Manual of ‘Textile Technology Sen The'Technology of ; Short-staple ~* Spinning WAS , { [ ! 1 1 Bracken | Mite | | | J | Editor: Det. Stalder diph. Ing. ETH, CText FTITHE TEXTILE INSTITUTE 10 Blackfriars Street Manchester M3 51D UK Manual of Textile Technology Project Team C'S Whewell BSc PhD CChem FRSC CText FTI (Hon) CColFSDC - Coordinator PW Harrison BSc CText FTI MllnfSc GH Crawshaw BSc PhD CChem FRSC CText FTI ain in wp7aa.$ Aly Loe. Be ~ Copyright The Textile-Institute ISBN 0 900739 91 6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, ~ without the prior permission of the copyright owners Printed in England by Hobbs the Printers of SouthamptonPreface This valune, The Technology of Short-staple Spinning, is the first in a series of six textbooks dealing with the state of the art in short-staple spinning. It sets out the basic, and therefore generally valid, technological relationships in the short-staple spinning mill. The following five volumes in this series will be organized according to machinés or machine groups and will handle questions mainly related to machine design and operation. In this way, generally valid-basic: principles can be Separated from the continuing further development in machine construction, Taken together, the six books will cover the topic of shart-staple spinning: within the framework of the Manual of Textile Technology published by the Textile Institute. These books have a central purpose, namely to refresh and supplement practical knowledge for use in everyday operations in the spinning mill. As conditions in the cometitive struggle become steadily harder, it becomes ever more inportant for the practical spinner to master his subject thoroughly. This volume, and the subsequent volumes, are designed to contribute to the achievement of that goal. a Dr. H. Stalder. dipl. Ing. EIN, CText FTI ) GETTER C aAcknowledgements I am grateful that Mr W. Klein, senior lecturer in spinning at the Swiss Textile College in wattwil, could be persuaded to write the Short-staple Spinning Series of the Manual of Textile Technology. His long experience in spinning and in teaching ensures that this series will be an extremely useful tool for those working in the spinning field. I would also like to thank Mr V. Walker of Rieter Machine Works Ltd, who is translating these spinning manuals from German into English, His technical background and his clear use of danguage also help to make the use of the manuals easy, Finally, my acknowledgement goes to the Project Team in Manchester for their technical support and their initiative in Jaunching the Manual of Textile br Technology; and last but not least, to the Rieter Machine i Works in Winterthur, who have ‘Sponsored the Short-staple Spinning Series of the Manual. Without their Support this series would not have been possible. Or. H. Stalder, dipl. Ing. ETH, CText FTI ceo pee ee eee ees Cc! | Contents Preface Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Raw Material as a Factor Influencing Spinning 1.1. Characteristics of the raw material 1.2. Fibre Fineness 1.3. Fibre length . 1.4, Fibre strength 1.5. Fibre elongation 1.6. The slenderness ratio (stiffness) 1.7. Fibre cleanness 1.8. Chemical deposits (sticky substances) : 1-9. Relative inportance of the fibre influences 2. Opening’ 2.1. The need for opening 2.2. Type of opening and degree of opening 2.3. The intensity of opening 2-4 General considerations regarding opening and cleaning 2.5. Carding 2.6. Straightening-out of fibre hooks 3. Cleaning 3.1. Inpurities to be eliminated 3.2. Possibilities for cleaning 3-3. Grid and mate knives ors 3.4. Influencing fac 3.5. Degree of cieaning and res 3.6. Dust removal stance to cleaning u Js AMUN we am 10 10 10 10 2 18 18 18 19 v 9 20: Boston Metre 4. Blending 4.1, The purpose of blending 4.2. Evaluation of the blend 4.3. De-blending f 4.4. Types of blending operation 4.5. Blending procedures 5. Inparting Order 6. Equalizing 6.1. Unevenness of yarn mass 6.2. Basic possibilities for equalizing 6.3. Doubling 6.4, Levelling 6.5. Orawing with simultaneous twisting 7. Attenuation (Oreft) 7.1. The draft of the ar2fting arrangement 7.2...The drafting operation i 7.3. Behaviour of fibres in the drafting zone 7.4. Friction fields 7.5. Distribution of oraft 7.6. Other drafting possibilities 7.7. Additional effects of draft 8. Yarn Formation 8.1, Assembly of fibres to make up a yarn 8.2. Fibre migration 8.3. Imparting strength j 9. Handling Material 9.1. Carriers for material 9.2. Laying down in cans 9.3. Winding by rolling and lap forming 9.4. Winding on flyer bobbins 9.5. Winding of cops References = oONNN_ EEE CO the drafting arrangement 21 ar 21 21 22 23 25 25 25 26 26 27 28 34 34 37 37 43 45 45 46 46 48 56 foIntroduction Anoast World consumption of fibres ty just under 40 MiHion tons, tle about 20F is pracessed ak endless Fasene, shout ox 4s 40 staple fHbre PATE of this MOE fs used to production af yarn. The The greater sploving Lndustry bs thereture of great stxndficatce in a1 pares of the world He 4s corvespondingly loportant that adequate eeatned ‘ninapement persoonel Is avetlable, vith the aecussary technteal and technological knovtedue. vile technical hvowledge relatex sore to machines, technological aspects. are concerned with processing. Techologicul knovledze te the sumarteed expression of the hesté principles favolved «= ‘8 conversion of raw miturial to sini-Cinished or felly finished produces ~ seperated from the actual or cerrently Festtzable possittseses for putting these principles sco elleee. In relation (© spinning. tectnology te concereed with “the study of the production of a yarn. In chis context the’ | terd Teptnaing’ refers co che conversion of a large quin- "Sty of individual unordered fthces of relatively short Jengch into a Ligear, ordered product of very great length by using suieable machines and devices. 19 processing Vote Util perenne ics ao ast Mele hadmthow, 1.8. "tudnihow,"s.0. Setthows kJ. Kanarsit nada. dae fis vt 2 volanes, vothorsifp)= buen . jf Pacmwctvertag, tetpety t At thts potee, {wish co express ay thanks to ktecer aching Works td in Utneorthar for ehete support and | seneetotty for she peeparatioe of att the drewlaus Fqundfeing Inpurting strengeh Wending aphe sptantog Cleaning, michines Conbur Dravtrane (dost renovet) Motor spiening machine Hlocrove machines lard (Lines blending) cava Pinal spianing sicitne card vith levelter Fined spinning nachioes Piead spinning machines Foving (rane L SUT 1 |Braden Nabe 7 1. Raw Material as a Factor Influencing Spinning J. Characteristics of the Row Moterfal Raw estertal represents shout SOT of the production cost ot # wbort-scaple yarn. Tata fact slose 16 eufCielent co Aadicate the wigaiticance of che raw maceclal fot the yarn Producer. The influence becoses 48411 gore apparent ven the ease An processing one type of fibre aateriel S6 com pered wich the difficulties, annoyance, sdiécioret effort ‘and che decline in productivity and quaticy assoctared with another, siailer, material. Eardly any spinner ean afford to use & problem-free Taw aacerisl, because tt ‘would normally be eco expansive pated ctfttoutetes rs starting autert. Adapeing to the ancéet- tres an incinate knowledge of the and te beraviour in processing and subsequent etages. Optanst conditions con Ye cbtzined only ehrouyh mastery of the raw saterisl, Admittedly, hovever, the best theo Fetleel knowledge will not help auch Lf the macerisl is Already at the Lisice of splanebilicy or beyond. Excessive scomoay sn reletion to rav eaterial usvally deee mot reduce cowts, and often inereates chen aving co deterto- ratfon of processability tn the eptnntng 111. As an tntroduetion co the eubjece of rav actertal the Following pages Vi11 sketch out eeveral relationships Which ace tnportant for the yarn producer. Onty cotzon Will be dealt vich here. syacheete f4bres vill be deste with exparately te a further voluee. 1.2. Fibre Fineness Lets The influence of ftnenvey Fineness Ls one of the three most Sapurtant fibre charae= teristics, The fineness determines how gany {ibrex are Pretent in the eros ection of 2 yarn of given thickness. | Adésefonal Libres tn che cross-section provide not only additional asrengeh bu also a better ¢istritution in the Yarn. THrty Cibres are needed at che aininun in che ysr0 ‘erons-section, but there are usvélly over 100, One indeed M6 approximately the lover Linde fer eleost al! oes spine ‘ing processes. This indicates thar (ineness wilt Secene SELLL nore Lagorcant in the {usure, Fibew fineness inf ences prinartty: epieeing Lait; drape of the fubese products vara atrengths luscees Yare evenness; bande; 2° yarn fullness; proguceivity Productiviey 48 influenced via the end breakage rate, che nurber of turns per tach required in che yarn (giving snprovenent of the handle), geserally better aptanteg, In production of blends (e must be borne in clad that, at leese 4 oceases, Fine {1be08 accunulace £0 ¢ greater extent in the yarn core and ‘coarser fibres ot che periphery. Blending of {ine cotton Eibres vith cosrse synchette {bres would produce @ yarn wich an externally aynchetis (bee character. 1.2.2 Spectfteation of fineness ich the exception of woot and hair fibres, fibre Lineness ot be specified by reference to diameter esse of 9 oteel wire, because che section Le selon by the cctrcular and te hue aot anetly seasvecable. case of yarns, Finenees ts vevally specified relation of mass (wetghe) ¢0 lengeh: tex SLD is Tengen Gea) ass (as) Tenaeh es) Wile for synthetic Fibees dtex te used almost exclusively, hq tleronsire value 4s used worldvide for cotton. The Fineness ccsle 1e az fotlove: Hovatue Fineness wp eo 3 very tine 21-39 fae 40-9 rediva 30-39 slightly coarse’ above 6 course Conversion factors dtex = Nt + 0.396 (heavily dependent on depeee of maturity) 1 should be ropunbered, however, that che Mteronats Value does ot alsays represint the actus! faeness of the (abe0s, Geing co che use Of the air chroughtlow aethod, average value is obtained where there 1s 4 hgh proportion of unrize ftbgee, and ehis does not correspond to the trbe value for the epinnable {ibeve, Speciitestion by Ther tex Is sore accurate in such a ease, Bue far harder ¢9 obtain. fibee 4 further JEtficutey. Cotten ie a qacueat fe cous in various soils, tm various climates and With snout ly changing eutesvat ton conditions. The bres chereture csnnot be lumgencous 10 thelr charactortsesce, including their finuness. Sehenek (1) indtcates hat the 2 CENTSHaw ew nae ae a HA Inna Op le, 2 Mi-value varied, tm an excrese exanple, beturen 2.6 and 3.9 from bale te bale So 4 tot of 500 bale ( 5 Fibre matuctey re ‘The cotton {Abre consssts of cel) wal} and lusen. The mecurdty Lndex is Gepentene upon the thickness of this C ell wall. Schenek (1) suggescs that 2 (bret te Be com sidered an ripe vhwn the eel wall of the molstuce-svollen fibre represents $0 ~ 402 of che round cressrseetion, as wneipe when Se repr fonts WM) ASE, and a6 dead when te Fy. 1. She weapde diageuny monrice? Wi epresents less than 251, Since sone 52 unetpe (bres are na Present even in 0 fully cipened boll, cotton stack without working. tor example ginalng and cleaning. The witect te UnEtpe CUbres fe untmsptoables che quantity is the 1sane sch Sot Uhre length exithite the greatest Urresulartes | Uartxe Libews have sesthwr adequace strength mor st iD the (ibre charactertstten. In even the santlest equate Longétudiaal seiifuess. They therefore twad Rete oF cotton Cake up fa the haul there Wit be ald C leas of yarn streayen 2 Teng fon the atsolute minisue (2 am) to the aboolue 7 neppsneas mvtinn Uhetween Man 80 aa depending oF wFtyia). Lt the ¢ ue proporcten of shove fibres Cron of auch a cute are rcanged next Co each ocher with varying dyeabiniey thete ends alfyned and sorted according to henge tn # €0= processing diftfculttess matnly ot the card ordisate system, then the staple dtagran (Fig. UD epical OF cotton 44 obtained, the sovcalled muserteal éfagrem C : Moseur"), 1.3. Fibre Length 3. the cofluenee of enue 31 the toflvence of Lenget Fibre lengeh fs also one of the three most tnportane tibre characteriettes. 1¢ influences: ‘spinning Linie ¢ ! handle of the produce idee. lustre of the produce 2. The staple ago, veightebiuned Elagrin. ‘ 12 ~ 15 an do not contribute to strength bue only co ful}- of fibres In the yarn crosn-section. This dtayram should chat the Fibres survive carding without nocteesble short= fning, Where there ts @ hixh proportion of warkie spree, The seaple diggeie howe Ulacrans Ig, 18 the a¥yrase staythe Ironth based om The Fibves in the Boll dy mot eahtDLE extremely great Hore diseritocton length differences. Noeteesbie shorvening of many (ibees In addseion, in eetation to fibre materials, five «ype \. Stlses before the eptoniag process oving to mechanical Of diagran can be dizetngoished according to ehete fore. 1 i | ¢ | U SEEM 3 |Rav-matedtol as a factor inivencing spinning Lo3.3_Vartoue dtucean forme Rectangular staple Tals 40 schtevabte sores snd Amgtuebie, only with synthetic « Since the fIbees are atl equally Long, ow Lenach verkacious are present, aacerlal of this type sould seve, {4eo1. Such an Sepression vould be false, hovever. For one tng, the Lengch evenaess canner be suineained into the yarn because [ibres aze shortened in che eplaniny eit, ssatnly ac the cards. For another, epinning aochires | aot autced co processing of fibres having all the same length. In che drafting arrangenent, for exonptes such {Wbree are not soved foiivideatty, but to bunetes, eheraby finally producing a high degree of unevenness rhasguler staple Tete permite better processing than che rectongelor staple, but contatne C00 many hort fibres. During aoveneat of 4) fibres, for example fn the drafting arrangesent, che shore fibres cannot be maintained under concrol: chey save freely and produce substantial unavenness. Also, they can sot alvsys be bound Unto the body of fibres, s0 chat sone 2 of then are lose, thereby producing vance and fly at the pachines aed devices. Lf 4 short {bre <2 bound-in, how lever, one end often projects. The yarn Le natty. ‘eperotal ssaple this ts the deal seaple for processing, and ts all che sore suitable the flatcer the curve. lovever, a flat curve often means @ high price. Stepped seaple AC Cibre macertals of very different lengths ote nised in the wrong proportions, chen a stepped staple curve on artes. Aawith a reccangular scaple, the Cibees can be Ef waved oly: 2 groups, with the sane effects. Eibeogss "Ye addition to the staple dlagcom, che Fibrouees tx avilable, Whereas in che staple diagram che fibres are ‘aligned at ove end, in che Fubrogeam they are arranced andunly by eleaping on 2 Line nthe che staple diserae seprosent ture, atch does not vceur anyunere in prse tices the Fibrogram corresgents to che arrangement o* fibres af the nip Line of rollers. ic gives a good representation uf the rafting operation and of he arcangecent of che iibres tn the yarn 1€ te produced by che Dipital-Fibeogeapie The + Mengthe He Stated as spanclengehe, that ts lenge hich span a certain distance oe Om wy Hg. 6 staple dlage, extongulay staple. e 7 oe Om wR 49. & Staple diaznon, crapeuoidal exaple Pla. € Stapte dtagran, stepped ateple. eagnon, Pibrognan, {exile stitute | || | | u ) CETTE a 1.3.4 The spect The parallelized, ordored bundle of (Shree fn the hand te referred t0 as che scape. The Length derived therefrom {3 also referred to as the staple. From the staple dtagran te 4 clear that vartovs measures of length can be derived, for example: acioun staple (naxtou loagth) ininun staple (aintoum Length) wee Tensth)- avecage stapte (aver These values may be of Iacerest to the stattseietan, due they GelL the spinner nothing Because they enable: nesther my the product moe ote Feparding the classy ing stapte (erage stay hand weaple (spinner! staple) Heetaple (oetting scape) 2. STrstaple (aoteing «taple) : sotestapte, ete. The trade stuple ts che mast ssportant specification of Tengch. Le As establisted C0 1/32" during classitytng of Velait-biowed diagram 9e aboue 252 and én che oumer text lagram ae about 152 The hand stapte fs sinlar and ty eatahifshed by the specialist tn operation. The IT ang 2.5% staples are Length whic are neaed 0 set Cine roller spacings. The fotloving lemsth geovpinis are eurcently used in stating the trade staple shore staple: 1 oF dese Paget =n are Vsyse = 4 ara 1p: Specitieation of che trade staple alone ix not enous ediun scepte: tony, staple: extes tong ataple, and above however, because the slope of the corve ix not teken Inte account. WIth the sane trade staple length, the eesple of ey ~ 4 off x cee wey 4. Saspte sitegnan, speetfioution of tengtiee could apaenach either the rectangitee oF the érdungutr form, The youportion af shart Fre SLIT dew by corre 4 second patne on the curve Gee SUestaple), Ue coefficient of vartaeion, o the proporeion of short fibres. NARHA AS CIAL HAMNER MY OPAL 1.3.5 The proportion of short fibres ‘The proportion of short fMbres New an exteenely great influence on the parameters Ltsted onder [1.1 (except tn he ease of rotor spinaiags where this influence is tess) A Large proportion Leade eo scrong fly contantnatton Canongst other problens), and thus €o strain on personnels fn the anehines, on the workroon and on the are condittonings and also to extrone drafciog ditt tet tes. Unfortunately, the proportion of short {4bres las increased substantiatly tm recent years in cotton available som miny sources. This bx due eo mechanteat plurt ay ae lord (3) dbsttonessi ace Seca (2) and Ee ing to nuts short—fibee content, aod relative shart fbr ovitents I the great majority of casey the absocute Hore proportion fx specif fed today sie Uke gorcentine w Elibros shyeter thaw 10, ie LE or 1a me G1") he shore=fbre Limit haw not heen standacdtzed, but imighe wettLe around 12 oF 12.3 aa. Since the short {ieee cannot be measured easily, this valur fy seldom realy sccurste, 1f mare exact values ave required, the relative short-Fibre contest mist be established as proposed bs 1.4. Fone Strength Strength ty very often Che dustnattng characteristic. thin con be soem From the fact thac mature produces cant lens Fibres, most of whlch are not uaable for centtles because of Inddequate strength. The wlafwum atrehycth for 4 cextsie fsbre 1s approximately & eX/ter (about tc ke breaking lenge). Since binding of the {bres Into she yarn ts ssohteved asinly by taksting, and thus con explote at most 30 ~ 10T of the strength of the material, a lover Hatt of about 3 eN/tex Le Finally obeained for che yarn strength, wvich varses nearly with the fibre strengths Fibre strength WIL] Increase tn tmporeance 4m the future, since ost new spinning processes exptote the strength of the nuterin} ley well than older processes: resking wrens utes Potyenter 13 = mo este Catton y= oy exten Tm relation £0 cotton, the strength wf {thee bundles $s ale of values ix used 7 sw = pedis w= % * fate under 70 + weakRaw Hiawllat as a 1aCtor inllvercing spinning, conversion to plysical units should be avoided because che seasuring procedure 48 not very exact Except for polyesters fb dependent. Le Ae soportant to know thie in processings and ‘Also se testing. Since fibre setsture 49 depentent upon anblent ate conditions, te depends strongly epon che elinacte conditions and upos che eine of exposure. while the strength of cotton, Lines, ete, increases vith Ancressing eotsture content, the reverse ts true for polyeuide, viscose fibres and woo. J 1.5. Flbee Elongation Three concepts must be clearly distinguished: Pereanene elongation: that part of the extencien ehrough voteh che Elbre dogs not return on + etion lesric alongetion: thet pare of the extension through nten the Etbre dows rvtven breaking elongation: the naxtoun possible extenston of the Fibre unctl 1s breaks, Se, che permanent elongation ang the elactic elongation cagether. Elongation is specified as @ percentage of the scarting length. The elastic elongation ts of decisive tnyortance since texctle products wéehour elasticity would hardly be ‘wasbl+, They suse be able to defors (erg. a¢ knee oF sbow) tn order co vithstand high loading (also during Processing), but they suse aleo return to shape. The (hse elongation chould therefore be ae lease 1 = 22 (alas fibre4), and preferably lightly wore. | The greater creas resistance of veo! compared with cotton arises, for exauple, fron the difference in thet dengettor cotton = 6= 10%; woo! © 23 = SE, jj Tor soral castle goods, Maher congstions ee w hetther aecessary nor desicable, They cake: Processing tn te eptntag alll nore etff4ate, epectaly to tracey operations, Exceptions are aportevesr, corsecry and, recently, stretch products HE 4 fbce se eubjected to tensile losding, then decands are sade on both ite strength and elongetion. 4° Serength and elongation are therefore inseparably cose nected, This relationship i8 expressed {n rhe so-called Jotrain diagram (force/iengeh change dlagran). tor uch type of fibre there Lo 4 cypteal curve, In blendings Go AE should be ensured that the curver of the Libres co be blended are etattar An shape. 41.6. Te Stendesness Ratio (Stiffness) Fibre etsffaess plays a significant cole mainly ven rolling, revolving, Ceisting moveoents are involved. A Aire which 16 too stCFF hos difticuley edepeing to the ovenents. For example, {¢ {6 not properly bound into the yarn, produces hairiness of Le even lost in processing. Fibtes which are not scift enough have too Little epetngt= 6 ‘Textile Institute | ae iNfaoes of Mines af different Longe ness. They do not return to shape alter deformation, They have no “Longiculinal resistence". 9 nost cases ents Leads to formation of neps. Fibre aziftness Ls dependent vpon fibre subecance and aizo upon che relactonehtp betweee fre Lengeh sad (hee Fineness. Fibres having the saee scruciure {11 be stiffer, che shorter they are. The slenderness racie eu serve a & gessure of seitt~ Slendernees cacio + Fibre lengeh/Ftbre dteneter Since the ffbren must vind a5 ehey are wosdein daring yars formation ia tie ring sptnilag machine, che slender sets cocto ales determines ¢o sone extent vbere the fibres wt Ensen op: - {ine and/or tong fsbres in che wlddte; 1e and/or short {bres at che yatn pertpbery. 1.2, Fibre Cleamess Jal tapurteses 1m seéition to usable fibres, cotton stock contains foreign matter of veeious kinds (1) Megecsbie matcer | Husk pore tone seed Fragnente ‘seen Fragments eat fragments 7 ood Fragments Moerat_satertel oe dust ptcked up in eranepore coal dust picked up in transpore Other foreign accor petal fraxnence loth fragueacs pecking aatertal (aust ly potyiiers) Fibee feapoynes Fibre parttetes (vtteh foally sake up che geeater portion of the dust) ‘This foreign material ean lead co enteene disturbances daring processing. Metal pares can couse fires or damage card clothing. Cloth fragauncs and pocking nacerial can Lead co foresan ttbres tn the yarn and thas to ste unsuttabilicy for ‘he Ancended appifeae toni | t suai | —— Jem cH Raw material as a factor influencing spinning Vegetable satcer can lead co drafting dleturbencesy yar breaks, (11ling up of card clothing, contaminated yarns Mineral motter can cause deposite, hgh uear rates tn hachines (yeinding effect, especially apparent to rotor spinning), eee foresge mater. Foreign outter wis always 2 problem. but 45 decoming steadily more sertoue from yeor co year. THE 15 éve prinartly to andere high perfornsnce plu ethods: nar ginning ad cleanings pre-dryings carctexs handling daring harvesting, packing and cransport; modern packing mcertata. Today. Soreisn fibres, tor example, have become alent 2 lghenare for the sploner én tadustrisl ized count tes. The amoune of foreign material (prinarily of vegetable origin) (s already taken too account in grading. Figure 10 shove cenges for inpurities in aeeriean cotsen as given fn the tstecature of the Triceachler company. The scate below represents the degree of contamination up to Lae = very clean 12-20 = clean 20 wor + sedivn 60-20 oderey 1.0 and above = very dirty 12.2 Naps eps are snsil entanglenents or knots of (bres. In neneral, two types of eps can be dixcinguished: (bre eps and seed-coat nepe, that te anal hnots thet consist only of ftbres and others containing foretgn particles such as hesk, seed or leat fragments. by P Arat and 0. Schretber, indicate eae {bre neps pre~ Investigations aes dominate, particularly Cibre veps having a core neinly of unripe and dead fibres. Thus {¢ is cleor thet there {8 6 relationship between eaturity index and neppivess. Sepp! ress f5 also dependent, exponentially, on che ftbre Fine ness, becouse Fine {1b¢e5 have Less Longitudinal sttffnese than coarser (bres, ‘The précessing aathod also has a considerable influence. A large proportion of the nepe in raw cotton tm produced by plucking and hard yinntng, and the wep coune As sub~ stonefally Increased in the blovronn. The xed ts the First machine to reduce the nep count to A usable level, and neporedaction at the card 4s achieved prisartly by Aventanglenent rather chan by elteiescion. Neps not eniy create disturbsnee tn thearelves as thick places, but also 1m dyed artteles because they dye differently from the res of the yarn, and thus bevwne clestly visible in the Hatshed clotn. 1.7.3.1 Bef inteson ast comststs of seal] and mlcruseopte particles of vart= fm gasex and sik only slows. nn that they 6am be Crana= Incernactonal Goom{ctee Lor Cocton Testing techuds, the foltowing types are to be distingotsted Paretele stee Gm) shove $00 se = 900 Merodust 15-50 reachable dose below 15 ‘A paper published by the Intermstiona! Textile hal fetta (4) indicator that aferodest comprises $6 = HE Libes fragments, leat and husk fragments, 10 + 257 sand and ‘eeeth and 10 = 235 waterssaluble materials. The high peor portion of (bre Kragaeats Indicates that a large pure of the aferodust arises tn the course of processing. Mand) (3) states that about 407 of the microdust ix free between the [bees sed Cocks, 20 = 302 48 loosely bound, and the enuiniog 20 ~ 30R 1s temly bond to the fibresHaw muterial ay a factor intivencing spinning ROTOR YARN USTER UNEVENNESS. VALUE THIN PLACES YARN. STRENGTH RING: YARN YARN STRENGTH USTER UNEVENNESS VALUE KEP FREQUENCY Mh) ih ‘T+ FIBRE BUNDLE STRENGTH 2 ~ SOX span LENGTHS 3 - MICROWAIRE 4 ~ FIBRE FINENESS 5 - FIBRE BUNDLE ELONGATION G - COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION OF THE FIBRE LENGTHS MATURITY INDEX 8 ~ REMAINDER as Jactsrs influencing the n yarn eee eee Ring Fret eagen! serengch Einenese feterion strength ineness Tengthy screech aaiforaity 3. Hinenece Teageh/ strength Eiaeness Y ‘eanness Length /onttoraicy j Fetetton cleanness EES 7|= fe | | | | e Fe Letfeld (6) Ltses che fottoving problems ss created by Additional stress on pergonned Ue eam Induce alterxten swleatory disease (ianinesin) ust depostes ‘60st aceunslac tons which C48 S81) Auto the machine oading of the ate-condit tontes eguipnent ‘wallity deceriuration directly, or : Sceessiog of the machines lust accumulations lead to operational disturbances Jsening and running out of erve more ond breaks spid wear of machine components (6g. rotors) 1733 Tolersted tinite The folloving cable shows the Linits ateaisy apecitied or (0 be specified in various countries U). usa 2.2 og/n? breadhable dost Canada 1.0 ms/a? tata} dust $29 ue Great Bricain 0.3 mz/n? eotad dusts socloding fly Fx 1.5 apf cotad dust Swlezerlané 1.5 ag/a? eoeal dust faserte 0.7 g/t? breathable dust 1.8. Chemical Oeposits (Sticky Substances) The bese knova StIcky substance on cotton Fibres 4s honey vy TL stheky substances ate fncorrectly ealted honey vies. Schenck (1) Ldonettien these sticky sulbcmees Pongee and baccerts ieee ease Wetecable substances: sugars (rem plant Juteest leat overpeaductien of wex. Pats, otte: Seed of] from ginning. Sachets substances: defoltanesi snseericies one Of & group of augers of he most Yurlabte conpoute tons Prinaely. but not exeluetvety, Tose, melgetcose, at found, Fructose, glucose, aces {or example, on Sudan cotton Vateh 48 noted far ie not aluays, produced ty insects or the fae These ssccharides are eostly, but thenselver, depending wpon che Influences on the plants prior to Plucking. Wrether or not a fibre Will stick depends, hwvever, not ‘Only up0R the QuNELEY of ehe sticky coating aid {44 com ostcton, but also upon the degree of seturation am a slution (1). Accordingly, conclvsions reparding at Leki fess fm the production process caneot be dravn sutweati~ cally trom the determination of quantity. Eletner (8) seater UME the sugars are broken down by fermentation and fy miceuorsantsms during storage of the cotton, this *eeurs more QulEhty the Migher the sodsture content. Imistity of the ate tn the prodwtion afea should be hetd vs spinning of SCICkY catton, hovevers the relative 1.9. Relating teportance of the Fibre tefhaences The tnfluence of fibre paranegers on yarn parameters “ind 98 running performance varus with ctreuiastances. Tet Slant scancs atue dtsters for the sndkyidaat spsontng eye fons mew oF consentional. Seherehlmcer (1) ghee th ratings shown 10 Fhe. 11, Deudaen (9) gives the ratings shown Im the table below se for the neu spinning prow SU2. Opening 2.1. The Need for Opening Carrying cut of the baste operactone of spinning éesondsy tlnore without exception, an open, processable mtertal. Movever, the raw oferta} eaters the spinning sfll in IMighly pressed fora to enable opcioua trenspure aad age conditions, Thus, opening must precede che other Desic operactons: 2.2, Type of Opening and Degree of Gpening ‘Two stages of opening cust be diseingutehed: 4, Opening to flocks; in che bioving roen, 2, Opening to fibres: in the card and OF spinning aching 1s addizton, the technological eperacion of opening can sneud opening out, tn vbfch che voluse of the (Leck 1s Increased wh{le che ausber of fAbres renstns constant, fee, the specttic density of the material 4s reduced; breaking apart, tn vileb two or aore flocks are formed fron one flock without changing the specific density. Breaking apare would suffice for cle ng, but opening out ts needed for blending and atfgning. Both opening out en breaking epart are found 40 each opening perstion ~ the degree of each t4 decteive. If, at ne inieed co the card, here 49 8 Cock vhleh hae Leen eatoly broken apart, but relatively 1ecle opened out, ehen staple shortening vill quite coreataly reeuis. To enable an exact evaluation of che dexree of opening, therefore, born 4 erasure of breaking apert, chat 19 the ete of the Clock, and a measure of density Cin glen! would be needed. Since both neasures can he ebtained oly with conetderable effort, che apect{icstten of the sass in ‘illigrans/flock wevslly hes to suftice: 3ech Loforestion te provided, for exsople. fron Keter (Fig, by 3 diagram 12) shoving the degree of opening of several machines as 4 functton of che materia! throughput. Figore 13 fron Triteschler (10) shows the {ereasing ‘opening of the wetesial from one Liouroon aachine to another. The curve in chs example shost, amongst othee only siker the process nore expensive, but also stresses the rav matertal in an uneecesusry einer. tes use can only be justitted If 1c substancially ineceaacs the degree Of opentog out (spec. density) and thereby Inproves carding. Figure 14 represents the ideal fore of the opening corve as established by Tritaschler (19). Table I shovs opentog devices nately used coday; Teble 2 shows opening variants, 2.3. The Intensity of dpening ‘TMs As dependene anongst other ehings on: Raw material: ehickness of che feeds density of the feed: Hibce coherence; fibre alignaencs size of flocks to che feed. Hachtnes/deviees: eype of feed ~ loose or clasped: Core of Fovding devices type of opening device: cyge of clothings polnt density of clothings arrangenent of pins, needles, teach ete, on che surface, Lee, aligned or stagsered: spactny of the clasping device from the opening device. Speeds: speed of the devices; throughput speed of eateril Ambient condtetons: huntdieys cenperacure. Fig. 12, Degree of opening én’ dapendence upon throughgut. A, degree of opening (flock veight, mei: 8, materia? * throughput in gfe A Simin Blender nnn 5 ft- = / a 7. Z | | IA 40 Unifioc / ‘torn x3 IE It Uniftoc 7 a 60mm % {4 + fi 20 | 6 £ it be Karousel 0 ty Gee 1 A |Tole 1, opening devices “15 Used cop. 10 step cleaners ry eds ese 0 the nore wilted suate Shite Sith samy Lome heater Yaletple-btaded vo, three or mare atone Sw used mostly only in = Elrsctner beaters endless belts with cromverse ‘wooden oF plastic bara ta very Reatle opening = Pieters in che Trienchter bate plucker and the Ingedvtade plates cece the coding drums of the the depos of pening fron mackie 12 gn 16 dak form of the opening curoe ‘chin blowing won. 2, degree of opertny flock matrn Ulming 100n. fy degre of tome f st al flocks hy machine pacages = HS: ICAOOpening 1 ~ a a : * x 7 aad at the bale epeners Sepa ote Pradvced ' fe Sage ' ; fy Hearts LAL re Stoaracing to individu fiosee I Aianaaaaine \ = Hee AC} Boece eeeee eee ese cateeec acer eepetieat i J si but usually necessary to remove fine “gt - particles produced st che gin ‘ =88- See iS: < @8fo\ In transport ducting 2-4. General Considerations Regarding vening and Cleaning The depres of cleaning cannot be better than the degece of ‘opening. Accordingly the Folloeing shoutd be nate Dire can be renoved practteslly only {roa surfaces Nev surlaces must theretore be cee ed continuousty. ‘The fore of che opentng aschine aust chexefore be adapted to the eg 9f opening already achieved. The opening devices shout’ beco: coos iraally finery toe Within the blovrooe Line, a specific sachine to eguleed at each position The dexree of cleaning ta Lnearly dependent upon the 4 ‘degree of opening. Newly exposed surfaces should as far ov yossibte ve ps ned seediscely. erie ECE Tus means thee exch opening step should be fotloved tamediately 8 leaning step wlthoue dacerventng Evansyort, during vhten the aurfaces vould be covered 4 agein and would ceautre exposure, sdateeedly wich Letty efor. Mesily the opentag and cleaning nachtnes should fore « enue 4 hiteh eegcee of opening 4o the blovrosn factticetes cleaning tn che carding room A high degree of opening o¥t 4a the Mowroce reduces shortentny of staple at the cards. Prentng of cotton on only one (universel-) opsaing machine 45 unthinkable oving to the degree of opening required Ou the other hand, each machine io the Lae represents an often considerable streesing of the fibres 2 = ESTES_ Opening Aside fron econcay, therefore, quality considerations stable cording, vy aust be greater than vp oF vp eust be indicate the soatlect possitie suater of aichine Passages tn the bloveeca. Feeding of locks in clamped condition gives an intensive but wually not very gentle opening actions Feeding fe loose If Wensive, opening Hocks should approich as closely au posibte a feat shapes Long watzow Hacks Lead to entann ents during rolling moveneats and prevaat ie trumports Finaliy. they form neps Swrrow SetCIDg oF the feud device relative to the rater Wo ie atertat 2.5. Cavaing 25.1 The purpose of eardin Chiely, carding should separace the flocks toto indi fe vidual Libres. Additionally, carding gives cleaning, See eee ovat eee eee Poy meee ee The ellsinetion of shore {Shres aust, however, 8 Jd “ieee proportions The mn edtetoated material An the F198 serspe. Assuming flat waste at 1 tr Jp TBI ee fore oF shore beeps ete fe wich 2a Perventaye Of short-ftbre elfasnation that 4€ could hardly be measured wich our current coarse staple-neaseria TT ssetmuaes the apetation of esting eee the 314 of oppostsely dteposed sets of teeth or await vine fl tas « ji i 2 Clothing arrange There are evo possible arrangements of the clothings Felative Co each ochert the carding dtepoeition and che dotting (or stetppisg) aisportston. Betkven the math evltnder an the Hates aad q 1 [eae dtsnascton ! == Fed 19, carding déspoaition. fn the opposite direction to vj. In hts actton, the bres ave dave apart, separated ond at tuned Boling ot Feet extend Iu the same direction. This areanccuwnt Is eypical of the Coker-in/mats cylinder regton, here E33 Caeding digpusteion Ha (bee fs nedd a€ K4s ends on evo Cevth that are sNiat ivectfon due (6 the drug (ron both xides Cig Since the Threw are held on ne) ned surfaces, this ven Sle fore can be resulved in secordance vith Fig. 17. Forces tn the conding depovition. See eee TTI Ee I Crewld ~) GEES Opening ‘ va Fig. 18, Forces in the daring Sepset ston, 2.8.3.2 Dolfing ssspoeteton In che doffine arrsagenene, the directions of the forces acting ac one tooth have changed. Kesotution of force 4t0te ic6 cooponents gives coxpanent 9, vhich pressey the Htoee" agstnoe the cooth, and a etrtppiog component A woish tends co push the fibre off che cocth. Phe fibre eatches on the other tseth te ts etrtpped, 2.5.3.3 Conersfveut forces Centetfogal force ts supertapcsed on the forces produced Dy the machine parts. However, in order Co produce notice: able etfecca, substantial speads are required, and chese ‘arise practically only et the main cylinder snd to some ‘exceat af the takermto. The centetfugel forces are eftece Hive eatoly 0 erections avay from the natn cylinder, fo both (bres and foreten particles. In spies of entey che fibres are not chrove off (at least che Longer ones) beca pret the high alr reetetance due to the rotation the (been buck flat against the surface of the ie cylinder. In conpertaon £0 al other force Fogel forces are of stnor wigatticance. cenert= 2.5.6 Fibre eranster faccor Aeference to the forces exerted by the ceeth in th cording disposition vill shov that, all other chings being aval, {¢ 49 ¢ sacter of chance en vhleh tooth tip the abre will reeatn cought, acceptable everyunere. Such @ random result fe not The defer, althoush te ts in the eerding disposition relative co the asin cylinder, suse tobe up che fibres. This ts only possible 4f the dotting ‘sonditious are taproved by the folloving. aa incre 4 tooth densicy in the dot clothing (no Jonger used vith efgid vice eloening). 4 clothing with nore carding capacity, by using 4 greater carding angie for the doffer cloehion aad thus obtatotay an increased dreving-in componene & Mesotatntng the catching effect of the clothing by Fee= quent sharpening. Malotetning the dofter clothing clean and recepsive by continually withdrsving the wed. a A very narrow setting becucen nase eylinder ane dofier. Assisting transier of Cibees by special ate etreviaeton conditions in the convergent space between the att eylinder and thy softer Even Ith these aeasures, the ude in favour of teanafer As given by ArczC/Schrelber, che transfer factor wich elgld vire clothing {+ only 0.7 = 0.3, Tht means enat 4 fibre rotates 3 to 5 tines wtth che on average! ain cylinder before ic passes co the doffer, The effect $3 caused by the constderabie adherence of the {bres to the ain cylinder, che fibres betng drava fate the mais, evlinger cloehing during continusl sovenent past the lacs. 2.5.3 the most taportant vorking regions tn carding 25.5.1 Pes pening bervgen feed roller und caker=tn This 4s the nose serious problen zone of the card because che taker-tn aust tear individual {locks out of the fasrly chick feed sheer (400 ~ 800 aa) vith enorsous force. Fibre damage ss scarcely co be avoided here, The tapor~ ence of actention co ehis problem gone is shown by two Gtagrans fron Areze/Sehretber (11) regarding the change im the staple, sanely ia depencunce on tooth density and speed of rotation (Figs 19, 20). However, stressing of che {4brex ts not the only Ampoctant thing, but alse the degree of opening, en which the quality of carding ts dtcectly dependent - the more 10 the taher the producton rate of the card. Degree of Fig. 19, Depardance of the overage flbre Length festinated «Foo she nabar of fibres and the flone weight 1) pon the speed tren) of the taketin ond the eliner finedece (+ dejnee of shortening af the fibres). b, average ftbre Tength Gx oma By apc of the takercin (rp. A Sten Sb a tox ° =F wf % PEAS EE eee CCeeee ee wd B oo eo iD OOD Bopenny first fow fate, chen 4 can be opened only with ttti- ‘culty. It will be rolled becween the vorking aurtacee and veually Leads to nep formation (13) EavaLly Aeporcane at chis worktes position 44 the eduction of neps. KavCmann (12) miicates that 152 of alt Fact disentangled. 1 the rensining “ut disentenslabte 30 = 18 pass ow with ete Livers 5 + 62 are venoved with the {at strips: 2+ AZ ave eltetnated vith the waste The Inceasity of separation depends on: speed of the takersin Ge tor whl: seed of the dolfer (not to stein) The arrangement of the cloeing betwen the main evlyider and the doffer 15 not, an myles hive buen expected. Stripping arrangement, but a carding arrangeene. This $5 svaneanes wot ye fully appreetsted Ay sums tuslanahan fy Chat an additton! caeding actun ts whtsim eet hero. This ts teportant, Sabres ditters sumewiat from processing wt he flat opening, dearee of cleaning end, shove 411, damage to the fay naterial can be influenced by: A dissavantage ty be moted fe that beture trantery one of the Fibres remain eight at ene end oi Che tenth 1. During. trannter some Chickness of the feed sheet density of the feed sheet of the aay eylinder (T: Fig. Of the profecting ends are canght by the clothing of the fvenness of the feed sheet chrouphpee speed Fotational speed of the eyliaders cylinder clothing fora of the feed plate atrangencnt of the feed plate (eo-rotation or counter rotation) Aehough rafts of mote than 1000 are produced at che peanuday iniees, separation co individual fibres te not ohtalned, ee 7 he Anoe Wirt, especially the Finer particles and dent. sane acu the Cacay che auction oF the droptngne es 6 Hae nove tnte the worksix ame if Hiest Hits cs tardy Ro | Nis Bila occurs eetativety gutckly Hats have moved fre the sorktog Sy further cake-up of fbres occurs, only carding, Accordingly, If 4 Libre bundte does not fad place at the SEESIt ~ Opening Getter and taken up. Host transferred (bees reoata aouing a4 CeatLing hooks on the ceeth cf the dofter (Ads | eves side tvs oe ertun Gictovsnage af hot formation, the carding effect stociored ty also prosuced [neces atnceeithis the natn eytingr clothing rates Ehcouth the (dicen caught sn the dulter efothlies ot the {otter ctething rates the (ren on the asin cylinder, | {bre bundies can be so eurned thas they can be separated dveing the nest passage through che Cats (11, 14). 1 he Amtenetty ef carding (ax ot other carding postcions) {6 here cependent upon (14)+ type of clothing: | ftoeesy oF the teeth: nusher of ceeth por sertaces Stetance between the carding surtzces; speed relation fies shacpntss of the clothing: degree of tear of the Vcnchig. the sioeter of tv lines i aes cle [SB tees tocar, Longer raking of the raw astral by che clothing. 2.6, Straightening-out of Fiore Hooks 2.1 The eteaightentng-out operation | eae ta the forscion of note Aecvtton oan tveee that af the fibres in she eh tore than 307 have Erling books fou 158 have leading Hanke foot 138 tune double hse {han 208 of the fIbees have no Rooks, such flee whieh effectively convert longer (bres to short eennot be perateted tn the yatn. They must these fore be renoved before yarn formation, This Ix dane by the dravt or by combing, In the érafefog arrangement, ehe Cibre hooks my’ be bedded sn che body of Fibren elther v¢ leading or us fratling books (Figs 22, 25). Consider firae a eeatling hook (S)+ Ae wilt be seed hae for 8 certain period ie poves Wich the rensincer of the {bre se of the back roller cowards the front teller. If che fibre ind at the speed Sip posses Lace the mip region of the droving collet, che Hbre {s acceteraced. Hovever, since the tailing end 4 waving with # relatively Eick body af stoviy moving fibres, the (bre ts scedtghcened before the thule {bre ‘cen reuch che craving speed ~ che hook £8 elizinsted, On the other Rand, lending hooks (k) are tnaediscely caughe bodily by the front roller and carried atong vnchanyed (iq. 23). The conber natty straightens oat leading hooks, because the needles of the circulsr cont ean geasp only these (Fig. 22) Pty Fig. Li, Lending hooke in che drajting a Fig. 14. beading tooks in el 2.6.2 Required murder of sachine passages Leading hooks must be presented to che conber and erating hooks £0 the ring spinning eschine. As Figs 25 and 26 show, reversal of the hook occurs at each processing stage between the card und these suchines. Accordingly, a delinice runber of michine passages t6 required in Intervening stages. vetween the card and the coaber, thece must be an oven runes of passtzes, aad an ofd husber between the card aed the ing spinning gachine. 10 rotor spinning, the étspecttion of che hooks Is of Aleele stgntttcaace (15) Lia CEc GI GI H R ee =e se BO 88 BO 0 I | | He em +-— Textile Institute 7 |!. 3. Cleaning | s.1, tmpursties to be elininotes Tan ereansns, st 6 necessary to telesse the atheston of the sepuricies te che fibres and to give the parctcies achieved aoeely By picking of flocks aut af the Teed | eacertat and by capte acceleration of these fechas the acter achieved, for exanple, by leading thy Hache [over a gris, Dict, eines foreign natter and nafs should be ‘Mateated. Clesaing wan ateaye an inporcant baste operae [lors and te Witt becone atendtly pore teportant. Tor one thing, due ¢o eachine harvesting, cotton contains sore an |) s9Fs tepurteten, viich forchersore are shasteced By heed Finndngy for another, alzost 11 neu apinning processes [Pisce eobetancte ly higher denasds on the cletniiness of the eaterial chan the conventional sethods. | 2% Possbisittes tor Cleaning The avatlable poseibtliefes for cleantiy: of naturud ftbees T can be atvtces beoadty taco cheew neveput eheateal cleaning ! cleaning (eashtog) pechantcal cleaning. [te etscussion wilt be confined 10 meciuunical cleanings 4m which usvelly onty particles on the surface of the | flocks can be renoved. The folloving procedures can be tp nutded, under relatively igh {etcetoa, over sachine es can be scraped off when che fibres ace ponanes, grid bars, nose Antves of even ether fibres. This ‘operation ts chiefly of Importance tn dust tunoval. Suction 15 less suited to che elimination of coares parcicles chan to extraction of dust. Transport afr ts fed hrough {Ilters or pecforaced sheets; the snail dest pare Ulelee, vhich have been released during besting oF trans port, pase uith the ate cheough the Cine openings. The Hecks cannot pass. Io conbing, needles pase completely though ehe body of Hbces and draw impurities out of the Lane ressons. THs 5 the only form of aechanicel cleaning tn vbtch regtons other thas steple sucfaeee sce cleaned. Genvine exploicacton of centrifugal Cores, in which here Is 90 need of beating, 48 obtained, for exumple, bn the card. Receuse of their high rato of ase co surtace, when conpseed with ené Fibres, che dice particles ore thrown out into the Cars white the fibres are eetained in he clothing by che ate stress. The aysten is useé still sore tncenpively 10 che alr stream cleaner (pleee-Saco- Lowell) (Fly. 22). Ie ths machine, the eranspere ow of Ee and etock (A) is subjeeted £0 rapid acceleration before the transport dirccttun fe sharply altered, that ts “by sore than 90° (8). The Clocks cu Follov the diversion, bet the heuvler Impuriefes fy steatghe on through a stot fn the duce tnto « waste box (C). Big. 2, ate weave oleaner of used: | seething « tating out beating = esecting . 1 scraping + separarton sucelon © seperation \ conbing = extraceing se of centrifugal force aj Striking, exerted out by opening devices, Leads to repeated collistone of the T trocks with ene gese-tors, causing foreign pares drop through. 1 te a becttns opscatton, the fHocks are subjected to fedden strong blow. The fnertio of the tnpuritien, Taccetesated to 2 hish steeds fe wdetanttally coeater tae Shee of the opened flocks die to the lov air-rvututance of [che topurtetes. me tacter are hurted against the grid sed, becnuse of chetr snall site, gous peeween #0 grid 1 bare toto che waste box, shite the Fecks continue seound the periphery of tie rotating beater. UB CENTOSLeaning 33. Grid and Mate Knives enoring perforated surfaces and coabs, separation of stock and Impurtetes ts achteved by devices witch Let the Ts und, wi? thin eam be addsetona rds can he made of perforated sheet Clo el intent fon {HleCOE slotted sheet Cow elininetton effects bars vith Ke Om the elipioat ton eifest cam he “| a 3.4. influencing Factors nee %o { os P i. Tw larger he dirt poetics the Better thes he % HH pe eee cet, ® se ir Sot elmat eer oto shine an eater tiie 7» n oH di ieee eer eat pean ba = [ering stata be cattows inmetatety by eleaine (i i ER a possible in che sm 7 Boat ic Maher the dexree the Minter se desree ot » me ee eee 20 + 92 Pa high cleaning eCfect th afont slaps parchoned ot ® % : ost of a high Fibce Jona oR BER 1 oy fF TS 8eNetLaNe conees there shguld be atagnety les VM MC - leaning in the blowtoom and slightly kore a& the card. F etesning fiom me Shove a cereate opeinn role speed, mo Improvement of acon eapabflity fe achleved. bu stressing by + thw SITE content of the feed material; Yy = the BEES Hoes on Fieing and 50 duce Fibre toss. 1 cheming te made sore itsteute 11 the inpurteten of aveey me of the delivered matertady und T © toeat. wntene 1s usually determined with the ald of cotton are diveributed tucwgh a Tater quantity of Nae ee ke ly the cleaning effect of a macitnw could Insted, toca it cn but Ho solely. The particle size an an faftuence. Hence, thw eleaming tndex aay te ditten Therw are types wich cam be cleaned easly and others(ieaning Fig. 80, Fevtarance + various type of 20 Ince 20 leaning em eteanings 111, sous or 36, Dust Removal F Cotton contains very 11ctle dust before viewing, Ouse Ls therefore caused by working of the Sechines, Even ehere dust te reooved, nev dost $8 Seing fereaced through shac eelng of impurities end asushing and rubbing of Eibres, Formerly, dust wow of oo grout signitic cance for the opinner, but sow tf poses 2 problem, Firstly, increasingly ecrice Lave have been paysed reyacdine obser. verton of opectfied dust concentration Letts, ond, seconély, many nev spinning processes react very senei~ ively to dust However, the renoval of dust Ls not steple. oust par= Holes are very Light and therefore Float vith the cotton {8 the transport eerean. Furthermore, the particle adhere wise stZongty to the Etbres. 1£ they are to be elininaced, ‘they UME be cabled off. The asin elletnation potucs for sobering dust therefore, ure those points fm the process AE Witch Migh ftbee/mceal {Fiction oF Hixh {ibrert ibe fv lon te produced. The forsee between the main cylinder and the Mats, and the [steer arises in érateing arcangeneute, asinly La the drovirane.” The dravtrane fs today 2 good dust removal machine oving £0 the avetion excraccion system around the drafting aFcangenent, Material leaving che dravtraze wantaiae shout SE of che dust ortyinally present er povly created (a) Buse that separates easily fron che fibres ie reaoves 38 far as possible in the blowroon, Yortove aachinery | wteteceerors offer apectot aust renoving machines oe etuspeent. These operate mostly vith perforated surfaces ! ad: Be ts also inportane that gust rela ! 20 Textile Institute ae4, Blending q 4.1, Ihe Purpose of Blending I] tom orton to ene utfterent cutetvaton coodietons of Natural Fibres andthe diffrent production codtclons fot Af wymtietie Cees. rarely, 18 tn eliterate te onder ta Anctvence the end product and che process. Hlendinn fs If Fertorncs motsty an order ct Give the regetced chacacterttice to the end proiuct 13.6%, chen the cone exfbutton of the ring spinning machine tu 2 +o a ov adietonat food BITE Bat Veetuat Vaastetones * Gx4:3 Unsvenneae over ¢6fferene lengeha SeL.3 unevenness over dbfferene tong A Leogeh of yarn, for exauple of 10 mn, contetne only few fib Fibres has a strong snfluence on the unevenness: In 8g Every trceqular arrangeneac of only some of ehese Length of yarn of 10m, incorrect arrangement of the sane 4b the large number of such fibres would hardly be noticed againet the backusoend of Accordingly, the CY-valve ‘of she wane yarn con bey for example, 142 baned on 8 nk and only 2% bared on 100. The esr of irregularity te Gependent upon the reference length. Ynevenness 4s there fore discussed tn terns of short Lengths (Cater-tester); sedfum Lengens (seldom used); Long Lengths (count varia~ thon). UE he coettictents of variation are aeranged tn a coordinate ayaten in accordance with ehels reference Rengehs, then the welI-knovy Length-vartatlon curve 4s obtained (shovn here tm etmplified form tn Fig. 37). tf fenetnual variations of mass over chore lengthe are dae volved, then an uneven appearance of the product will Feselt. Mass variations over sediun (to tong) lengths lead fe stefplness tn che product and vartetions over long lengths lead to bars. 6.2, Basic Possteilities for Equal izing Each procesatiy step Drateing arrangesente, 0 perticolar, increase unevennece very conekerabiy. Tn ort sharacterdatice, the process muse {notede operations vite lve an equalising effect, These can b0 doubliogs tng: Poubling {8 acid the aose videly ened, but leveling 46 becoaing graduatly nore etgniticant. Drawing uhite fleeing sizulcaneously t¢ nov found on a atgniticent 18 9 source of fautes 1 finely, £0 achieve veable yarn tevel= Srauing white stauleaneously inpertiog ewiat, scale only in the woollen spinning fil. The opecot tone are whetched out below. 6.3. Doubling 23.1 The averaging effece 2duL The averaping effece Ms 48 « sinple, not very precise, ethod of equalizing (Fig. 36), Dut sosely adequate Sevecsl intermediate 26 GEES mw) a Won »oebe 7% fa. 27. Lengeh pariation curve 4b, length of the cece piawe. ©, variation tm maces Products are fed in together, drafting aceangenent, for exanple slivers toto « Ad a wtngle new product {8 pro- ‘weed. There {s ouly a nail probability chat all chin Ptsces and, separately, all entek places vill cotnctde, On the conerary, they witl-tend to be dtetributed and so to sonpeneste each other, adettcedly largely at randos, Only Vértattons over short €0 medium lengths cin be averaged $3.2 Transverse doub tin J petnctple, every doubling fe s eraneverse doubling because the Leeds are united side-hy ade. ta thts context, hovever, the wxpreasion 1s used to refer to a quite sveeifte type of biundéng-—doubl ing. If evo dravfranes operate as passages [and 11 respec Clvely and each hax two delivertea, then all cea free delivery I of che f4rat passage con be passed to only Gelivery 1 of the secone passage, and the cana of HT con be handied in che sane wer Line chroughr iow. dersvery Tate elves 2 seratghe- alt che cans of the (tree Paseage could also be erossed-over, chat 1s in the ecane- rovever, | | | |1 verse diveceion (Fig. 34) tor feed co the-second pascaxe: Transverse doubling can Sxprove both watncenance of longecerm evenness and blending. Unfortunately, eue to the BU aitittion of meee pone nd ck oetens cee {0 peodsetion apeeds,teaneverse doubling fe Eecning Hsetay wee itequcee tedioe Revie Iorortat ceaneverse doling pnt 9s, for aanpes lap AI sueatin beeen the seutener cad the cond, ly eis vtiee soney the Japs were Tafd ot in one divectfon and cenoved HI sn ehe other. leas yanits . |! Unes2 recently, dovbling could be cesefed out only wich Acecnediace products, such as slivers, webay ete Since | the tetrodvcedon of rotor splnniiy « stilt nore dotencive fosstbitsey hae artseny doubling of fibres. The opening | rotter and teed tobe separace the stiver elnost tata lodividvel Cibres. These are se-collected into a boty of Fibres fm the covor, the {ores being Lad nedtly one opon _ he other 49 the rotor groove. This so-called back doubling gives sacinate blending and good equaltriae, but onty over the length of he rotor elecunterence. Longs erm unevenness, Which may already be present in che site 6.4, Leveling Stel Measuring, open-loop and closed-loop control For better understanding of the subsequent remarks, these ‘res concepts will be defined artefly uotng space heating Hf 9 thermometer ts provided in a neated room and che the determination of a « condition is moe satisfactory, chen corresponding meanures Would te required, The Imacing eyscen could, hovever, also bs controlled with the sid of an excernal thermostat. Hore OF Less heat could be supplied depending upon he outside Frwperatuce, As Long as the condictone fe the room reeain | | | | | i Unevenness of yam mass : the dving Fran constent, Uf for example only one person tx pr problems ariae, HE the omer of the apareaent gives 8 party for 10 = 15 persons, hovever, then 4€ will certafnly get very warn. pen-Loop systeas Isck a check epon the effects of ‘hungey even a6 {0 whether a change has occurred. The syste can be referred t0 a5 4 control chain, The system ss different 1f 4 thermostat 18 provided Ln the room and 48 set for a apectfic temperature. There 1s a continusl condi tons and the cen omparison of the actos! and 6s perature 4s held constant, regardless of what hapyens 40 ‘he Foon. This operation, with conscant self-nonitor ings can be referrud to 95 a closed-loop control yste oth open-toe and closed-loop control are used tn ‘pinning mille. In every cae, the volume of (bres nd adjustment 2 made by patsing through f= measure: aleering the drift. Ths can be carried ovt ax described ‘A seasuring sensor 1s provided fn the region of che infeed (or continuous detection of the actzal valve (voluse) = weiphe of spanetooy eonsvol, 4, muasuning wating deviees Fy itis? mnt porns Fy ont Kee MITT ; aUnevenness of yarn mass Pechanteally, opticaily, preuaatically er vchierstses & regulator cospstes the result with che set reference value, oxplit ie ds ft 8 an ‘Adjusting device (setustor), watch che finaity converts the difference stunat and § the inpulee {nto 4 suchindeal adjustnent chain Of steps requires on adusetonal elvevnt, nanely the store, Since the material has to travel a certain distance Detween the eessuring and adjuveing points. and therefore ‘Arrives at the adjusting potet wich « (ise delay, the tyoal aust be held back tn ehe etore unt! Chis Instant. ‘Tats addtcional requtrenene tage of open-loop control tn addition to che Luce of self= sonitoring. There te 2 third disadvantage, since very ‘exact values of the adjuseaent are cequired at all ines. $4.3 Closes- loop centrot ‘The seasuriog sensor t¢ usually arranged An che delivery Fegtony that ts covnstreas fro the adjusting device, 1a © £0 open-loop control, the eessuring pole 16 ‘after the adjusting potat, The poaeucing, regulating and adjusting devices can be used, but no score ie needed. Also, the actual value does sot have to be estsbltehed 9 fn absolute value, but can be dertved as aeyative, Posteive or neutral pulses. 14 too much satertal passes through the sensory the Fepsletiog transnission receives a negative signa! (Loe. reduce speed) until che actual and set yetues coincide santo. Nekther 2 positive nor 2 negative signal is pro= duced vhea there is coincidence ~ the instentencovs speed fe watncatn The princhple is substantially simpler than open-loop conerol. Vouever, this advantege, and the advan Saye of self-nonitoring, must be vefshed against 4 serious Atecdvancage, nenely the dead-time inherent {a the aysten, The nessured portion hay long posted the adjusting Point vhen the adjusting signal arrives, Compensation of thts measured portion eannor be achteveds thie ie, the Long and nesiva-tere error, and all of the shore-tere sone of error, renaine in che product, 1¢ 48 therefore cleat tha elosed-100 contro} 19 unsuited co evapensation of trregu~ lariey over chore Lengths. $4.4 Adjusteent of che drat Coupensation {5 effected by alteration of the degree of gett. Jo a dratting arcangenont, Soh the brvskedrafe and the eats: rate could be adjusted, but the nalondrate $5 stmost alvaye vsed. Since this deatt Ie gewater, it allows finer adjustnenc. In addition, stternation of the bresiedraft could result in entry suto che stfckes!ip region. : There As also a ehotce betveen sdsustment 0 fo delivery specs. the feed In the cotter spinning mill, sdsuscmene of the feed epecd 4s yenerstly used. Chinge of the eLivery epeed vould, anong other things, Lead to continu ally changing production conditions. However, if cards and drawfranes ate combined inte production veitn, constant tofeed speed ts required to natocetn synchronism, c sloced-lovp control. 4, Fy gor value inputs 5, cead-rine Herance, 6.5, Drawing with Simudtancous Twisting 16 celst fe teparted to 3 fihee strand, then 4 takes stfect prinartly where Se encounters lesst restecance, thet ts fa the chia ploces. My now, a deatt Le spplied to the strand, chen the iibees begin ¢o slide apare at the locations wuere the friceion between chen is least, that ts where 1 eefat ts overt. This 48 at the chick placer. They are draxn first \MOEL1 they reach the volume of the thin places. After chat, che ewise ts disteibuced and the deate affecce all por fons untforaly, If another thin place were te aztec, the whole proceduce would be repeated. Compensation eccure continualty, This operation te eypicel of aule aptoning Textile Institute Te7. Attenuation (Draft) B21. re orate or ue orarting Aranponent eto ant acarvtion q | Im gone epinoing mills today, the first intermediate | 000 absee te rosseectdon: Tals mma met be BL see erse section. the rdstton con br tfete tn to } J THOSRN che erate, toe. che diseributton of on op ~ D1 foe erat Gan heouph elisination of Fibres (Jose) tate wate'(p)e Elimination 4s not an incenefonsl ceduction of the maber | ot trees but arisey a to navtanhlesidcctiet or ree secenaity for eleening: 1t occurs only in the blowtece, to T cardton and in conbins. (Fibce lose ie Anteacioesl sm coAbIng, a8 the atm £4 to remove shore (Abres.) Hvevers | stnce drateson cates place tlesleaneeuly tenes eae “ateenaation" x used. This ts defined by: 200 90-9) Attenuation = brate = ‘The eduction of che muader of {dbres in the cross-section logically Leads to 2 redoction in dtancter of the strand. Im cers of fineness, the following relattonshty te ebeatncds 4/4, + Ne 4, © diameter of delivered product 4, + diameter of inieed pr Ze The deafesag operacton 2Lek The deattiog operacton Durtog drafting, che fibres suse be moved relative to each other as untforaly ax possible by overconing che cohesive {eleeton, Uniferntty iapties in thts context that al? vee are controllably reerranged wich a shite relaeive wich other equal co the degree of dzste. Such reyu- Jorste, however, 4 utoptan both ay repuede the fibre De were B3-38 30-35 25-30 Senieary Br-40 38-38 30-38 veep 40250 36-45 dae For the other count syetens, che folloving formulae apply: Turns per necers Conversion Fretors are: Teh = Tre» o.0sse ay Fa 0.033 + ogg 93811 4 Wore strand (Fis. 62) Is netd ov two lame K, ond Ky at two spaced pointe and in evtsted at some point ta between, the strand WAIL cake ap the sane muaber of urn om each side of che evtseinstelemene (7), bue with 46 the example above, 2-q4ise opposite twise direcctons. 415 shown on the righe and S-twist on the tote, Slows are replaced by rotating cylinders (Z, and 2) and hen Che same Ching happens = bet the condLeions ore-now 44 mide to ron pase che cylinders during telst ing. fn path sccion a to the sven eanapie, V seene of tevise. The twisting slomeer hoceeen ie esting E:tetst fo the letectond path eectony chat Vasck sora of zneutarsoparced tn the finut secon) te 1 section (8). he strand sever tas ery eotet teeces he sting element ane the delivery iitniers twin tolee | stse cevtee, cutee ie tound only beeveny she ince cylinder and the wwisting elesent. This peineiple ts wed [8 fotse cutee textuctace 1) 4.3.3.2 taparctoy sceumeth by tates ceive FEpe 68 Fong oa —~a—— 2 Yarn tormation Co) Sonersbed, the strand leaving the false eviae att con SUSU oF parallel, euiwisted Hbrex. Tals tulst prises 4s theretore sormally wnsustable for teparting a¢zemith olay ehreads are spun ny thts Ces ~ GUL With modifteaton of the system. the {bre strand fed by the eylinder 2, 42 very broad 06 4H ponsen into che false Uist zone 4, The result 8 chat ‘ving co ehls eubstanctal breadeh, a considerable numb (of edge Fiber can aveld the tulsting effect ast Co the operation described In the preceding secclon, the (Ibre strand entering the tetst ins 9 Auoyer fully ewisted, Instead, enly the core fw Uetated and the shonth Fibres have 99 wwist oF only a low twist level, with the core still representing by far the greater BFE Of the fibres. The opposite twist teparted by the twineing element cancels all tule tn the sevly artiviog Tulse tn the Strand, in parcieutar the turns tn the core. opposing direction 18, however, taparted to all those Fibres vith vere untwfsted on ereival, foe. the (ihees 10 the sheath. Thece are wrapped around the cote fibres £0 fhat @ bundled yarn ie produced (Dy Font Hotoft} process). The Horace Jec systen operates {9 4 elatlar, but not com Pletely' identical, fashion and there fe slightly greater Sif terences La the Dref 3 system. 233.3 tale twist a¢ other plac process = Yee ereatton of false Celt in mut Lintted te the example sven shove, Falue tvtst arises, wether uf at 1t Le for exanple at the crave of the Flyer 1a the roelitg {rane the navel in the rotor splantey, michioe. AC omy point where 2 Letsttog element 4% operative between (wo clamping points, false twist will te produced, ry de £8 the example ut the ‘he clamping pofaes ean by seat riven (esp. che yarn contact point € in che soten a Vishdravwal colts 2) and the ewieting eloaent cau entace (iw navel T), as described ty geet fon #1361 Alterna {Wely, the Wwlatiog element (1) can se Oe and the teed can be continuously rolled on the contace surface of the navel owing to the moveaent created by the cotor revolution et the potne E. The effece ts the sone. Nests Textile institute Je 44eee Yarn formation : Fig, 64, Creation of false twlat in the rotor. Wichout this false cuise effect se vould probably rot ; be possible to eperate with che high rotor speeds thee are ‘voreel today. $3.4 Selteeviet TE the acrand is passed between rubbing rollers (8) vhteh. fare aoving backwards and Copea 16, chen St vill be evisted with alternating Z and S tvise over successive short Portions. The counter-torgue vill, hovever, eliminate chts wut tenediacely. However, Af two ftbre through while erands are very elese to other, then the counter-torque can ao longer operate solely on one yars. Te wut twlaring of the to thresde around each other. A plied jerate on both and causes thread 48 created vith continually vs ying telat direction = Pewter where $ cvist 6 present in the yarn and § tuter here the yarn hae 2 setae. Fig, 65. Setf-eviee Fig. 68. Forming a yam by meane of oelfutts sagth of the self-tutet theesd sade in this uay {5 not quite sufficient - it muse be sidicfoually cuisces subsequently. In worsted spinning. es sole {eld of application, self-cvtse apinning (atso Known se Repeo-sptnniag) hor been So vee for several years, although not on a very large scale. 2 CTTt 9. Handling Material 9.1 Carriers for Motertat Yai| Material careters and transpos Hl tatertal carriers and eranspore (fron a textile specialist) 4 sonevhat exaggerated ~ but Homink afl ts less a prodection plant chan 4 targe= SPOTL oruentzacion'. Cergatoly. thts snsertion 18 contatns an element of truth. Mhen the quantities ot terial and the distances over watch they have to be oved are considered, the cospartson beconex obvious. ‘Storage and teanspore of material are substantia! cout factors im che spinning mill. Ferther, they often exert a Gualsey-reducing influence. Transportabiticy alvaye featres = Caking-off operation at the preceting suchines and a feediny-in operation at the subsequent mechive These operations are frequently not carried out precisely i” pracetce, and often they cannot be carried ove Prectsely é= peinctote Furthermore, the necesstty for vinding up 4s 4 bandieap 0 performance in ny nachinws ening michine 48 ecarcely capabie of further Thus, for example, ehe ‘reat develcpnent stnply because of the vinding of copa (eravelter), saverial handling and transport are therevore Staotftcanc problens in a spinning plant ~ problems viich the machine designer and will personnel mist alsays take into account. In ete probiew complex, 18 45 slvaye neces ©8t Co Lind the new optimum and eo seek the wort appre, 9 relocton to matertel careisre, 4 tm dnboreant that {ake up as nich moeerial as posatht can be Mlled ovo FEOMLE simple resiovat of material; protect the materials factLteate eeanapore (in 1081 or vmpey conditten); ake up Little room wien empty: Ore vell destgned ergonontestiy. 9.1.2 Package forms S122 Package forne PLB Chasstrteation ‘wree GroUpT of pachiges are used fur the Luccenediace £90 products of the spimsing mt (1). Containers. into witch the auterial 1s sade to cum for ‘sronple cans. Tats package form provides « high degree of Protection for the matefal, but Jn che empty com e piste bos v7 7 SEEMS 43 chon 11 oceuptes Che same ammunt of space ax whew se tu fold Takecup formers sich aw cyHmlerss aplagiess tubes, cones. £65 0m Wiel the matertal fy wound. They provide Jems Pores are well sutted te unviading of the praduet at Dish speed Lo # controlled and trouble-free maser nt 1 {ul and empty con Sceupy Ueete space in both g Gitions. Thy are therefore used here many preduettn ‘Uakes are operated 49 confined apaces. For exanpte. the sdeal infeed for the ring spinning machine fe at61) the roving bobbin. > dst oly of the aatertsl Unupported pockaen which en ihe caken, weeandn, hanks, ete They ae only usable for special purposes. Ty ued packace forme vith Intera sovine bobbins The individual, closely adjacent windings ‘ure formed ms so-called parallel windings. The formers are weoden oF plasefes tubes. In order to prevent (atling away of the uber afd tover Jayers, the ends of the packages are nade conical. The wound hotaht {= up £0 16 inches. Not mac eenston 1s produced during winding. Accordingly, this te a suleable packare forn for weuker products such ax cove Hin. 2, hesing tobe, Ge Hackoyer vien Flanged bobtitew Mskoper vith flanged bobbtew These steo have parallel wiadings but vith constant woundHandling material : Detghe, Their tahevup eapactey As therefore geester but Xe gacertat cends co jan under the flanger, asd co be ‘beaded op the cough (lange edges. This type of package te therefore noe weed Je shore-staple sitls. Fig. 68, Pashaze ona bbb, co Figs @, 82) The windings are nor laid dow in parsitel layers but te sontse] leyers. Fach contest Layer, and therefore the wound hefghe, {4 eich shorter thin the tobe teageh. The layers are latd one on the other by continual ra(sing of the winding device (the ring call) dy small amounts. The vindiogs are forned on paper-or plastics tubes vith Leagthe of up co 300 am. Ag far ae vioding 4s concernedy this type of operation te not favourable, because: he winding mechaniee 4s conplfeatet; 7 continual vension vartaeton Ly crated fa the yarn during vindsegs 4 traveller Se generally required t0 forn the winding and this Linge che performnce of the eachine. Ae regards envinding, however, the conteal aes ot ‘the layers te opeizal since st permits high uishéravat speeds. Fig. 69. cop. Gontesl cross-vound packages By means of © traversing operation, the yarn tx soved Hosswise fron one side co the other on the wooden. paper Or Plastics cute, Crossrwound packages cake up a gevat Geol of waterial and are ideal where adequate space is available both foe winditg ant uettnding. In both case oss-vound packages high cpeeds can be obtained. Contea! ace osed vLCh cone angles a of 91S, 5°52, 4° 20", 3° 30" and 2 Lylinertcal crosevound pacts These are ene up ta eheess {orn and are easy to produce 7% Shows teense chease. Acaverse cheeses (suneez001s) These are also cylindrical colts bue they are considersbly nerrover than eylindetea! packages, rather resesbling ses. hen used as 1d estertal in evlsters, for example, ‘hey tLlow donning of t40 packages behind cach-other, s0 that plying becoues superfluous 4 aim CC(A) ay KE» SeSee re eeeeeer eee ) TESTLarge cotls are better vith saat eo nedsusestres can Maneters because lover place speeds cane used for the ane clecusterential speed (reduction of Turves notse and ene). Also, the can capacity fe $= 1UE talers ste large cans, hovever. 41 15 nore advantageous Hf the plate 4s Kept ae small aw possibte, since then tees sues has oe be rocated. 2.2.) Iuteesng of the eltver Gyelotéat deposition of sliver tas several advantages, wet 4e also has disadvontoges. Le creaces evise in the sliver. Mouely thie de insignificant because only few turns are creased. Hovever, in processing of lnad to dteturbances Since both the place and ne turntable are rotates twtat can arise ax both these places. The evrns created at thetic (bres it con the plate are not perminenc: they are aubsequent ly detwisted, On che otter hand, the turne caused by che turntable rensin. No turns are created by the turntable during deposition of ehe ativer, only a shite in ehe Position of the deposition point. the sliver tvines during withdrawal when 1¢ has to follow the helical coils in che 9.3. winding by Boiling and Lap Foming im this type of winding operation, 4 product of substan that widen auch as a Lop or a web, {4 vound up over Les ‘ult wigeh on @ sandrel oF a tube. & eraverse aechanisn 5 Unoeceasery since the Width of the product tv the sane as that of the receiving tube. In this case winding te a very Te cen happen that the ‘ndtviduel layers ef the lap do nat vepsrate cleanly, They cling £0" each other, cout apere of acely apace and thus produce disturbances. This vl! occer AL the gore readily if che Jap Wve net form a closed. self-teolacing separating tayer. A candon axrangeuent of bres on the P surface separates the individual layers ‘rem each other substancially better than an arrangement 4th @ high degree of parallelization, This can often be seen clearly a the rateing of hairs on che ribbon tsp in a 77. winding on a tap on a mance 7 Handling material * che flyer. The only practical method ts che nore coaptex 1e procedure, Hovever, uewiniing Ls net alvays $0 e28y. Jextic institute | ac 9.8. wieeliog on Flyer unios Yds! jute up of the package lel layers, that ie eich weap iy Laid on che cube closely au)acent cn the nelgtbouriing weap (Figs 79). ta order eo be able co wind over the shole length of the cube, the vingtes point nose be continually shifted. Lo inciple his fe possible by adjusting the position of the presser Htnger chrough ratsing and lowering the flyer. of by UP and-doun sovexant of the cube. Hovevers the appropriate ovenent of the flyer cannot be taplenented Ln practice | decaure 4€ would resule In conchnesl vertarton splening geonetcy = the incLinatton and Length of the thread path from the drafting arrangement co the head of continual raising and lowering of the packages Mich che boabter ref. Pull of @ sovteg babi soape nest te eash othen,ae _Handling material § Since the first vinding layer 1s formed on the bare cubes {65 Glaneter and hence tem clecualerence (Length of rsp) ave both small. The eecond layer of weaps Lies upon the Fret, that fe the ctreunterence of the wraps 1s atreasy larger, Novevery shace the individual vrays must located very close Cu eich other, 9 thit the puckaye takes op As much material ae posatble, the pachace (hohbin #51) mast be muted nore slavty for this aecond winding layer thon for the first. for the third layer ie mime be moved S111 more slovly and 39 on. The speed of the bobbin Fal, and slso of the bobbin Lesel1, must he cont Lauounly Sombie roll aust petturx continnatly shorter wtroken, Thin 1S necessary became Of the lack at end Haltations h the fe OF tanaes. IF the trae were etd constant, that tn the pochoge ends Wore mide wteaight. mei the indivi lopecs weld (a1 away at the ends, In order to prevent such G1Ling oway, the end ate made conical, ant conse ‘wenely the stroke of the bubotn ri] has to be reduced after each layer. Spee cetacsonsintps 2 Steed retatsonintys One cesunbley the Fiver (spindle), is needed to Heist the ovinis but e409 are needed ( vind ie. Ayer and the bobbin. Liadlig Is et fected woly atiference becwwen the specu of these &60 ascechlies tx ewsl fo the deltvery speed. In terms of design, such a ference con be obtained very earily LE one of the eve artenblies does not cotaze, Such 4 desten, havever, would , Ispede the folftInene of an acéitional task of the Layer, sancly culating of the roving: With ehe flyer statfoneey there would be no turns tn the product; vith the package Mattontey there would be t00 feu = sly one Lorn per veep. THis would give only one cuen per (10é2 =) 333 any that ie only shee turns per mitre inscead of the requited 40 = 60 fuens for example 1m order Co fulfS1 both tasks, winding and control led Wwlting of the coving to a selucted degree, the tay ssnenblion must have the kine tense at rotation, tywevers tha the fcr or the Cyer foster than the hobbias Thin is 1 wich 9 leading bobbie or leading spiadie. A lessiny spindle has the advantage chat wish preset fined spindle speed, the speration ean be run vith Iaer bobbin speeds » lover than the epindle speed, Neverthelwee, all modern roving frame dextpns use the frinctrle of the Leading bobbin. It provides eigniticace advantages Fewer covey breuks of Cauittly draited places at the OK YOIME, because tie drive ¢sunsotnaion path froE sin Min Imetudex a sli positon, the cone hole Stomsntsston, Wen the coving frase ts started, the pindle etares up smiedtately bet the bobbin felore with a delay. Sitch @ Leading spindle, ehe Zoving vould ear At the press Finger or a deafting fault vould be creased. With a teading bobbin, there are no such eftectes No unwinding of the Jayer reak With & Leading dpindie. tecause Uavinding of the coving woutd arise on a raving ‘the coving 1s moved agatnst ate reoistance in the rota Clonal direecton of the Aebhin. Un tie ther bands with leading bobbin the atr resistance does not cend to Le the roving but eather to press {¢ back, Seed reduction with Snereaning package diameter, Ktth a feadinnobbin, tne bobbin speed mst be reduced alovly bobbin diawcer, thie fe wich inceen ldemané (or power. On the atlve han, vith a Leading we altogether sensible. Pigs 04 tbvding on Slur bot a beading whbin. bo with a leading spindion ta) wo) 2.4.3 The winding. principle ‘A already moaetoned, winding up can only occur ven there $3 4 difference betwcon che clicunferential speeds ot tw | bobiin and the spindle (yee). Ae each tnataun, this Witference suse correspund to te delfvery speed, SVeCs Mek damucers insreases Henees LH the sinetwe intervention che circumferential epovds (end finally thee 2 would be = constant difference) would increase. treresse tn the Lengch wound up and eventually a roving, "> een Cede eee ec aeHanging material break. The bobbin speed aust be continvovely reduced in precisely controlledgauner {n order to maintain the speed Actference cont length. wally equal €2 the cumatatit delivered The Colloving general principle con thorefure be Gerived. If the etreunterential speeds (bo = bobbin spl = wpindte) ere Me THe TM pt ep My then SenbveEy L + ¥45 = Yaya Leg aia ne "Moe 7 Spe sa The bobbin diameter ang the spindle diameter are eioudy since tn this contexe only the winding polar at the press Hloger As stgotticanc, Hence: Pr Leder ye agy By traneforeing the equstiun, the bobbin speed corsese ponding to any given bobbin déeneter can Se derived: (0 Map) are valeh gives + dye UME + 9.5. Winding of Cops 5.1 gutta of cops 2.5.1.1 form of cups ‘The cop (Fie. #1) coopriaes three visually disetnce parte = the barrel-Lthe base A, che cylindrical atddte pare, land the comically convergent tip K. 1€ {8 bute up from bottom co top fron many gontcel Layers (Hix, 82), but cone SCAME conteity 14 achtoved only after che forst ion of the bees, In the base portion seself, winding begins with a0 flmoat cylindrical Layer on the sintlarly atzose ‘eylindrical tube, With che deposition of one layer on ‘another, the contetey graduolly dnceevses. tach layer comprises, a aain layer and x cross layer (Pig, 89). The main Layer 4s formed ducing slow ratetos of the ring rail, the sodividuol vrape being Jatd lone to each other or un each other. The mite layers ore thn tyetsve cop FiltLag layers. The cruss-layers are mide Up of widely separated, steeply dowwardeinct ined "aps of yarn and aro formed during raptd lowering of the terete feeereeay WwW ii le Ly IEA io 1 RR 22, Sutldtng up the oop tu Layers ing rail. They (orm the separating layers between the natn layers ané prevent palling doun of several layers srultanoovsly vhen yare Le drsen off at high #peed In Dachwinding machines. to the abserice of such sepacstine ayers, individusl yarn layers would inevitably be pressed foto each other ané layer-uise drau-off of yarn vould be Inpovatbie. Ratoing and lowering of the ring rakl is caused by the heart-shaped can and 1s transuicted by chains, belts, rollers, ete, €0 the cing call, The Long lat part of che camaing surface forces the ring e261 ypuord, slovly but WECh Kwereasing speed. The slur steep poreton eaues Uowovard movenent (hut 35 rapid but vith decreasing speed. Tus creation of 1 Cypbeut cop form Le explained 95 follows by Jehanossn-Halz (20). 48 ESHanunny wessias re (Pig. 86) ved unstorty eed Increases during amward mave= mene ang S315 Mowunrd noverent. AC the (ip of wach Jayer It 18 Maher thon at the bese uf the Lavery 1s thinner at the tip. 10 fe ts that the ring cat] fs moving twice a fant at tie top of fig. $8. Tho Fumation of the conceat teyers. Fp. 88. Phe winding mechanton, 00 of the base (Fy KS) The heart-shaped cam and the delivery cylinder are coupled ovether by che drive gearing. Thus, che quantity delivered for each revolution of che cans and hence per yarn double Leyer, fs alvays the ame. The volumes of the individesl double Layers are there Gen of double layers on ehe tube bey sveroge layer diameter Gj. The average a 1 layer volune, tuts cam have only one rewuit, panely 0 com “towel eetuctton of Gh Taner width fom by bo by C0 8 amd s0 ON. Since the ring Fail 48 algo raived by a Sonskane anoune b after each deposited layer, te foltovs cta€ a cocve, rather than « scratght Line, artaes suto- oy ety satteally J0 che base voretond | | | | | | | SSI -49Hanguny marenal tee stroke as at che botton of the strures the Hirst layer Mould be half 26 thick at the top ae se che Better, Love by/2 snacead of b,- ‘he first Layer vould correspond to a rapes un vith {the ide b, at the Botton and the Hide 9)/2 a6 the Gop. ‘Tle te folloved by the depoestion of the second layer 1 Ging to the Licting of che ring ral. che upper portion ‘of the nev layer would again be deposited on the hare tube. ‘The average dianecer a¢ the top wuld be the sic aS chat of the LSret Layer, and the volure, and huace the chick= 1 VOULE also be the ssne, that 49 b)/2, Each newly depontted Layer vit have this enieniess of by/U at the op. At the bottom, hovever, the dlameter 16 increastog. continuelly, the Layer chicksemses decline icon by £0 by toby wo. Accordingly. canttaual ly aarroving traperte are produced, AE fone stage, the trapeztue vill decane & paralelon Bran, Sue, the lover sige Will be the sane size as the upper ede: both will be b1/2+ Since all other winding conditions nov remain che sue, no further variation can now arise in che layering. One conical loyer vill be Laid pon the other unt che cop {= full, chat is vhen the epitnérteal portion of the cop ks forse. ‘The gearing change vhecl haw 1eele snéduence on chs segue of events. If toe sary teeth are Inserted. the Final condition of constant conical Layers will be ceached 00 soa and the cop Will be coo thin. It WEll be too chick 4 the cing eetl 49 Lifted too steuty. 9.5.2 the winding process 9.5.2.1 The windiag principle As tn the case of the roving (rane, cvo assemblies with dittereae speeds suse be wed An order to enable ulnding f9 occur. One asseebly Is che spindle, the other Ix the traveller representing the nant of the fiyer. Also, the speed éifference cust be equal over tine to tlie delivery length at the froat cylinder. In the roving frame, each enbly has ics oun regulated drive. In the ring spinning frase this {4 crue only for tne spinéle, The craveller te dragged by the spincle acting through she yarn. The speed of the traveller required to give a predete toed apes dtfference attees through sore or Lene strong braking of the traveller on che rusnkng surface of the cing. Inf tue sce can be exerted on chts process by way of the nase of the eraveller, For winding with u leading epizdle, the folloving sstonshtps apply Dettvery wopy 7 My there vp te the eeaveller spece eee ogee ite Lede Gye nap The required traveller speed dx then. at Bape 7 Cera? Ae An the cave of chy rovlog frame, Gianeter ac che wtnsing goine. 9.5.2.2 Nortacton 0 che eyeed of ene cravelier In conteast £0 the roving Frese, the winging diasecer in the ring spinning frame ehseges continsally wich raising and lovertog of che ring rail, ainee the kinding layers ace fornes contenlly (Fig. 87). The traveller wist have atfterene apeede at the base and the tip. Assuring for cxample 9 spindle epsed of 13,500 cpx, the layer dtaneters iven belou, and a delivery of 15 afin, the eraveller speed at the base will be 15,000 2 ayy 1 11500 = SPM 13,500 - 104 ~ 19,386 tn 15,000 1 ys + 136500 = 22222 13,500 ~ t9t = 13,309 ate 19 comparison with the peed of che spindle, che traveller hay 9 wléference of 0.772 to 1.412, $2500, bom - iffewont winking diaretors. The equacton Yurusln + Splndie speed (RFNz/DeLIvery (n/ain) fa yenerally used to caleulate the number of turns tn the Yarn, \s Jost established, ehfs {¢ not‘whully accurate since che urns arise fren the Craveller and not from the spladie Imiseing at che base of che winding 20 the cop (larger ts che ylven example, 10% curs per sinute eee Aeanecer), and 191 turns ger miorse at the efp (ssailer Gtaneter). Hovever, these atesing corns are a theoretical racher tan a praceica! problem, for two reazens. Firstly, iracy OF measurement in ext ination of yarn twist fin cost instruments 1s greacer than this twist variation. Secondly. the yaro (nally receives Sts full evist in any case. The happens os soon as che yeen 48 drawn off the A ‘Textile Institute Te‘cop over the end, wince each xotatiou of the yera about ‘he cube (1 wrap) Lends to Secercion of an additions! cura fm the yarn, The corpensation of the mfsuing turns can HF 181 turns per etovce are alsstng at the tp, and « 15 — of yarn have to be wound ap to thts period. the 184 earas/ain 115 sfin = 12.73 euenese orsog unvinging, each yor wrap on the cup (ooe ctreum ference) produces one addsesonal turn. at the tp (cop etamecer 25 Bry © 1000 mlm J 25 mn = 12.73 eurna/e Shae ey enacely the number of turns prestously missing. | | | | | | Core ust however be taken that cops are always unwound [OE eos even dard evtse toot [22:2 Eatce ant censton celactonshipe dering winding using | ss.2. snestataey comaie 1 tn tue fottoviog explanations cereatn tnaceuractes have been deliberately accepted, for example, representation 1 csctustvety sn ove dinenstone uhan tie ceeeel rreeae ne ‘hrco-dinenstonal. The intention is not eo present either 1 crace sctentsite theory or a decaties basis for catcula- fons. lather, the sim here 4s to provide the textile T+ spsctattse sivotves tn everyday practice with ar waders steodiog of the tncerrelettons and in parcicular to bring J out the am "play of forces. For this purpose, steplified Potels have been used; there te euch Literature ave [om betenettteaizy exact vssze (18, 20, 21), ‘The whole creatsene {9 based an the parallelogram of [ forces, ene normst ‘echool! presentation of xaieh te repeated here briefly for completeness (see Fig. #8) ! 1E 9 carctoge as Co be moved forward on ratley ie can De multed dircetty 40 the Givection of the ratle ax F) no <___*__Hangung material ‘The whole of the force contributes to the forvard movesent. ‘This te no longer true 1f the force is directed with a ‘devaye teelination (pulting in disection f,). Rov only 4 pare of the total force exerted (F,) vill contribute co the forvaré woveneat (F5). Part of the force (Fy) vill Prevs the cacrlage against the rate at an angie of 99" to fhe movenene direction. Thts cosponent {3 lose ax far a forward sotton (s concetned. The pulling force Fy cat therefore be resolved into cue" components, the tangential force F; wilh érous the carriage forward, and the radial force Fy Accordingly, 10 che caretage ts, co be coved for~ ord with the force Ry abd the pulling force ts effective 4 an amtle o, chen the pulllag force must hive the magnl= tude fy (irletion Forces being netected tere). These Wy en be repreented graphically and mewnured ot eal accordance viUH the forma: 9.5.1. Condittons at the traveller in the plore of che 2 {eons at the travelter én thy plar log (Fig. 69), Fig. 6. The foreee acting at the trsvotten ft on the eravetter (1) tn the plane (a) A tensile Force Fy. which artes trom the windiny slreunference of the con (8) A frictional force F, between the Flag ane che craveller. In the stationary state, toe. with corstune traveller speed, ths braking Corce fy 18 tn ett fbriue with the forward conponent F, of the Yarn cension F, Therefore: (6) A terce F, noreal eo ste wrtace of tie rian 4 force presany che Craveller {nei santace with the sins) The Extettonal Coree Fy atts From this norm susce. ne secordunce vith the relacter | | | | | : aS 81 |4 Handling matewat wnere p to the coettictent of Frtecion. (2) A cencettusel force F, scting on the craveller. TALE force can te calculated in which La the largest force accordance vith the celations (20): pea tgs ao Meptnare 20 were ay 46 the sass of che eraveller, <, te eho angular velocity of the cravelier and dy #5 the diacvter ot the tag, Professor Krause (ETH, Zurkca) idestitles che toltuving relationships between these forces, solved for the tensile a toree F, Sine + aeons vrs Heine + wears) For a coarse extiuates the term ucoss can d+ Lesored | Arprostuately, cherefore F tains 2.5.3.3 changes fo the farce condicions Continuous vartacion of the operating conditions aries during winding of a cop. Tots vactution 1s expectatiy b large as regards changes fn che winding dtomecer, that 45 have C2 be formed on the bare tobe (oaalT ‘when yeas Staseter) and then on the ull cop cteeunterence (large Se force (EF on the yarns a ~ with « Gtaneter). Tks occurs not only at che stare of cop large cop dtanctens U - withee amatl avp déaneter (wrpey seat bobbin). very shore Incervals Jn each cing rat! seroke as deooe~ vinding (Formation of the base); such changes 3 strated by the exauple sltusteated in Fig. 40. Hg. 2h. Yarn tension dt? ding on We bas slcendy been sevttoned chat the tenets farce fy ant onatten dianctare ULE be aesuned tangential eo the cop clecumference Ddecause 46 arises fron the vinding polat. fie frictional cN force Fy undergoes only snatl variationst te can be sununed the sane in both cates. The cet jonunes Fy of the 6 yen tension are then aloo equal. Hovever, due ty che akttecence $0 the angle 0, the tensile forces Fy are isberenr, The sone dependence of the tensite force Fy 08 the angle © cen be seen fron the formule gives above, The Fesule As chat the censile force exerted on yarn au be BUCA higher during winding on the bare tube than curiag Winding on the full cop, because of the difference ta the I. ‘angle of attack of ene yarn on the traveller. vhien the — Hing veil Ls at che upper ené of Sts serobe, Sn sptaning fonke the tube, the yurn cansion ts substantially higher thon vhen the ring cut] fa ae 46 lovernost position, This ‘The tube and ring dlamecers must hive o wlnthus ratio, be choweved easily in the baltoos on any ring sptnning etueen approtiaately 1 i and | 2.2, to onder eo sooimes If the yara tension {8 meayured over tine, then ‘ons she following picture tn Fig. St re that the yin Cension sset lations do aot become Use CESTHandling material 4:5.3;4 Conditions at the traveller in the plane through The tnfleeoce of the yarn on the traveller can be spindle arte (as formulated by Krause and exprensed tn terms of two forces (se bf. 92). One of er. ETH 2urteh) hese 15 the tensile force Fy, acting a¢ an angle a to 4 Fores ty which arises trom the the xconte. Te other balloon and a0 be as nents Fy 4 FD. AG the eng rat goes up ond dnens y Fr cos. uA z @ Ge 7 1 | ; " Fw fi i Fy Ki i L ) GEXESIES — 53‘ Handling material The forces Ty and Fy and che angle £ ace sudjected £0 wb stanctal varlacion during ose stroke uf the ring rail Tats saplien corcesyanding vartation in th polne at which the yarn pusses enroush the traveller also verter, how ent FL and che angle of aetacd the kop of tte stroke (enall cop vturetee, +e fension As high, the yarn acts on the cravelien ot poritton only slighely above the risk and Le dives the free end of the traveller uptard on the Lefe-hand side The traveller steaightens up. When the ring cat] aoves doun, the ceneile (orces are reduced, the bstieun widens ‘uty the yarn slips toverds the alddle of che curve tn the traveller. The free end of che traveller (Lee stevly downward on the Lett-hand side, Yo addtcion co these tilting moveante the traveller alee Fores 4 so-called rolling notion. 1M the yarn Boves spvarde in che cravelter (Fig. 56), then the pulst of actack of the yarn on the traveller noves auay fron the pores raya out of the vercical vith an inclination co che tere We ring. The yaen aces on the upper f the CUEVE tn the eravetler, shich te enereby Fig. 8. Yanying Got a= wprigits bo tna. b _& “Textile Institute: ng mare closely during upward noveeunt of ing E843, Loss os Ge pamnquven davmvards relative te the traveller, the Litter stratgncens up azatn (Fle #54) Tis varsanitic sot goal In teen ot Helston cual eSomny Om the vtbe Qe$.3.5 Conieiues at the ecaveller te the eangeattal plans Fig. 90, inolined balloon, ‘he yarn dows not run sbaotucely vertically, the ts 4a he pline of the spindle ais. It falloes a curve caused by the air resistance created hy the balloon rotetion. The balloon tension Fy, dovs not cheretore act os a vere pulling force, a previously agnmed 9 the sinpte repre sentation. Its effect ts accuslly inclined upwaeds at an dizer angle. An exact formulation would require eh Stonal representation and» corresponding analysis, Even Eehout this, hovever, 1¢ cam be sen from che above caving that che batlogn cension can Se resolved into 140 compoucnts (Fj. $b), noRely a eospunsat Fe, ubich presses the travel ter pears osoinse che fing ond a component Fy Which aces as a roatestutny force om che cravetlee and SLiMMELY eulutorsws the eexteaining force ortaing fron Oe |{ friceion arpearing between the ring and traveler. Con ponent Fy 8 relaeively swell and can be ignored. This fa rue sls0 oF the air restotance of the eraveller Flr stn tension in Uke balloon (Fy) 1 tle tension vtech 48 responsible Cor the grester jute of the thread ests tm practice. 16 Is reduced to a very anall desece by hw dlverston af the yarn at the thread side yar tenon Fy and the talloon tension fya Sioce the yon this equt libres $5 given C20) hs hore ¢ Is the base of matural Logaeiehmn (2.08) w tx ‘che coefficient of friction between the yarn aad cravelter and 45 the angle of wrap of the yarn on the cravetlor- Beweratly Les betwen 1.2 and feouion Is therefore spproxinatety halt the wialing tension (F,), Pig on oh u STS 55 Ranauny maverat ne of eximum The yarn tenvion Fy (Fig. 97) at she ‘tameeer tn the balloon can be derived spprostestely fron ‘he folloving formula given by Professor Krause: where 4) 4s the amjolar velvcity of the eraveller, ts the heise oF the balloon, 6 (4 the spective miss of the yore = (yar nasslyarn Jemgth) «tex, and & te const Vins for a given yarn count, che vaen Censton tn the ettoon ts strongly dependent upon the traveller speed and the ICHKMC Of chit balloon. lsh evaverler speeds, ane Fereater taloon hetghts, Gea) to very Ah yarn tendons In the balloon, AH ot Ue Lorces menttoned here act ev the traveller Since the forces themselves and Cheit angles of attack are Constantly chaning, che atcitude of the traveller on the “ing {8 ots0 changing. These analysabie vartstions are retnforeed by sudden shorp forces arising from the battoon vr Frou the Friction conditions buteeen the ting and the tweeters Quiet, unifora, stable ronciny of the traveller fs theretore Eapoustble, Thi 48 ene oF the great problers A-SEIID isco problem fy the deve opment of heat. Since the Craveller tis no deve of sts omy But how &e Loltow che splndte, ts mvetent mutt pe brated, Houwver's raking withowe generaeton of heat fs not poste Accordingly, very high conperacares arise ta the teaveller The probien here £2 actually They reach more thon” 400%. not wo much the generation of heix ax its dissipatton, the wmiog of the traveller 48 too snall to ensble 4 co tease avatlable, These various explanattons show that f¢ vill be ottfi= Galt C0 achieve considerable taprovenents tn the tncerpla 4 the eos Cravelter and yarn. This xeans that the Srawel lor Inn reached te maixtmun possible speed. tnder shor Mf 6) afswcond Cappranimately St $5: hourReferences U1 sebenek, A, sassnarmen sur vermesa.s fonen (12) Kautraon, 0. Untersucnungen an oer menderdecte tne bel wer verartettang ven Bowmolie. lextliprants Textilprasis 1963/62 International 6/83; 558 - $63, [13] Astorerkol tently. Sploerestecnalsene Grundlagen F2] Sohenek, &. Hessmetnogen 2ur Bestineung ote ¥urefaser- weverten, Lainey “tells Jn Retcaumolle, Melliand Text lberichte [a] arest, P., Senreloer, 0. Aoningigkelt oer Hissen- 282; $51 ~ $54, ratte in wsecensanaesn, lextilpraxis International [3] toro, £. the Characteristics of Raw Cotten (Hsms! m3. Of Cotten Spinning, volume IL, Fart 1), Teetile C05] Bircer, Ra, Frey, M. Techrologiscne untersucrangser- Institute ang autterworins, 1961 getnisse von tellavtarstisierten Saumol lspinnereter, Fa] Ronstoftentstawtury in dee Putzeret und inre lextilprasis Intecnational 6/67. maseninentectniscne Lésung. Internalionsles Texti1~ 116] Leifeta, F. Recnreriscne Exnittlung vee Resnigengs- autletin 180: 89 - 300, virkung einer Spinnereivorcerestungsan! age. (51 Mandl, 6. Stastwonttol te in er 88 Mellfand Textiperiohte 11/60; 797 = 729. Mel land TextLIoeriente 2/20; [7] wanree, a. miscovertatran oer StapeI Taserspinneret J6] Leifeld, F. Stoutoekinotung in cer spinneres. Ghemierasoen/Textitincdistrie 1977 Vorbereitung Melliand Textlbortonte

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