Tone ly choasing one word rather than another, a witer crea something written or said can be summed as being icular tone The overall offect is that Cynical: good-natured Facetious (not to be taken seriously): sincere Sympathetic: unsympathetic Sarcastic: complimentary Formal: informal ete. Do the exercise on page 40 in Writing in Enalish, FEATURES OF CREOLES AND CREOLE-INFLUENCED VERNACULAR WHICH MAK‘ DIFFERENT FROM STANDARD ENGLISH GRAMMAR NUMBER Creole hat reference Creole nouns carry no sign of plurality once the context of the utterance makes it cl s to ‘more than one’. The word ‘dem’ is often used: Di boy dem/ di boy an dem/ dem boy Or may use a word like ‘four’ Four mango Or use a word lke ‘plenty’ Plenty people pass here aready. Standard English’ In Standard English, nouns form the plural by adding -s, -es, changing vowels in some word's, Ike mouse: mice and some words remain the same, like sheep. instead of ‘di boy an dem’ it would be ‘the boys’ Instead of“fk 5 Our mango! it would be ‘four mangoes’ etc. POSSESSION Creole ner), the first Creole shows possession by juxtaposition (following one noun imriediately after the ot being the possessor and the second the possessed. The student book Standard English: Standard English nouns show possession by adding a final ‘s if the noun is singular: The student's books, Or just if the noun is plural and already has an s: The students’ books COMPARISON Creole * In Creole, double comparative and double superiatives are commorily used: ‘More bigger’ or ‘most biggest’ Standard Englishé In Standard English, double comparatives and double superlatives are not acceptable. It is either -er, -est or more,,most. Instead of ‘more bigger’ or ‘most biggest’, it would be ‘bigger’ or ‘biggest’. ADJECTIVES Creole: le, what are adjectives in Standard English may function as predicates: Predicate adjectives- In Creol The driver dead Standard EnglistStandard English sentences require verbs: Instead of ‘the driver dead? it would be ‘the driver is dead’ Recognize that the verb is essential; the simple sentence reflects the structure of Subject - Verb — Predicate (everything that comes after the verb) VERBS » Serial Verbs Creole, The occurrence of two or more verbs in a clause: Carry it come/ run come see it/ run fast go tek it up gi me, Standard English: In Standard English, it is not as elaborate. It is most common with the use of ‘go! and ‘co Come see it/ go get it. Time Creole. Creole does not add suffixes to show the past, though it may insert some other word: Di rock did fall Where one form of the verb (fall) can either refer to the past or the present, Creole normally in time reference by context: Yesterday she fall down NB the adverb ‘yesterday’ indicates the time of action. Creole would not use an auxiliary verb: Heavin now Creole does not require subject-verb agreement in the present tense It drop, Some varieties of Caribbean Creole use a to form the present continuous Five boy a comeSome Vatietios of Creole mark habitual action with dees: Five boys dows come Standard English Standard English yorbs may show tense, the time of the action relative to the time of speech. It marks. past tne, citten by adding ed to its verbs or by changing a vowel in the verb. Anstead of ‘di rock did fall’ it would be ‘the rock fell’ Some forms of Standard English verbs require both a participle (a word that ends in -ed or ~ing) and aan auniiatry Instead of ‘Hleavin now’ it would be ‘lam leaving now". ‘Am’ is the auxiliary verb, Stain ard English requires subject-verb agreement in the present tense. Instead of ‘It drop’ it would be ‘it drops’. The pres ent continuous is shown with the use of an auxiliary and a participle. instead of ‘Five boy a come’ it would be ‘five boys are coming’. Standard English uses the simple present to show habitual action. Instead of ‘Five boys does come’ it would be ‘Fives boys come’ (usually). NB. Standard English uses ‘does’ for emphasis, only with a singular subject. He does come (even though you keep saying that he doesn't) Or ‘do’ for the plural. They do come; you shouldn't complain that they don't EMPHASIS CreoleCreole doubles negatives (nobody better not walk here) and comparatives mainly for emphasi this is not done in Standard English. It also changes sentence focus (called Front Focusing) throug) arrangements that cannot occur in Standard English. in Creole, the element to be highlighted is moved from its normal position to the beginning, and may or may not have a/is in front of it, John eat di mango yesterday. To: John eat mango yesterday/ Is di mango John eat yesterday. Duplication is another method of showing emphasis: What a way di man fool-fool He like she bad bad Standard English Allows some rearrangement for emphasis; the movement of the element does not affect the rest of the sentence: [will go tomorrow to Tomorrow | will go Or It is tomorrow that | will go. Limited repetition: That is a foolish, foolish man Refer to Section 9 Writing in English. the Creole General ay 1. The sound represented by th in think and thin, these and then is replaced by t and d.@.) think sounds like tink b.) thin sounds like tin c.) these sound like des d,) then sounds like den 2. The sound v sounds like b in some creoles; @. vex sounds like bex b.) never sounds like neba 3, There is the reduction of word initial consonant clusters and/or word ‘inal consonant clusters: a) stick sounds like tick b.) stand sounds like tan c.) world sounds like worl d.) rest sounds like res 4, in some creoles the h sound is sometimes added and dropped in piaces a.) ham sounds like am b.) egg sounds like hegg NB. Creole speakers often use the Creole pronunciation as a guid to spelling when unable to distinguish the Creole from its Standard counterpart. Jamaica In Jamaican Creole the [h] sound is omitted where it is used in Standard English and added where it is omitted in Standard English Reasons 1H Speakers may not know which words actually begin with Ain Standard English; 1 Speakers have difficulty controlling h’s where the initial vowel of a word has to be stressed. Eg. “hass” instead of “ass” Another feature is the insertion of [w] after [p] or [b] before [ay] in the words [bway] boy, [bwayl] boil and [pwayl] spoil The consonants [t] and {d] preceding {l] change to {kj and [g] respectively. (Similarly in Antigua and St. Lucia) Eg. Little and bottle become ikl} and [balk] and needle and middle become {nigi] and {migl} Trinidad The exclamation eh eh high pitched and sudden is strong in Trinidad and used by both men and women. The use of wias a tag eg it making (std. eng. ‘it is’) hot, wi, (A feature also common in Grenada, Dominica, and in St. Lucia the wi is reduced to i) The [th] sound is pronounced as a {d] and [{]. Eg. di for the, tick for thick There is also a reduction of word initial consonant clusters and word fir1al consonant clusters. Reference: West Indians and Their Language by Peter Robert 85-193 WORDS AND MEANING (SEMANTICS)‘THE UNIVERSITY OF THR WEST INDIES SY, AUGUSTINE DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS TROVLDADIAN CREOLE GRAMMAR VERBS 1, Mabitual present tense ; - Nurses does work hard, - He does drink too much rum, With action verbs: does - verb. With stace verbs: unmarked form of verb - T think/te want/Sita know, Does sometimes used with atate verbs, to express habituality ~ T does know when the fish stale. 2. Present continuous tense ~ De house fallin down. - We makin a fish brot. Verb with suffix in. 3. Simple past conse ~ We paint de house las year. ~ Miss Margaret struggle to mind dose children. contort wary reparence: DY Unmarked orn of verb, Creole normally tncheate le Cpast) rete 4. Future tense ~ I go see you later. - I goin find it just now, - Jerry goin an bathe. ~ You gota to fall, g goin to, All future tense, bat Verb preceded by go, goin, goin an, or goin to. n uith eifferent shades of nesning. More conplex than Standard English system, 5. Adjectival verb = Joan pregnant, ~ The sea rough, Adjective serves as verb in the present tense, (In past tense vas ig use "Joan was pregnant"). 6. Locative verb - 1 in the garden.5 form of sentence We malin @ flat beott Sonn preguanet 1 nity wlth Ubtforent Antonat Lol, ‘ame OL ruCtuTe an ataceme Neguety F dob detnk rui/deeow drtuk tune * Pe Mouse ch Eaitin dova/not fallin downs Joan eh preynant/not pregnant . va . 4 ~ Medlin paint che howie/eh patie the houses pases Word placed before the ve b = Joly d These are noe arbitractly chosen, but ate rule Adentty the x any el not or didn, governed. (Can you AOD). Syaken of ‘negation sore complet thas thay ot Standard tngtiai, ? Pouble (or muletple) negetLvea: i Marry eh bringin no food. Bi Toh go tn no umehop no tee. nasAlves mainly Be emphasis Uomarked verb ap adjeceiva ~ condenee atk fry chteken Creole dowies: Passive vot Dis house clein out yesterday. Ny child does get lash when he do daty Verb form elther ‘same a to avoid ambiguity. child does ash 8 for active voice, » OF Bet {5 placed before verb For exauple, tferent seaning conveyed by: "ly houns The table an den, the toile dem, dem table, A Lot of mangs. Pore panel, plenky mange ‘Pie context of the uillerance makes it clear thot reference is fof more thanone! Fora of ‘noun does not change. If context dons not indieate pluca, the workers aided: dex, an dem. Generie plur = Mange tn a Hus place have moaquttos Unmarked plural used to denote dndafintte quantity.be dog cath. - Jenifer child. setons come Pouseosor followed by ponwesned Antonatton of "Ms |. Meaning aided ny inter if fanny apple" ~ the, frui th that of "Masmy apple the appte witch belwnge’ co Hamayy, Tit? WHER EMME of a Subject pronouns ‘+ yous he, ohe, tt, wa, allyw, dem/dey. ~ Them mid ae Het. ~ Me eh know what goin on Me as subject only in negative sentences. Creole, unlike English, hae a plural form for the second PeFee pronoun: allyu. 15. Object pronouns Me, you, he/him, she/her, it, we/us, allyv, dem ~ Well I pass he straight. ~ Doh hit she, you know! ~ Dem foolin ve. 16. Possesedve pronouns a) My your, hey she, we, allyu, dey/dem He book. - Allys house. = Deo yard. b) Hy own (or mines), your own, she/he own, we own, ally owns them own, sho on? ves ADVERBS /ADZECTI 17, Adverb = He talkin different. Single form for adverb and adjective. 18. Comparison vin dle wdden club.