

the cabinets would help to light worktops more effectively, avoiding
shadowing) (photo courtesy of BRE)
22
Figure 2.7 LED lighting of residential streets (photo courtesy of ASD Lighting)
24
Figure 2.8 LED lighting gives good colour rendering in car parks (photo courtesy
of ASD Lighting)
25
Figure 3.1 Luminous flux and luminous intensity

32
Figure 3.2 Development of LED performance (lm/W)

35
Figure 3.3 Typical lumen depreciation and physical failure curves

36
Figure 4.1 Sample polar curve and illuminance table for an exemplar LED
floodlight (image courtesy of BRE)

48
Figure 4.2 Recommended illuminance ratios from SLL Code [3] (photo courtesy of BRE) 49
Figure 4.3 Measuring the luminance of scallops of light produced by LEDs

(photo courtesy of BRE)
50
Figure 4.4 In this retail installation, LED wall washers make the space look
brighter and more spacious as well as providing extra light on vertical
displays (photo courtesy of BRE)
51
Figure 4.5 Obtrusive light from a typical street lighting luminaire (image courtesy of BRE) 52
Figure 4.6 Vertical cross section through a ceiling mounted luminaire. To limit
glare, shielding should be provided [3] so that the lamp luminance does
not exceed the stated value at different angles from the horizontal (image
courtesy of BRE)
53
Figure 4.7 Samples lit by lamps of different colour temperatures (photo courtesy of BRE) 55
Figure 4.8 International Commission on Illumination (CIE) chromaticity diagram

(copyright Havells Sylvania)
Figure 4.9 Part of the CIE chromaticity diagram
Figure 4.10 A medical task light with excellent colour rendering (note the
additional red LEDs to give extra light at the red end of the spectrum)
Figure 4.11 Example depreciation of light output with time for an LED installation
Figure 5.1 Bathtub and shower zones requiring specific IP ratings
Figure 5.2 Efficient thermal management configurations of an LED PCB
Figure 5.3 Luminaires can be provided with passive or active heat sinks (image
courtesy of BRE)
Figure 5.4 Section through a typical high-powered LED package
Figure 7.1 Examples of electronic control gear/drivers (image courtesy of
Havells Sylvania)
Figure 7.2 Example of a fixture that connects to a constant-current driver (image
courtesy of Havells Sylvania)
Figure 7.3 Example of constant-voltage LED tape (image courtesy of Havells Sylvania)
Figure 7.4 LED inrush current profile
Figure 7.5 Example profile of transient voltage spikes
Figure 7.6 Schematic for series connection
Figure 7.7 Schematic for parallel connection
Figure 7.8 Example HFAC inductive coupler (image courtesy of Havells Sylvania)
Figure 8.1 Conceptual control system schematic
Figure 8.2 Energy savings from the application of lighting controls for a typical
office space Source: Organic Response Pty, Australia
Figure 8.3 LED lighting colour-mix combinations (image courtesy of Havells Sylvania)
Figure 8.4 An example of optical mixing
Figure 8.5 Examples of user interfaces (photographs courtesy of Mode Lighting
(UK) Ltd. Used with permission)

Figure 8.6 Examples of low-voltage bus cables
Figure 8.7 Examples of scene-setting control plates (images courtesy of Mode
Lighting (UK) Ltd and Havells Sylvania)
Figure 8.8 Example of a photocell detector (image courtesy of Havells Sylvania)
Figure 8.9 Example of light loss due to aging and dirt accumulation
Figure 8.10 Light-level commissioning schematic
Figure 8.11 Example of a PIR sensor (image courtesy of Havells Sylvania)
Figure 8.12 Typical sensor coverage and segments
Figure 8.13 Example of PIR sensor coverage configuration
Figure 8.14 Examples of microwave sensors (images courtesy of Havells Sylvania)
Figure 8.15 Schematics for microwave sensor coverage and sensitivity
Figure 8.16 Example of a smart fixture with integrated sensor (image courtesy
of Havells Sylvania and Organic Response)
Figure 8.17 Example of presence detection
Figure 8.18 Example of absence detection
Figure 9.1 Example dimming curve
Figure 9.2 Measured light versus perceived light
Figure 9.3 Mains-switching diagram
Figure 9.4 Leading-edge dimming profile
Figure 9.5 LED repetitive peak current profile
Figure 9.6 Trailing-edge dimming profile
Figure 9.7 Control-transmitted-over-mains dimming profile Source: LEDOTRON
Figure 9.8 Example 110 V analogue controller
Figure 9.9 Example 110 V analogue control system
56
57
58
61
64
67
67
68
74
75
76
78
79
82
82
85
87
87
88
89
89
90
90
92
93
93
95
95
96
96
97
98
99
99
101
102
102
104
105
106
106
108
108
iv
Figure 9.10 Example 110V analogue control system test with a multimeter and
light output levels
Figure 9.11 Network topologies
Figure 9.12 A DSI signal profile
Figure 9.13 DSI signal profile and light levels
Figure 9.14 Warning: Do not connect Switch-DIM to DALI or DSI signal
Figure 9.15 Example DMX control devices
Figure 9.16 Example DMX cable
Figure 9.17 Example DMX network topology
Figure 9.18 PWM signal profiles
Figure 9.19 Example IR communications device (photograph courtesy of Organic
Response)
Figure 9.20 Example Ethernet connectors
Figure 9.21 Example Ethernet network link
Figure 9.22 Example gateway device connection between low-voltage control
protocols (baud rate is the data speed: the number of binary bits of
information transmitted per second)
Figure 10.1 Example LED retrofit cost savings calculation
Figure 10.2 Lumen output versus ambient temperature
Figure 10.3 T5, T8 and T12 lamps (images courtesy of OSRAM)
Figure 10.4 Example fluorescent luminaire containing CCG
Figure 10.5 Example ECG for fluorescent lamp luminaire (image courtesy of OSRAM)
Figure 10.6 Double-end power tubular LED source
Figure 10.7 Single-end power tubular LED source
Figure 10.8 LED tubes with (a) clear tube and (b) diffuse optics
Figure 10.9 Efficient optical distribution with minimal losses from LED tube
Figure 10.10 LED tube does not suffer from upward light losses like conventional lamps
Figure 10.11 Energy labelling to determine the performance of the LED product
Figure 10.12 First generation LED retrofit safety issues
Figure 10.13 Example integrated LED luminaire solution for retrofit and
replacement of conventional T5/T8 linear fluorescent luminaire
Figure 10.14 Example integrated LED luminaire solution for retrofit and
replacement of conventional 2D fluorescent lamp luminaire (image courtesy
of Zeta LED Technology)
Figure 10.15 Example integrated LED retrofit module solution, designed by
the product manufacturer for retrofit and replacement of conventional
discharge lamp solution
Figure 10.16 Example LED retrofit reflector lamp schematics
Figure 10.17 LED lamp replacement products (from left: MR-16 Gu5.3 base 12 V
lamp replacement; MR-16 12 V lamp replacement with deeper body; GU10

base 230 V lamp replacement)
Figure 10.18 Examples of the size and form factor of LED retrofit sources (these
can be larger than the lamps they replace, meaning that some might
protrude further from certain luminaires or not fit at all, which is especially
true with mains voltage solutions such as the GU10 base that contains the
LED driver within the base section)
Figure 10.19 LED retrofit and transformer compatibility issues
Figure 10.20 A selection of LED retrofit solutions intended to replicate the GLS lamp
109
109
110
110
113
114
114
114
115
117
117
118
119
121
124
125
126
126
128
128
129
130
130
131
132
135
135
135
137
139
139
140
143
vii
List of Tables
Table 3.1 IEC Standards for LED lighting products (the Technical Report on reliability
of LED products is currently being developed)
Table 4.1 Performance requirements for motorised traffic on routes of medium to high
driving speeds [6]
Table 4.2 Performance requirements for conflict areas and subsidiary roads [6]
Table 4.3 Minimum illuminances for emergency lighting, from BS EN 1838:2013 [35]
Table 5.1 Common ingress protection ratings
Table 5.2 Common mechanical impact protection (IK) ratings
Table 9.1 DALI network length and minimum cable conductor cross-sectional area
Table 9.2 Summary of wiring for low-voltage control protocols (baud rate is the
number of binary digits transmitted per second)
Table 10.1 Nominal and actual lengths for T5, T8 and T12 lamps
Table 10.2 Example of LED tube thermal range data
Table 10.3 Comparison of LED retrofit lamps (reproduced from the Swiss Agency for
Efficient Energy Use LED products test, it illustrates the power consumption,
efficacy light quality and distribution characteristics of several LED lamps against
a conventional incandescent lamp)
Table B.1 Standards
related
to
LED
lighting
Table B.2 Standards related to LED lighting
30
46
46
47
63
65
112
116
126
134
144
163
171
viii
Participants in the Technical Committee
The IET wishes to acknowledge the support received from representatives of the following
organisations in the development of this Code of Practice.
Committee members:
Department for Business, Innovation & Skills (BIS)
Certsure LLP
Electrical Contractors Association (ECA)
Electrical Contractors Association of Scotland (SELECT)
Highway Electrical Association (HEA)
Independent testing services:
LUX-TSI Ltd
Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)
Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP)
Lighting Industry Association (LIA)
National Association of Professional Inspectors and Testers (NAPIT)
UK-China Eco-cities and Green Building Group/UK Trade and Investment (UKTI)
Corresponding members:
British Electrotechnical and Allied Manufacturers Association (BEAMA)
Department for Communities & Local Government (DCLG)
Electronics, Sensors and Photonics Knowledge Transfer Network (ESP KTN)
Professional Lighting and Sound Association (PLASA)
Public Health England (PHE)
ix
Acknowledgements
The IET would like to thank the following parties for their contributions to this document:
Lead technical authors:
Kevin J. Grant IALD CEng MILP MIET MSLL (Light Alliance)
Paul Littlefair MA PhD CEng MCIBSE MSLL and Cosmin Ticleanu BSc PgD PhD MSLL
(Building Research Establishment, BRE)
Sam Woodward (Havells Sylvania Europe Ltd)
Additional contributors:
Lawrence Barling (Lighting Industry Association, LIA)
Frank Bertie MIET (NAPIT)
Ian Cathcart (Zega/Sunfor Lighting)
Michael Collinge MIET (NAPIT)
Matthew Darville (Certsure LLP)
Malcolm Duncan IEng MIET (SELECT)
Tony Howells BEng (Department of Business, Innovation & Skills, BIS)
Peter Hunt BSc Hons FIAM (Lighting Industry Association, LIA)
Gareth Jones BSc PhD AMSLL (LUX-TSI Ltd)
Owen Kell BSc (Intelligent & Green Systems Ltd)
Nigel Monaghan MSLL (ASD Lighting PLC)
John OHagan, BSc PhD CSci CPhys CRadP MInstP MIPEM MSRP FLIA (Public Health
England)
Ben Pap Eur Ing FHKIE FIET FIMMM (UK-China Eco-Cities Group)
Gareth Pritchard BTech (Hons) CEng FILP MIET Tech(IOSH), (Highway Electrical
Association HEA)
Mike Simpson BSc (Hons) CEng FIET FCIBSE FSLL FILP (Philips Lighting)
Cameron Steel CEng FIET MCIBSE MInstRE (BK Design Associates)
Peter Y. Wong BSc LLB LLM CEng FIET FCIBSE FHKIE (Yook Tong Electric Co Ltd)
Bill Wright MA CEng FIET (Electrical Contractors Association)
Examples of commercially available products suitable for application of the document
are provided in the text and have been provided courtesy of various companies. This
information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not
constitute an endorsement by the IET.
Foreword from the Society of Light and Lighting (SLL)
The rapid development of LED technology and its applications has started to transform
the way people use light and apply lighting in and around their buildings. Although
the Society has been updating its lighting recommendations in the Code for Lighting
and our various building sector lighting guides to incorporate advice on using LEDs,
there has been a need for one overall comprehensive guide to LED technology and its
application.
The Society welcomes this Code of Practice as a way of promoting understanding of

LED technology and how it can be used to enhance the way buildings and the wider
environment can be lit well while using less energy and reducing maintenance costs.
Dr Kevin Kelly CEng FSLL FCIBSE President, Society of Light and Lighting
Paul Rufes BSc CEng FSLL FCIBSE Chair, Society of Light and Lighting Technical
and Publications Committee
October 2013
xi
xii
Scope and purpose

The aims of this Code of Practice are to:

provide condence to speciers, installers, maintainers and end-users as a minimum

standard for light-emitting diode (LED) lighting systems installation;
provide useful guidance on the selection, application and suitability of LED lighting
systems to installers, maintainers, operators and systems managers.
The scope of this document covers:

interior and exterior applications of LED lighting systems in compliance with relevant
standards and regulations;
LED performance, lifetime and safety considerations, lighting design principles,
physical and thermal considerations, drivers and wiring, controls and dimming, and
retrot.
Note that this Code of Practice does not cover lighting design in detail, specialist lighting
applications or organic LED (OLED) lighting systems specically, although some elements of
this document do apply to OLED applications.
xiii
Index
abrupt failure value (AFV)

3.3.2.2
absence detection
8.4.2
absolute photometry
3.2.4
AC (alternating current) systems 1.4.4
accent lighting
2.1.4, 4.3.4
access for installation and
maintenance
5.1.1
advertising signs
2.2.7.1
AFV (abrupt failure value)
3.3.2.2
alternating current (AC) systems 1.4.4
ambient temperature
5.3.1, 5.3.3.2,
7.2.3.2
LED tubes range
Table 10.2
ambient temperature data set (Ta) 5.3.1
amenity lighting
2.1.4, 2.2.6
analogue control systems
9.4.2,
Annex A.3.7
architectural lighting
2.2.6
area lighting
2.2.4, Table 4.3
ArtNet protocol
9.5.3
artwork lighting
Annex D, 2.1.3.2
astronomical time control
8.3.4
BACnet protocol
9.5.1
ballast: see drivers
beam angle and luminous
intensity
4.3.1.2
benefits of LED lighting
1.61.7
binning: see colour bins
blue light hazard (BLH)
3.4.1.5
bottom-end bounce effect
9.3.2.2
brightness: see light levels; light
output
British Standards
Table B.2
building control requirements Annex B.5
Building Regulations, Part L:
Conservation of fuel and
power
Annex B.4
cables
7.4.1
checklist
Annex A.3.5
direct current (DC) wiring 7.4.1, 7.4.3
low-voltage control
Table 9.2
alongside mains cables
9.4.1.2
analogue systems
9.4.2
checklist
8.3.2, Annex A.3.6
DALI
9.4.4.3, Table 9.1

Digital Serial Interface (DSI) 9.4.3
DMX
9.4.5.3
CAN-bus protocol
9.5.1
candelas (cd)
3.2.3
Carbon Trust, Enhanced Capital
Allowance (ECA),
1.7.5
CCT (correlated colour
temperature)
4.4.1
CDM (Construction (Design and
Management))
Regulations 2007 Annex B.9
ceiling mounted lighting
2.1.1.1
see also downlights
ceiling reflectance
4.3.3.1
CE marking
3.1.3, Annex B.1
CFV (combined failure value)
3.3.2.2
chandeliers
2.1.5.2
Annex A
checklists
chiller cabinets
2.1.3.2
chromaticity coordinate values
(CCV)
4.4.2.1
circuit board design and
materials
5.3.2.2
circuit watts
7.3.1
cleaning of luminaires
6.1.1
colour appearance
2.1.5.1, 4.4.1
testing
6.1.2
variation in
4.4.2.1
colour bins
4.4.2.2
colour changing LEDs
1.5, 4.4.2.3,
4.4.4.1, 8.2.2
colour consistency
4.4.2
colour gamut
4.4.3.4
colour mixing
2.2.6.2, 4.4.2.3,
8.2.2
Colour Quality Scale (CIE)
4.4.3.3
colour rendering
4.4.3
colour gamut
4.4.3.4
colour quality of saturated
colours
4.4.3.3
exterior lighting
4.4.3.2
reflector lamp retrofit
10.5.4
road lighting
2.2.3.2, 4.4.3.2
task lighting
2.1.2.1
testing
6.1.2
193
colour rendering index (CRI)

4.4.3.1
minimum requirement
Annex B.2
retrofit LED tubes
10.3.4.3
colour temperatures Annex D, 2.1.5.1,
4.4.1
reflector lamp retrofit
10.5.4
retrofit LED tubes
10.3.4.4
colour tuneable LEDs
4.4.4.2
colour varying LEDs
4.4.4
combined failure value (CFV)
3.3.2.2
compatibility of components 1.6.4, 1.8.2
control systems
9.5.5
drivers and dimmers
7.1.3, 9.3.6
replacements and upgrades
7.3.6
see also retrofit of LED lighting
systems
competent persons scheme
6.4,
Annex B.5
compliance testing
3.1.3.2
computer display screens
2.1.1.1,
4.3.6.3
concealed LED light sources
2.1.3.2
constant-current drivers
7.1.4, 7.4.2
constant light output
8.4.1.4
constant-voltage drivers
7.1.5, 7.4.2
Construction (Design and
Management) (CDM)
Regulations 2007 Annex B.9
contrast
2.1.3.1, 4.3.3.2
control gear: see electronic control
gear (ECG)
controls
Section 8
analogue systems
9.4.2
benefits
8.1.3
checklist
Annex A.3.6
compatibility of components
9.3.6,
10.5.5.4
digital systems
9.4.39.4.6
for emergency testing
6.3.3
functions of
8.1.1
infrared (IR)
9.5.2
LED retrofit
10.2.5
reflectors
10.5.5.4
tubes
10.3.6.2
light output
8.2.1
low-voltage wiring for
7.4.1, 8.3.2,
9.4.1.2, 9.4.4.3,
Annex A.3.6
protocols
9.4
analogue systems
9.4.2
checklists
Annex A.3.7
Digital Addressable Lighting
Interface (DALI)
9.4.4
Digital Serial Interface (DSI) 9.4.3
DMX
9.4.5
gateway devices
9.5.5
other protocols
9.5.1
pulse width modulation
(PWM)
9.4.6
scene-setting
8.3.3
user interfaces
8.3
wall-mounted
8.3.2
see also dimming
conventional control gear (CCG) 10.3.1
conventional lighting sources 1.3, 1.4.2
correlated colour temperature
(CCT)
4.4.1
CRI: see colour rendering index
(CRI)
critical temperature
5.3.3.1
cycle time (sensors)
8.4.2.3
damp locations
data sheets
daylight harvesting
5.2.2.2
3.2.7
8.3.4, 8.4.1.5,
10.2.5
8.4.1
4.4.1
7.5.2
2.1.5.2
Annex E, 1.2
2.1.1.1, 4.3.2
daylight sensing
day-lit interiors
DC power networks
decorative fittings
definitions
desk lighting
dies: see LED chips
diffuser LED tubes
10.3.3.4, 10.3.4.2
diffusing LED panels
2.1.1.2, 4.3.6.3
digital control protocols
9.4.39.4.6,
Annex A.3.7
Digital Addressable Lighting
Interface (DALI)
9.4.4,
Table 9.1
Digital Serial Interface (DSI)
9.4.3
DMX
9.4.5
pulse width modulation (PWM) 9.4.6
dimming
Section 9
benefits
9.1.1
checklist
Annex A.3.7
control-transmitted-over-mains 9.3.5
daylight harvesting
8.4.1.5
dimming curve
9.1.1
dimming range and
performance
9.1.2
driver compatibility 7.1.3, 9.2.4, 9.3.4
and flicker
4.5.2, 9.3.6
human perception
9.1.1, 9.1.2
LED retrofit
10.2.5
reflectors
10.5.4, 10.5.5.5
tubes
10.3.6.2
load considerations
9.2.3
194
dimming continued
low-voltage control protocols
9.4
mains dimming 9.2, 9.3, Annex A.3.7
and maintenance factor 4.6, 8.4.1.4
photocell detectors
8.4
direct current (DC) power
networks
7.5.2
direct current (DC) wiring
7.4.1, 7.4.3
direct current systems
1.4.4
directional lighting
4.3.1.3
disability glare
4.3.6.2
discharge lighting sources: see
fluorescent/tube type lamps
discomfort glare
4.3.6.3
display cases
2.1.3.2
display lighting
2.1.3, 4.4.3.4
display screens
2.1.1.1, 4.3.6.3
DMX protocol
9.4.5, Annex A.3.7
documentation
1.8.1, 1.8.2.1, 1.8.2.2
domestic lighting
2.1.5
downlights
2.1.5.2, 4.3.1.2
drive current and failure
3.3.2.5
drivers
7.1.2
checklist
Annex A.3.5
colour variation control
4.4.4.3
connection to LED
7.4
constant-current
7.1.4
constant-voltage
7.1.5
dimmer compatibility
7.1.3, 9.2.4,
9.3.4
3.3.2.5
drive current and light output 7.2.3.1
efficiency
7.3.1
external driver retrofit
10.3.6.4
ingress protection (IP)
7.2.3.3
inrush current
7.1.8.2
internal driver retrofit
10.3.6
lifetime
1.8.2.1, 7.2
mains supply
7.1.6, 7.4.1
operating temperature
7.2.3.2
power factor
7.3.2, 7.3.3
power factor correction (PFC) 7.3.4
protective devices
7.1.8
remote operation
5.1.3, 7.4
running current and ratings
7.1.8.1
test current
7.1.7
thermal considerations
7.2.3
voltage optimisation
7.3.6
drop-out
9.3.6
dwell time (sensors)
8.4.2.3
efficacy
advances in
claimed
3.2.5
3.2.8
Annex D
minimum requirement
Annex B.4,
Annex B.10
v. efficiency
3.2.6
electrical design
7.4
electrical inspection and testing 6.2.1
electrical installation
1.6.4
electrical maintenance
6.2
electrical protection
7.1.8
electrical safety
5.2.2
labelling
7.4.4
retrofit LED tubes
10.3.5.2
standards
Table B.2
electrical waste disposal
6.1.3
electrolytic capacitors
7.2.1
electromagnetic compatibility
Annex
B.7, Table B.2
electronic control gear (ECG)
10.3.1
see also drivers
emergency lighting
4.2.4, 6.3,
Table 4.3
emergency testing
6.3.2
energy efficiency
1.7.4, 3.2.2, 3.2.4,
7.3.1, Annex B.2
see also energy savings
energy-efficiency index (EEI) Annex B.2
energy labelling
10.3.4.4, Annex B.3,
Annex B.12
Energy Performance of Buildings
Directive
Annex B.4
energy savings
1.7.2
benefits of controls
8.1.3
LED retrofit 10.1.3, 10.2.1, Table 10.3
Energy Saving Trust (EST) Annex B.12
enhanced capital allowance
(ECA)
1.7.5, Annex B.10
environmental-input controls
8.4
environmental standards
Table B.2
escape route lighting
Table 4.3
ethernet-based protocols
9.5.3
European Directives
Annex B.2
Artificial Optical Radiation Annex B.6
electromagnetic
compatibility
Annex B.7
Energy Performance of
Buildings
Annex B.4
Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE)
Annex
B.8.4
European standards
Table B.1,
Table B.2
exterior lighting
2.2.1
colour rendering
4.4.3.2
LED retrofit
10.7, Annex A.3.8
195
exterior lighting continued

light pollution
4.3.5
light pollution/spill
2.2.5.1, 2.2.6.1,
4.3.5
recommended illuminance
4.2.3
see also pedestrian paths/areas;
road lighting
fade time
8.3.3.3
failure of LED lighting systems
3.3
3.3.2.5
light output and failure
3.3.2.2
temperature and failure
3.3.2.4
see also lifetime
fault finding
6.1.3
flexible LED arrays
1.5
flicker
3.4.1.2, 4.5, 9.3.6
AC LEDs
1.4.4, 4.5.2
floodlighting
accent lighting
2.1.4.1
architectural and amenity
lighting
2.2.6.1
intensity
4.3.1.2
sports lighting
2.2.5
fluorescent/tube type lamps
1.3.3
LED replacements for
10.3, Annex
A.3.8
nominal and actual lengths Table 10.1
thermal range
Table 10.2
types
10.3.3
footpath lighting: see pedestrian
paths/areas
fuses
7.1.8.1
gateway devices
9.5.5
General Lighting Service (GLS)
lamps
1.3.2
efficiency
10.6.1
LED replacements
10.6,
Annex A.3.8
glare
4.3.6
disability glare
4.3.6.2
discomfort glare
4.3.6.3
reflected glare
4.3.6.4
sports lighting
2.2.5.1
street lighting
4.3.6.5
glossary
Annex E
GLS lamps: see General Lighting
Service (GLS) lamps
Green Public Procurement
(GPP)
Annex B.11
GU10-base (mains voltage)
LED retrofit
10.5.6
Haitzs law
3.2.8
halogen lamps v. LEDs
Annex D
health and safety
Annex B.6
Construction (Design and
Management) (CDM)
Regulations 2007
Annex B.9
high-risk task lighting
Table 4.3
highway working
6.4
safety labelling
10.3.5.3
working at height
5.1.2
see also electrical safety; optical
safety
heat dissipation
5.3.2
heat generation
3.3.2.4, 5.3.1
DC v. AC LEDs
1.4.4
driving current and light
output
7.2.3.1
product claims
Annex D
see also operating temperature
heat sinks
5.3.2.3
DC v. AC LEDs
1.4.4
LED lighting systems
1.4.3
high frequency alternating current
(HFAC) circuits
7.5.3
high-risk task area lighting
Table 4.3
high-temperature locations
5.3.1
Highway Electrical Registration
Scheme (HERS)
5.1.2, 6.4
highway lighting: see road lighting
hospital lighting
4.4.3.1
IEC (International Electrotechnical

Commission)
standards
3.1.3.1, 3.1.3.2,
3.3.3.3, Table 3.1, Table B.2
IES (Illuminating Engineering Society
of North America) standards
3.1.3.2, 3.3.3.2, 3.3.3.3
IK ratings (mechanical impact
protection)
5.2.3, Table 5.2
illuminance
4.2.1
lighting level testing
6.1.2
testing
6.1.2, 6.2.2
see also maintained illuminance
illuminated signs
2.1.4.2, 2.2.7
Illuminating Engineering Society of
North America: see IES
(Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America)
standards
incandescent lighting sources: see
General Lighting Service
(GLS) lamps
indirect lighting
2.1.4.2, 4.3.3.3
196
inductive coupling
7.3.1, 7.5.3
infrared (IR) communications
9.5.2
infrared (IR) radiation effects
3.4.1.3
5.2.2
drivers
7.2.3.3
IP ratings
5.2.2.1,
Table 5.1
wet/damp areas or locations 5.2.2.2
inrush current
7.1.8.2, 9.2.3.1
inspection
checklist
Annex A.3.4
competent persons
6.4
electrical
6.2.1
installation
1.6.4, 5.1
ambient temperature
5.3.3.3
checklist
Annex A.3.3
competent persons
6.4
dimensional fit
5.1.3
location and access
5.1.1, 5.1.2
integrated LED luminaires
1.8
interchangeable LED light sources 1.5
interchangeable LED modules
1.5
interior lighting
2.1, 4.2.2
International Electrotechnical
Commission: see IEC
(International Electrotechnical
Commission) standards
international regulations
Annex B
Internet Protocol (IP)
9.5.3
IP (ingress protection): see ingress
protection (IP)
IR (infrared): see infrared (IR)
junction temperature
KNX protocol
5.3.3.2
9.5.1
lamp power factor: see power factor

(PF)
lamp survival factor
3.3.1, Annex B.2
leading-edge dimming
9.3.2
LED chips
1.4.3, 3.3.3.3
junction temperature
5.3.3.2
lifetime
3.3.2.3
lumen depreciation
3.3.3.3
variation in colour
appearance
4.4.2.1, 4.4.2.2
LED light engines
1.2, 1.5, 1.8.2.2
added value
1.7
advantages and limitations
1.6
built from discrete components 1.8.2
definitions
1.2
integrated
1.8.1
systems architecture
1.4
v. conventional lighting
sources
1.31.4
see also manufactured products;
system performance; system
specification
LED modules
1.2
LED package
1.2, 1.8.1
LEDs (light-emitting diodes)
1.2
LENI (Lighting Energy Numeric
Indicator)
7.3.5, Annex B.4
lifetime
1.6.2, 1.7.3, 3.3
and ambient temperature
5.3.3.2
assessment
3.3.3
conventional lighting sources
1.4.2
drivers
7.2
and failure
3.3.13.3.2
maintenance factor
4.6
manufactured products
1.8.2.1
minimum requirement
Annex B.2
and operating temperature
3.3.2.4,
5.3.2.1, 5.3.3.1
testing and measurement
3.3.3.2,
3.3.3.3
warranties
Annex D
light distribution
4.3
intensity
4.3.1.2
directional lighting
4.3.1.3
exterior lighting retrofit
10.7.4.2
measuring
4.3.1
retrofit LED tubes
10.3.4.2
room surfaces
4.3.3
specified
3.2.9
uniformity levels
4.3.2, 4.3.3.2
light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
1.2
lighting comfort
2.1.1.1, 8.1.3
lighting design
Section 4
accent lighting
4.3.4
checklist
Annex A.3.1
emergency lighting
4.2.4
exterior lighting
4.2.3
interior lighting
4.2.2
light distribution
4.3
standards
Table B.2
Lighting Energy Numeric
Indicator (LENI)
7.3.5,
Annex B.4
Lighting Liaison Group (LLG)
3.1.3.3
lighting scenes
8.3.3
light levels
daylight harvesting
8.3.4, 8.4.1.5,
10.2.5
maintained level
8.4.1.4
197
light levels continued

see also illuminance; maintenance
factors
light output
3.2.2
control
8.2.1
DC v. AC LEDs
1.4.4
lumen depreciation 3.3.1, 4.6, 8.4.1.4
luminous flux and luminous
intensity
3.2.3
variations in
1.4.4
v. wattage
Annex D
see also dimming
light output ratio (LOR) Annex D, 3.2.4
light pollution/spill 2.2.5.1, 2.2.6.1, 4.3.5
light sensors
8.4.1, Annex A.3.6
linear tube type lamps: see fluorescent/
tube type lamps
LLG (Lighting Liaison Group)
3.1.3.3
LOR (light output ratio) Annex D, 3.2.4
low-voltage control protocols
9.4
low-voltage wiring: see cables,
low-voltage control
lumen depreciation
3.3.1, 4.6, 8.4.1.4
see also maintenance factors
lumens (lm)
3.2.3
luminaire lumens per watt
3.2.9
luminaires
body
1.4.3
cleaning
6.1.1
constant-current
7.4.2
constant-voltage
7.4.2
definition
1.2
efficacy
3.2.53.2.6, 3.2.8
efficiency
Annex D, 3.2.4
fan-integrated
5.3.2.3
heat sinks
5.3.2.3
integrated
1.8.1
interior lighting
2.1.1.2
LED replacements 10.4, Annex A.3.8
lifetime
3.3.2.3, 3.3.3, 5.3.3.2
light distribution
3.2.2, 3.2.3
6.1.2, 6.2.2
light output ratio (LOR)
3.2.4
1.5
non-directional
4.3.1.3
performance requirements
3.1.3.3
product specification
3.1.3.3
task lighting
2.1.2.1
luminous flux
3.2.3
luminous intensity
3.2.3
Lx values
3.3.2.2
MacAdam ellipses
4.4.2.2
mains dimming
9.2, 9.3, Annex A.3.7
mains switching
9.2
mains-voltage LEDs
9.2.1
maintained illuminance
1.6.3, 4.2.1
automatic dimming controls
4.6,
8.4.1.4
emergency lighting
4.2.4
exterior lighting
4.2.3
interior lighting
4.2.2
see also maintenance factors
maintenance
Annex D, 6.16.4
checklist
Annex A.3.4
cleaning of luminaires
6.1.1
competent persons
6.4
emergency lighting
6.3
LED retrofit
10.2
6.1.2
reactive
6.1.3
see also replacement LED
components
maintenance factors
4.6, 8.4.1.4,
Annex B.2
manual control
8.3.1
1.5
availability
3.1.3.3
CE marking
1.8.1, 3.1.3
colour constancy/stability
4.4.2
compatibility with specification 3.1.2
data sheets
3.2.7
dimming range
9.1.2
documentation 1.8.1, 1.8.2.1, 1.8.2.2
labelling
3.2.7
lifetime assessment
3.3.3.4
lifetime claims
1.8.2.1
optical safety
3.4.2.2
selection
3.1.4, Annex A.3.2
specification criteria
Annex A.2
warranties
Annex D, 1.7.5
maximum load considerations
9.2.3
MCBs (miniature circuit
breakers)
7.1.8.1
mechanical impact protection
(IK ratings)
5.2.3, Table 5.2
median useful life (Lx)
parameter
3.3.2.2
mesopic vision
2.2.3.2
microwave sensors
8.4.2.5
miniature circuit breakers
(MCBs)
7.1.8.1
minimum load considerations
9.2.2
museum lighting
Annex D, 2.1.3.2
natural light: see daylight
198
night time vision

noise (audible)
2.2.3.2
9.3.2.3, 9.3.6
obtrusive light: see light pollution/spill

occupancy detection
8.4.2
office lighting
colour changing LEDs
4.4.4.1
desk illuminance
4.3.2
LED diffusing panels
4.3.6.3
recommended average
illuminances
4.2.2
OLEDs (organic light-emitting
diodes)
1.5, 1.3.4
operating life: see lifetime
5.3.1, 5.3.2.3,
7.2.3.2
critical temperature
5.3.3.1
LED retrofit
10.2.4
LED tubes range
Table 10.2
and lifetime 3.3.2.4, 5.3.2.1, 5.3.3.1
optical radiation exposure
Annex B.6
optical safety
3.4
LED lighting products
3.4.2
optical radiation exposure Annex B.6
photo-biological safety
requirements
3.4.1
precautionary measures
3.4.4
recommendations
3.4.5
risk groups
3.4.3
optical systems
1.4.2
1.4.3
organic light-emitting diodes
(OLEDs)
1.5, 1.3.4
outdoor lighting: see exterior lighting
outdoor work areas
2.2.2, 4.2.3
packaged systems
1.2, 1.8.1
parasitic load
7.3.5
passive heat sinks
5.3.2.3
passive infrared (PIR) sensors 8.4.2.4
PCBs (printed circuit boards)
5.3.2.2
PDs (photocell detectors)
8.4.1
pedestrian paths/areas 2.2.3.1, 4.2.3,
4.4.3.2
performance standards
Table B.2
perimeter lighting
4.3.3.4
periodic electrical inspection and
testing
6.2.1
PF (power factor)
7.3.27.3.3,
Annex B.2
PFC (power factor correction)
7.3.4
phase-chopped dimming
9.3.1
photo-biological safety 3.4.1, Table B.2
photocell detectors (PDs)

8.4.1
photometric testing
3.2.4
photopic vision
2.2.3.2
pin-based sockets
10.3.1, 10.5.6.1
PIR (passive infrared) sensors 8.4.2.4
polymer light-emitting diodes
(PLEDs)
1.5, 1.3.4
popcorn effect
9.3.6
power consumption 3.2.2, 3.2.5, 7.3.1
see also energy efficiency
power factor (PF)
7.3.27.3.3,
Annex B.2
power factor correction (PFC)
7.3.4
power supply
7.4.1
DC power networks
7.5.2
high frequency alternating current
(HFAC) circuits
7.5.3
power factor
7.3.27.3.3
quality
7.2.2
see also drivers
presence detection
8.4.2
printed circuit boards (PCBs)
5.3.2.2
products: see manufactured products
protocols: see controls, protocols
public procurement
Annex B.11
pulse width modulation (PWM)
9.4.6
Q No entries
R
RDM (remote device

management)
9.4.5.5
redundant components
6.1.3
reflectance, surface
4.3.3.1
reflected glare
4.3.6.4
reflector lamps
intensity
4.3.1.2
efficiency
10.6.1
LED replacements
10.5, 10.7.4.2,
Annex A.3.8
regulations
Annex B
relative photometric testing
3.2.4
remote control handsets
9.5.2
remote device management (RDM)
9.4.5.5
remote drivers
5.1.3
repetitive peak current
9.3.2.3
replacement LED components 3.1.3.3,
4.6, 6.1.3
colour appearance
4.4.1
compatibility
1.8.2.3, 7.3.6
retrofit of LED lighting
systems Section 10, Annex D
alternatives for exterior lighting 10.7
LED engine retrofit
10.7.3
LED retrofit lamps
10.7.4
199
retrofit of LED lighting systems

continued
alternatives for reflector lamps 10.5
alternatives to GLS style light
bulbs
10.6
alternatives to linear tube type
lamps
10.3
different types of LED retrofit
tubes
10.3.3
internal or external drivers 10.3.6
mock-up and site trials
10.3.4.5
optical performance
considerations
10.3.4
safety considerations
10.3.5
checklists
10.2, Annex A.3.8
criteria for replacement
control systems to be
replaced
10.2.5
lighting systems to be
replaced
10.2.3
physical setting of lighting
systems to be replaced
10.2.4
site and operational criteria 10.2.2
equivalence
Annex D
replacement luminaires
10.4
safety labelling
10.3.5.3
rigid LED arrays
1.5
road lighting
2.2.3
colour rendering
4.4.3.2
curfew
4.3.5
glare
4.3.6.5
LED retrofit
10.7.2
light pollution
4.3.5
maintenance factors
4.6
4.2.3,
Table 4.1, Table 4.2
safe working
5.1.2
uniformity levels
4.3.2
room surfaces
4.3.3
direct lighting
4.3.3.2
indirect lighting
4.3.3.3
4.3.3.1
reflectances
4.3.3.1
RS232 protocol
9.5.1
RS485 protocol
9.5.1
safety: see electrical safety; health and

safety; optical safety
scene-setting controls
8.3.3
security lighting
2.2.4
self-certification
6.4, Annex B.5
series connection
7.4.2
shelf lighting
2.1.3.2
signage
2.1.4.2, 2.2.7
sky glow
4.3.5
smart fixtures
8.4.2.6
solid-state lighting sources
1.3.4
specular reflection
4.3.6.4
sports lighting
2.2.5
spotlights
2.1.5.2, 4.3.1.2, 4.3.1.3
see also reflector lamps
standards
3.1.3.3, Annex B.13,
Table B.1
step-down transformers
2.1.5.2,
10.5.5.4
5.3.1, 5.3.3.3,
storage temperature
Table 10.2
street lighting: see road lighting
stroboscopic effects
3.4.1.2
surface reflectances
4.3.3.1
Switch DIM
9.4.4.5
system architectures
1.4.2
1.4.3
system performance
3.2
checklist
Annex A.3.2
data sheets
3.2.7
efficacy
3.2.53.2.6, 3.2.8
electrical power and light
output
3.2.2
high efficiency v. high efficacy 3.2.6
luminaire efficiency
3.2.4
luminous flux and luminous
intensity
3.2.3
and operating temperature
5.3.1
system specification
3.1, 3.2.7, 3.2.9
task lighting
2.1.1.1, 2.1.2, Table 4.3
tax incentives
1.7.5
temperature: see ambient temperature;
terminology
Annex E
test current
7.1.7
testing
checklist
Annex A.3.4
colour appearance and
rendering
6.1.2
electrical
6.2
emergency lighting
6.3.2, 6.3.3
lighting levels
6.1.2, 6.2.2
photometric
3.2.4
thermal effects
5.3.1
thermal management
5.3.2.1
checklist
Annex A.3.3
LED retrofit
exterior lighting
10.7.3.2
reflectors
10.5.5.2
see also heat dissipation
200
timed controls
8.3.4
traffic signs
2.2.7.1
trailing-edge dimming
9.3.3
transformers
2.1.5.2, 10.5.5.4
transient voltages 7.1.8.2, 7.2.1, 7.2.2,
9.3.2.3
triac dimming: see leading-edge
dimming
tubular LEDs
2.1.1.2
LED retrofit
10.3, Annex A.3.8
nominal and actual lengths Table 10.1
thermal range
Table 10.2
types
10.3.3
tungsten halogen lamps v.
LEDs
Annex D
ultraviolet radiation (UV)

unified glare rating (UGR)
upgrading LED systems
uplighters
user controls
Annex D,
3.4.1.4
4.3.6.3
7.3.6
4.3.3.3
8.3
variable white LED luminaires

1.5
voltage surges and spikes
7.1.8.2,
7.2.1, 7.2.2, 9.3.2.3
walkways: see pedestrian paths/areas

wall reflectance
4.3.3.1
wall-washing
2.1.4.2, 4.3.3.4
warranties
Annex D, 1.7.5
waste electrical and electronic
equipment (WEEE)
6.1.3,
Annex B.8
waterproof enclosures: see ingress
protection (IP)
wattage
Annex D, 3.2.2, 7.3.1
wet/damp areas or locations
5.2.2.2
wireless communication methods 9.5.4
wiring: see cables
X, Y No entries
Z
Zhaga protocol products
1.5, 1.8.2.2
201

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Code of Practice

for the Application of

LED Lighting Systems

Published by: Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom

Participants in the Technical Committee

Scope and Purpose

Overview of LED lighting systems

System performance, lifetime and safety considerations

Lighting design parameters

Physical installation and thermal management

Maintenance, inspection and testing

Drivers and wiring

Control systems and interfaces

Dimming methods and protocols: Low voltage and mains voltage

Retrofit of LED lighting systems

Annex A Specification and application considerations, criteria and

Annex B Key national/international regulation

Annex D Myth busting factsheet

Figure 1.1 LED lighting systems architecture

Figure 1.2 Example LED module schematic

courtesy of URBIS and OSRAM)

of Philips and Studio Force)

Figure 1.6 LED light engines

Figure 1.7 Retrofit LED replacement lamps (images courtesy of OSRAM)

signage or furniture systems (images courtesy of OSRAM)

Figure 2.3 LED task lights (photo courtesy of BRE)

Figure 2.4 Display lighting using LEDs (photo courtesy of BRE)

Figure 2.6 LED downlights in a domestic kitchen (additional lighting under

Figure 3.1 Luminous flux and luminous intensity

Figure 3.2 Development of LED performance (lm/W)

Figure 3.3 Typical lumen depreciation and physical failure curves

floodlight (image courtesy of BRE)

Figure 4.3 Measuring the luminance of scallops of light produced by LEDs

Figure 4.8 International Commission on Illumination (CIE) chromaticity diagram

(UK) Ltd. Used with permission)

lamp replacement; MR-16 12 V lamp replacement with deeper body; GU10

Participants in the Technical Committee

Electrical Contractors Association (ECA)

Electrical Contractors Association of Scotland (SELECT)

Highway Electrical Association (HEA)

Independent testing services:

Department for Communities & Local Government (DCLG)

Electronics, Sensors and Photonics Knowledge Transfer Network (ESP KTN)

Professional Lighting and Sound Association (PLASA)

Public Health England (PHE)

(Building Research Establishment, BRE)

Sam Woodward (Havells Sylvania Europe Ltd)

Frank Bertie MIET (NAPIT)

Ian Cathcart (Zega/Sunfor Lighting)

Michael Collinge MIET (NAPIT)

Matthew Darville (Certsure LLP)

Malcolm Duncan IEng MIET (SELECT)

Tony Howells BEng (Department of Business, Innovation & Skills, BIS)

Peter Hunt BSc Hons FIAM (Lighting Industry Association, LIA)

Gareth Jones BSc PhD AMSLL (LUX-TSI Ltd)

Owen Kell BSc (Intelligent & Green Systems Ltd)

Nigel Monaghan MSLL (ASD Lighting PLC)

Cameron Steel CEng FIET MCIBSE MInstRE (BK Design Associates)

Bill Wright MA CEng FIET (Electrical Contractors Association)

Examples of commercially available products suitable for application of the document

constitute an endorsement by the IET.

Foreword from the Society of Light and Lighting (SLL)

The Society welcomes this Code of Practice as a way of promoting understanding of

Scope and purpose