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Cong Nghe SX Ch3cooh V
Cong Nghe SX Ch3cooh V
Cong Nghe SX Ch3cooh V
v Axit Axetic
MC LC
TRANG
M U2
A.Tnh Cht Nguyn Liu..3
I.Tnh Cht ca Axetylen.3
I.1.Tnh Cht Vt L3
I.2.Tnh Cht Ha Hc.4
II.Tnh Cht Ca Axit Axetic7
II.1.Tnh Cht Vt L...7
II.2.Tnh Cht Ha Hc9
II.3.ng dng..10
III.Tnh Cht Ca VA...10
III.1.Tnh Cht Vt L.10
III.2.Tnh Cht Ha Hc..11
III.3. Tnh hnh sn xut v ng dng.12
B.Cc Phng php sn xut Axit Axetic..14
I.Sn xut axit axetic ca hng BASF.14
II.Sn xut axit axetic ca hng Mosanto16
C.Cc Phng Php Sn Xut VA...19
I.Sn Xut VA T Axetylen V Axit Axetic20
II.Sn Xut VA T Etylen V Axit Axetic...26
III.Mt S Phng Php Khc..31
IV.So Snh Cc Cng Ngh..32
D. Kh nng xy dng nh my Vit Nam.36
KT LUN....38
M u
Ngy nay vi s pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc k c s dng rng ri
trong nhiu nghnh cng nghip khc nhau.
Vinyl thut, cng nh s pht trin cao ca i sng x hi th nhu cu s dng cc
loi vt liu k thut ngy mt cao, c bit khi cc ngun nguyn liu t nhin
ang ngy mt cn kit. Cc loi vt cht tng hp hu c c nhiu u im v
c,l, ho nn ngy cng c Axetat l mt monome rt quan trng trong cng
nghip cht do v si tng hp. Ngy nay, vi nhu cu ngy cng nhiu v cht
do v si tng hp, cng nghip sn xut Vinyl Axetat ang ngy cng pht trin
mnh v trong nhng nm gn y cng xut hin thm rt nhiu cng trnh nghin
cu tng hp VA nhm lm cho qu trnh sn xut VA ngy mt hon thin hn.
Trn th gii, vic sn xut v s dng VA cng rt khc nhau. vng Bc M, VA
c sn xut da vo qu trnh axit axetic / etylen vi cng ngh tng c nh
trong pha hi v lng VA to thnh c dng ch yu to ra polyvinyl axetat,
nhng Ty u v Chu th li s dng qu trnh axit axetic /axetylen v lng
VA to thnh c dng ch yu to ra polyvinyl alcol.
Ngy nay nhu cu v s dng Viny Axetat ca cc ngnh cng nghip trong
nc ni ring, trn th gii ni chung ngy mt tng. c bit t nc ta ang
trong cng cuc cng nghip ho, hin i ho v c sn ngun ngun nguyn liu
cho qu trnh tng hp. Ngoi ngun nguyn liu truyn thng th ngy nay ngnh
cng nghip ch bin kh pht trin mnh to ra ngun nguyn nguyn liu gi r
v phong ph cho qu trnh tng hp. Do , Vit Nam vic thit k mt nh my
sn xut Vinyl Axetat l mt vn cn thit v c ngha rt quan trng.
Gi tr
-83,3 o c
+35,5 o c
5,585 kj/mol
15,21kj/mol
6,04 Mpa
26,02 kg/kmoll
1,173kg/m3
9,43Pa.s
0,0187A/m
341m/s
0,9909
8,32kj/mol
197j/mol
Cp=42,7j.mol 1 .k 1
T 250 300 0
CH2 = CH
4
+H 2
CH 3 -CH 3
Ni
H 3 C-CH
Vi cc halogen:Cl 2 ,Br
CH CH+Br 2 BrHC=CHBr
Khi cng vi Cl 2 trong pha kh,phn ng xy ra mnh lit v d gy ra n,do
phi tin hnh trong pha lng vi xc tc l SbCl 2 (antimontriclorua)
SbCl 2 +Cl 2 SbCl 5
CH CH +2 SbCl 5 CHCl2 = CHCl2 + SbCl3
Vi cc axit v c v axit hu c to thnh nhiu vinyl c gi tr
CH CH + HCl CH2 = CHCl
Phn ng trn xy ra trong pha hi t o =150 0 c-180 0 c vi xc tc l HgCl 2 /than
hot tnh
Cng vi H 2 SO 4 to thnh vinylsunfo:
CH CH + H 2 SO 4 CH 2 =CH-OSO 3 H
Cng vi HCN to thnh acrylonitril(xc tc, t=80 0 c)
CH CH +HCN CH 2 =CH-CN
Xc tc l CuCl 2
cng vi axit axetic to thnh vinylaxetat:
CH CH +CH 3 COOH
xctc,
to
CH 2 =CH-OCOCH 3
xctc
t 0751000 c
CH 3 -CHO
Xc tc y l Hg 2 trong H 2 SO 4 .
5
6000 c ,
H6
I.2.3.Tnh axit
Do trong lin kt C-H, m in ca Cacbon ln hn Hydro nn in t b ht v
pha Cacbon,do nguyn t Hydro d dng tch ra v lm cho axetylen c tnh
axit
tc dng vi kim loi Natri:
CH CH+2Na NaC CNa+H 2
to mui axetylenit vi kim loi:
CH CH+2Me MeC CMe+H 2
I.3.iu ch axetylen
iu ch t cacbua canxi
Cacbua canxi v cc trong l h quang in,phn ng xy ra mnh lit v i hi
ngun nng lng in d tr ln.y l yu t quyt nh gi thnh ca axetylen
sn xut c.Khi thy phn cacbua canxi bng nc ta thu c axetylen(phn
ng ta nhiu nhit)
CaO+3C
CaC 2
hoquangdien
+CO
H -127,1Kj/mol
C 2 H 2 +3H 2
C 6 H 6 3 C 2 H 2 , H 311Kj/mol
y l phn ng thu nhit,cn bng ca chng ch dch chuyn v bn phi khi
nhit khong:1000-1300 0 c trong thc t tng vn tc phn ng cn nhit
ln hn 1500 0 c i vi CH 4 v 1200 0 c i vi cc hydrocacbon lng.
Trong sn phm kh thu c ngoi axetylen cn ln nhng parafin,olefin thp
phn t,benzen,metyl axetylen cng nh vinyl axetylen,diaxxetylen.
Gi tr
1,11 j.g 1 .K 1
2,043 j.g 1 .K 1
1,47 j.g 1 .K 1
195,5 j/g
394,5 j/g
10,97m.Pa
6,170
1,3719
-484,5 Kj/mol
-432,25 Kj/mol
43 0 c
4,0-16% th tch
592,71K
5,786 MPa
465 0 c
ch
axeton,etyl
axetat,i-amyl
axetat,mt
dc
phm(nh
II.3.ng dng
Axit axetic c ng dng rt rng ri trong thc t.Nay t xa xa con ngi
bieets s dng axit axetic cho nghnh cng nghip thc phm l gim,sn
xut bnh ko phc vc cho tiu dng.Trn 60% lng axit axetic sn xut c s
dng trong cc polyme tng hp t vinyl axetat ( vinyl este) hoc (
xenlulo
9
III.1.Tnh cht vt l
Vinylaxetat c cng thc ha hc l CH2=CH-OCOCH3,gi tt l l VA.VA l
mt cht lng khng mu,rt linh ng,c mi ete v l cht lng c th chy
c.Hi ca VA c th gy tn thng n mt bi s thy phn ca n to thnh
axit axetic v axetaldehyt.
Bng III.1.tnh cht vt l ca VA [I,V]
i lng
Gi tr
Nhit si
72,7 o c
Nhit ng rn
-84 o c
Trng lng phn t
86,09kg/kmol
o
Trng lng ring 20 c
0,932g/mol
o
nht 20 c
0,42cP
Nhit chp chy cc h
-5-1 o c
Nhit ti hn
252 o c
Nhit ha hi 72 o c
90,6cal/g
Nhit chy
5,75
p sut ti hn
609psia
VA t ha tan trong nc.VA c th ha tan trong ru v dietylete, nhit
thng VA km n nh v d b trng hp cho ta sn phm l polyvinylaxetat,y
l mt sn phm c gi
tr trong nhiu lnh vc nh sn xut keo dn,sn..
III.2.Tnh cht ha hc
Trong phn t VA c mt lin kt i nn VA c kh nng tham gia nhiu phn
ng kt hp v trung hp
Phn ng quan trng nht ca VA l phn ng trng hp theo gc t do.VA
nguyn cht nhit nhit thng trng hp rt chm,nhng nu c
tc dng ca nh sng hay cc peroxit th phn ng trng hp xy ra rt
nhanh.VA trng hp cho ta cht Polyvinylaxetat(PVA),l mt cht do rt c
gi tr.
2 2
Ty u
ng u
Nht Bn
Trung ng
0,56.10 6
>0,16.10 6
0,58.10 6
...
acrylic
Dng trong cc qu trnh khc
13
S cng ngh:
14
S cng ngh:
18
CH3COOH+1/2O2 CH3OCO=CH2+H2O
1.Phng php i t axetaldehyt(CH3CHO) v anhydrit axetic(CH3CO)2O ban
u anhydrit axetic cng vo axetaldehyt to thnh etyldendiaxetat sau EDA
thy phn cho VA v axit axetic.Do qu trnh ny cn gi l qu trnh 2 giai
on:
CH3COOH+(CH3CO)2O CH3CH(OCOCH3)2
CH3CH(OCOCH3)2 CH2=CH- OCOCH3+CH3COOH
Trong cc phng php trn th phng php sn xut VA i t Etylen,axit
axetic v oxy c s dng rng ri vng Bc M cn Ty u v c bit l
Chu th phng php sn xut VA i t axetylen v axit axetic li c s
dng nhiu hn.
Ngy nay cc phng php sn xut VA trong pha lng t c s dng v dn
c thay th bng phng php sn xut trong pha kh,bi v cc phng php
sn xut tin hnh trong pha lng thng c nng sut thp,gy hao mn xc
tc,xc tc i khi rt c gy n mn thit b phn ng
20
Tn cng ty
Sn lng
Ni sn xut
Qu trnh s
Air reduction
Borden
Dupont
Monsanto
Nationalstarch
Union carbide
Tr pound/nm
95
150
75
80
50
250
dng
Calvert(kentucky) Wacker
Geismar
Knok-Blaw
Niagara falls
Wacker
Texas
Monsanto
Long Mott
Wacker
South Charleston Wacker
CH CH+CH3COOH CH3COOCH=CH2
Giai on u xy ra vi vn tc ln hn nhiu so vi giai on th hai,tuy nhin
vn cn phi c mt lng d C 2H2 so vi CH3COOH hn ch ti a s to
thnh Etylidendiaxetat.
S thy phn to thnh axetaldehyt
CH CH+H2O CH3CHO
Qa trnh xeton ha axit to ra xeton
2CH3-COOH CH3-CO-CH3+CO2+H2O
Qa trnh trng hp ca mt s cht trong h phn ng,kt qu l to thnh
cc hp cht nha
Cc yu t nh hng
Xc tc dng cho phng php ny l axetat km mang trn cht mang l than hot
tnh,silicagen,oxit nhm mt s nc ngi ta dng xc tc l axetat Cadimi v
axetat canxi nhng hiu sut khng cao.
nh my tng hp VA ca c chun b xc tc nh sau:ngm cc ht than
hot tnh c kch thc t 3-5 mm bng dung dch axetat km.Loi xc tc ny c
th n nh trong thi gian lm vic l 2 thng,sau n b mt hot tnh dn.
hot tnh ca xc tc cng gim cng phi tng nhit ca qu trnh.Nhng khi
nhit tng qu 230oc th xc tc gn nhit b mt hot tnh hon ton.
Lng xc tc em dng cng nh hng nhiu n kh nng chuyn ha ca axit
axetic.Tng cng xc tc t 10g n 30g trn 1lits axetylen trong 1 gam th hiu
sut tng ln.Nhng nu lng xc tc nh hn 10g v ln hn 30g th hiu sut
chuyn ha li gim.
Nu lng xc tc ln hn 30g trn 1 lt C 2H2/1 gam th xc tc bao ph trn cht
mang thnh nhiu lp v s bao ph mang tnh cht c hc,t mng tnh cht
ha hc,do khi nhit tng xc tc d b tch khi cht mang v b cun theo
kh phn ng ra ngoi.
22
23
Nguyn l hot ng
Lng axetylen tinh khit v axetylen tun hon c trn ln vi nhau,cng vi
axit axetic tinh khit v axit axetic tun hon trn ln vi nhau c a vo thit
b bc hi (1).Thit b bc hi c khng ch nhit 70-80 oc,p sut 0,3.106
Pa.Ra khi thit b ny y thp mt phn c un nng v a tr li y thp
bi thit b un nng (5),mt phn sn phm a ra ngoi nh bm (13).Hn hp
kh ra khi nh thp (1) c gia nhit bi thit b trao i nhit ngc chiu
24
(3),sau c un nng bi thit b (5),hn hp kh ra khi (5) c nhit 170190oc v c a vo thit b phn ng (2).Qa trnh ny din ra vi lp xc tc
rn hoc lng,xc tc gm than hot tnh c tm 20-30% axetat kim.Thit b
phn ng c dng ngn,chiu cao mi ngn 3,5-4m.Do phn ng tao ra VA l phn
ng ta nhiu nhit nn lm cho nhit trong thit b tng ln.Do vy ngi ta ly
nhit ra ngoi bng cch b tr thit b lm lnh hi lu ngoi thit b phn ng
gi nhit khong 200oc.
Qu trnh xy ra lin tc trong thit b ti sinh xc tc.Hn hp sn phm sau khi
ra khi thit b phn ng gm c VA,DVA,C2H2 d,CH3COOH d,ncc nhit
khong 200oc v c a ti thit b lm lnh (4) lm lnh sn phm bng
nhit ca nguyn liu vo thp phn ng.Sau hn hp i qua thit b ct phn
nh (7). thit b(7) nh thp ch yu l phn nh axetylen cha phn ng v mt
s t sn phm khc c a sang thit b (8) tinh ch tr li cng vi axetylen
ban u vo thit b phn ng (1).Khng kh c lm sch ngn s to nguyn
t tr trong qu trnh tng hp,phn nng y gm VA v cc sn phm khc trn
vi sn phm ly ra ti y thit b (7) qua bm (13) vo thit b tch sn phm nh
(9).Thp (8) gm 35 a c kh axetylen,axetaldehyt,axeton....thp (9) gm 50-60
a.
trnh hin tng to polime ha vinyl axetat trong qu trnh chng ct phi
thm cht c ch.To thit b tch phn nh (9),sn phm nh l phn nh c
tch ra,sn phm y mt phn qua thit b un nng (5) a tr li (9),mt phn
qua bm (13) vo thit b tch VA (10).nh thp (10) thu c VA thng
phm,cn c cc sn phm nng khc c a vo thit b tch axit axetic (12).
27
Hnh II.1.S cng ngh sn xut VA t etylen trong pha lng [VII]
Nguyn l hot ng
Hn hp kh gm 50% th tch kh etylen v 70% th tch oxy cng vi axit axetic
(lng mi trn vi lng hi lu) c a vo thit b phn ng (1),thit b phn
ng lm vic nhit 100-130 oc,p sut 30 atm.Sn phm to thnh gm c
VA,CH3CHO,H2O,CH3COOH v hn hp oxy-etylen cha phn ng ht c a
ra khi thit b phn ng (1) vo thit b ngng t (2),sau c a vo thit b
phn ly (3).Phn hn hp kh hi lu s c dn qua thp hp th (4) v thp nh
hp th (5) loi b kh CO2.Cn phn hn hp lng s c a vo thp (7)
tch CH3COOH v lng CH3COOH ny c hi lu tr li thit b phn ng
28
(1).Hn hp lng sau khi ra khi thit b (7) c a sang thp tch axetaldehyt
(8) tch CH3CHO.Hn hp sau khi ra khi thp (8) gm 2 phn
Phn hn hp i ra t nh thp (8) c a sang thp hp th CH 3CHO (11),ti
y cc cht nh s c tch ra nh thp cn hn hp y thp th c a
sang thp chng phn on CH 3CHO (12) thu hi CH3CHO nh thp,cn
H2O y thp mt phn qua bm (6) bm ra ngoi,mt phn hi lu y
thp.Phn hn hp i ra y thp (8) mt phn hi lu y thp,mt phn qua
bm (6) a vo thit b phn ly (3) loi mt phn H 2O.Sau hn hp tip tc
c a vo thp tch H2O (9) v thp chng ct phn on VA (10) nh thp
(10) s thu c VA,cn y thp l cc cht nng qua bm (6) bm ra ngoi,mt
phn hi lu y thp qua thit b un nng y thp
Cn iu chnh lng nc trong dung dch xc tc c th hn ch c lng
axetaldehyt sinh ra,tc l iu chnh c t l gia axetaldehyt v VA trong sn
phm to thnh.
II.1.2.Cng ngh tng hp VA t C2H4 v CH3COOH trong pha kh
Qu trnh tng hp VA t etylen v axit axetic trong pha kh c pht
trin bi cc hng USI Chemicals ti M v hng Bayer ti c.Hin nay.quy trnh
ny ang c hng Celanese ti M s dng sn xut VA vi cng sut 200 triu
pound/nm
Cc thng s k thut ca qu trnh
Cng ngh tng hp VA trong pha kh c thc hin vi xc tc d th Pd/SiO 2 vi
ph gia l axetat Natri c cha mt lng mui ng nhm thc hin chc nng
cht mang thc y s oxy ha Pd thnh Pd2+
Pd+1/2O2+2CH3COOH Pd2++H2O+2CH3COOPd2++CH2=CH2+CH3COOH Pd+CH2=CHOCOCH3+2H+
Qa trnh tin hnh 175-200 oc,p sut 70-140 psi.Hn hp ban u a vo thit
b phn ng gm etylen,hi axit axetic,oxy vi t l th tch ln lt l 8:4:1 v s
chuyn ha ca chng sau khi qua thit b phn ng i vi etylen l 10% ,axit
29
31
nhng nhit khng cao 100-150oc trong qu trnh thu sn phm li c mt lng
axetaldehyt.Xc tc qu trnh l dung dch mui Pd2+,Cu2+ (Cl-) do c Cl- m n gy
n kim loi,mt khc khi c s gp mt ca oxy th Cu 2+ b kt ta trong thit
b,hiu sut chuyn ha etylen 90%.Ga thnh i hi cao hn qu trnh i t
axetylen l 50% nn tn nhiu nguyn liu hn.
Vi axetylen th thit b lm vic p sut kh quyn nhit l 200-230 oc xc tc
axetat km trn cht mang than hot tnh.Hiu sut chuyn ha axetylen l 92-98%
thi gian lm vic xc tc tng i di( vi thng) it n mn thit b.
Trong thc t sn xut,vic la chn phng php sn xut l ty thuc vo iu
kin ca tng nc,tng vng nguyn liu,ngun nng lng,vn u t..
Vi ngun nguyn liu di do t than ,kh t nhin..ta c th sn xut VA t
axetylen rt thun li.
Sau thi gian nghin cu v c ti liu em chon s cng ngh sn xut
vinylaxetat t axetylen v axit axetic trong pha kh.
33
34
35
II.C S XC NH A IM XY DNG
- Xc nh a im xy dng mt cch hp l s to iu kin tt cho giai
on chun b u t l c s pht trin sn xut v kinh doanh ca nh my
trong giai on trc mt cng nh nh hng lu di.
- a im xy dng c la chn phi ph hp vi quy hoch lnh th, quy
hoch vng, quy hoch cm kinh t cng nghip. To iu kin ti a cng sut
ca nh my v kh nng lin kt sn xut ca nh my vi cc nh my ln cn.
- Phi gn vi cc ngun cung cp nguyn liu cho sn xut v gn ni tiu
th ca nh my. Gn cc ngun cung cp nng lng nh: in, nc, kh nn,
Nh vy s hn ch ti a cc chi ph vn chuyn, gp phn h gi thnh sn
phm v thc y s pht trin ca nh my.
- m bo kh nng cung ng cng nhn trong qu trong qu trnh xy dng
nh my cng nh trong qu trnh hot ng sau ny.
- Ph hp v tn dng ti a h thng giao thng bao gm ng b, ng
st, ng sng, ng bin v k c ng khng.
- Vic thot nc d dng, khng nh hng n ngun nc sch ca cc
khu dn c xung quanh.
- Khu t phi c kch thc v hnh dng thch hp cho vic xy dng trc
mt cng nh tng lai. Do vy khu t phi p ng nhng yu cu sau:
+ Khu t phi cao ro, trnh ngp lt trong ma ma bo, c mc nc
ngm thp to iu kin tt cho vic thot nc thi v nc mt d dng.
+ Khu t phi tng i bng phng c dc t nhin tt nht l vo
khong 0,5-1 % hn ch ti a kinh ph cho vic san lp mt bng v chi ph
ny kh ln trong ton b chi ph xy dng.
+ Khu t c chn la khng c nm trn cc vng c m khong sn
hay vng a cht khng n nh nh hin tng ng t, si mn hay ct chy
cng chu lc l 1,5-2,5 kg/cm2.Nn xy dng trn nn t st, t
mng hay t i gim ti a chi ph cho vic gia c nn mng ca cc hng
mc
36
cng trnh nht l cc hng mc cng trnh c ti trng tnh v ti trng ng ln.
- Khi chn la khu t th phi xem xt mi quan h mt thit gia khu dn
c th v khu cng nghip hn ch ti a nh hng xu ca mi trng
cng nghip n cc khu dn c, cc khu di tch lch s hay danh lam thng cnh
th nh my phi p ng c cc yu cu sau:
+ Phn xng b tr cch khu dn c xung quanh ti thiu 300 m. Phn xng xy
dng ngoi vi thnh ph hoc trong khu cng nghip lin hp.
+ a im xy dng phi cui hng gi ch o so vi khu dn c v phi
c vng cy xanh bo v hng gi ch yu hn ch ti a nhng nh
hng xu.
+ Khu t phi vng h lu sng (nu c) cch bn dng nc ca khu dn c
hn 500 m. Nc thi phi x l trc khi thi ra sng. Tm li cn c vo cc
yu cu trn ta s quyt nh chn a im xy dng cho phn xng VA trong
nh my c yu cu s dng sn phm ny.
III.A IM XY DNG
T cc c s trn ta chn a im xy dng nh my sn xut VA ti khu kinh t
m Dung Qut Qung Ngi. Ni y c nh my lc du i vo hot ng
t nm 2009. a im ny c nhiu yu t thun li cho vic xy dng nh my
cng nh pht trin nh my sau ny nh:
- Mng li giao thng: Hng ng cch bin 6 km vi su v rng rt
thun tin cc tu trng ti ln cp cng v c th c nhiu tu cp cng n hng
1 ln. Hng nam l mng li giao thng quc gia c ng b v ng st.
Hng bc gip khu kinh t m Chu Lai- Qung Nam. V vy v mt giao thng s
rt thun li cho vic vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v nh my cng nh vic vn
chuyn sn phm ca nh my i tiu th.
- Hn na khi nh my lc du i vo hot ng s cung cp nguyn liu cho
nh my hot ng s gim chi ph vn chuyn nguyn vt liu cho nh my.
- Khu cng nghip ny l khu t cao ro, khng b ngp lt, dc t nhin
ca khu t khng ln, n khong 1% v vi nn t st kt hp vi nn t ong
nn m bo chu ti trng cao.
KT LUN
37