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CalForBio Chapter6-2552 PDF
CalForBio Chapter6-2552 PDF
CalForBio Chapter6-2552 PDF
107
k 1
dv
f (x ) =
1
x
L(x ) =
1
dt
t
L (x ) =
1
dx
x
1
x
Sn
f (x ) =
1
x
[a,b ]
0 <a <b
Sn = f (ti* )(x i x i 1 )
x i = ayi
ti* = asi*
=b,
1
1
a(yi yi 1 ) = * (yi yi 1 )
*
asi
si
= f (si* )(yi yi 1 )
f (x ) =
1
x
b
a
[1, b ]
a
Sn
2301113
108
lim Sn =
1
dx
x
lim Sn =
b
a
1
1
b
dy = L( )
y
a
1
b
dx = L( )
x
a
(1) L(uv ) = L(u ) + L(v )
(2) L(u k ) = kL(u )
u, v
u k
L L
(natural logarithm) ln
6.1
x
ln(x ) =
1
dt
t
e
e =
ln(x )
ln(x )
ln(e) = 1
1
lim (1 + )n
n
n
e 2.718 ()
d ln(x )
dx
1
x
x > 0 x < 0
d ln(x )
dx
1
x
1
x
d ln | x |
dx
2301113
109
v dv = ln | v | +C
( )
[a,b ] v v = 0 ln | v |
6.1
1.
d
1
(ln(1 + x )) =
dx
1+x
d
1 d (1 + x 2 )
2x
2
=
(ln(1 + x )) =
2.
2
dx
dx
1+x
1 + x2
3.
4.
d
d 1
1 d
(ln 1 + x 2 ) =
( ln(1 + x 2 )) =
(ln(1 + x 2 ))
dx
dx 2
2 dx
1 2x
x
=
=
2 1 + x2
1 + x2
d
d 2
1
(ln(x 2 ln x )) = 2
(x ln x )
dx
x ln x dx
dx 2
d (ln x )
(ln x ) + x 2
dx
dx
1
2
1
2 1
= 2
2x ln x + x = +
x x x ln x
x ln x
=
1
2
x ln x
d
d
(ln(x 2 ln x )) =
(ln(x 2 ) + ln(ln x ))
dx
dx
2
1 dx
1 d
1
1 1
2
1
= 2
+
(ln x ) = 2 (2x ) +
( )= +
x x ln x
ln x dx
ln x x
x dx
x
f (x ) =
6.2
1
1.
2 + 3x dx = 3 2 + 3x d(2 + 3x ) = 3 ln 2 + 3x
2.
x 2 + 3 dx = x 2 + 3 d(x
2x
+C
+ 3) = ln(x 2 + 3) + C
2301113
110
6.3
1.
2.
1
dx =
4+x
4
1
d (4 + x ) = ln(4 + x )] = ln 8 ln 4 = ln 2
4+x
0
4
4
4x
1
dx = 2 2
d (x 2 + 9) = 2 ln(x 2 + 9)
0
0 x +9
x +9
2
= 2 ln 25 2 ln 9 = 2 ln(
25
)
9
ln
(0, +) (, +)
ln ln ln
(, +) (0, +)
6.2
ln (exponential function)
exp
exp(x ) = ln1(x ), < x < +
exp(ln(x )) = x ,
0 < x < +
6.3
a x
a x = exp(x ln(a ))
6.3
1)
()
exp(x) e x
2301113
111
a1 = a
a x +y = a x a y
(a x )y = a xy
6.4
a, x a 1 a
(logarithm function) loga
loga x =
ln(x )
ln(a )
loge x =
ln(x ) ln(x )
=
= ln(x )
ln(e)
1
ln e e
()
loga (a ) = 1
loga (xy ) = loga (x ) + loga (y )
loga (x y ) = y loga (x )
log
exp(x ), a x
loga (x )
d exp(x )
dx
= exp(x )
da x
= a x ln(a )
dx
d loga (x )
dx
1
x ln(a )
de x
= ex
dx
2301113
112
x k k 6.3
x k k
d xk
dx
= kx k 1
6.4
1.
d 5x
d
(e ) = e 5x
(5x ) = 5e 5x
dx
dx
2.
2 d
2
d x2
(e ) = e x
(x 2 ) = e x (2x )
dx
dx
3.
d
(x
dx
4.
d x
d
(2 ) = 2x ln 2 (x ) = 2x ln 2
dx
dx
5.
2
2 d
2
2 d
d
d x 2
(xe x ) = e x
(x ) + x
(e ) = e x + xe x
(x 2 )
dx
dx
dx
dx
) = 2x
2 1
= e x + xe x (2x )
6.
d 2 x
d 2
d
(x 2 ) = 2x
(x ) + x 2 (2x ) = 2x (2x ) + x 2 2x ln 2
dx
dx
dx
d e x e x
1 d x
1
(
)=
(e ex ) = (e x + e x )
7.
dx
2
2 dx
2
1
1
d
d x
2 x
8.
(log2 (2x + x )) = x
(2 + x ) = x
(2 + x )ln 2 dx
(2 + x )ln 2
dx
2x ln 2 +
2301113
113
dc
=0
dx
dx
2)
=1
dx
dV k
dV
3)
= kV k 1
dx
dx
1)
deV
dV
4)
= eV
dx
dx
daV
dV
5)
= aV ln(a )
dx
dx
6)
7)
d ln(V )
dx
d loga (V )
dx
1 dV
V dx
=
1 dV
V ln(a ) dx
6.5
(2x + 1)2x
f (x ) =
(1 + x 2 )(1 + x )
(2x + 1)2x
ln f (x ) = ln
(1 + x 2 )(1 + x )
2
= ln 2x + 1 + ln(2x ) ln(1 + x 2 ) ln 1 + x
2
d
d
(ln f (x )) =
(ln 2x + 1 + ln(2x ) ln(1 + x 2 ) ln 1 + x )
dx
dx
d
d
d
d
=
(ln 2x + 1) + (x 2 ln 2) (ln(1 + x 2 )) (ln 1 + x )
dx
dx
dx
dx
1
2
2x
1
f (x ) =
+ 2x ln 2
2
f (x )
2x + 1
1+x
1+x
2301113
114
2
2x
1 (2x + 1)2x
f (x ) =
+ 2x ln 2
2x + 1
1 + x 2 1 + x (1 + x 2 )(1 + x )
6.6
()
1) f (x ) = ln(4 + x 2 )
x
2) f (x ) = x 2 2x + x
2
x
3) f (x ) = x
2
(5 + 3x )e x
4) f (x ) =
(1 + 2x )3 (1 + x 2 )
5) f (x ) = x 3 log(1 + x 2 )
dc = 0
1)
dV k = kV k 1dV
2)
4)
1
dV
V
deV = eV dV
5)
3)
d ln(V ) =
6) d loga (V ) =
1
dV
V ln(a )
V k +1
+ C (k 1)
k +1
= ln | V | +C (k = 1)
1)
k
V dV =
2)
3)
V
a dV =
dV = eV + C
aV
+C
ln(a )
2301113
115
6.7
()
1)
(1 + 2x )
2)
(3 + 2x ) dx
3)
(2
dx
+ 1)2 dx
6.5
e x e x
2
x
e + e x
cosh(x ) =
2
sinh(x )
tanh(x ) =
cosh(x )
1
csch(x ) =
sinh(x )
1
sech(x ) =
cosh(x )
cosh(x )
ctnh(x ) =
sinh(x )
1) sinh(x ) =
(hyperbolic sine)
2)
(hyperbolic cosine)
3)
4)
5)
6)
(hyperbolic tangent)
(hyperbolic cosecant)
(hyperbolic secant)
(hyperbolic cotangent)
6.8 ()
1)
a ) sinh(x ) = sinh(x )
b) cosh2 (x ) sinh2 (x ) = 1
c)
2)
d sinh(V )
dx
= cosh(V )
a ) f (x ) = sinh(1 + x 2 )
b) f (x ) = e x sinh(x )
dV
dx
2301113
116
6.1
f (x )
1. f (x ) = ln(1 + 2x 2 )
2. f (x ) = e 2x
3. f (x ) = ln x 3
4. f (x ) = e 2x
5. f (x ) = ln x + x 2 + 2
6. f (x ) = 2x 2e x
7. f (x ) = ln( x (x + 1)3 )
8. f (x ) = 3e
9. f (x ) = ln(ln(x + 1))
10. f (x ) = x 2 + 2x + (2x )x
11. f (x ) = (ln x )2 x
12. f (x ) =
13. f (x ) = log2 (x 2 + 1)
14. f (x ) = xe x + log2(2x )
2e x + e 2x
3
15. f (x ) = ln(5x + xx )
e x + xe 2x
16. f (x ) = x
3 + x ln x
(x 1)(x 2)
19. f (x ) =
(x 3)(x 4)
20. f (x ) =
21. f (x ) = log 3 (
34 x
)
x3
23. f (x ) = x 2 ln x
(3x x 2 )e x
(1 + x )2 (ln x )
22. f (x ) = sinh(1 x )
24. f (x ) = cosh(x ) e 2x
117
2301113
6.2
2e
7x
dx
4
dx
2.
3. 3e 2x dx
4.
(x 1 + x + 2)dx
5.
(2
6.
xe
7.
8.
(2
9.
1.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
+ 3)2 dx
1
dx
4x 7
7x
dx
4
x2 + 2
dx
x 3 + 6x
ln2 x
dx
x
ln 2
2 x3
10.
12.
14.
e 2xdx
16.
xe x dx
18.
log5 x
dx
x
20.
dx
+ 3)2 dx
2x
(e 2x + 1)5 dx
log2 x 3
dx
x
1
2
e x dx
1
dx
x +2
ln(x + 2)
dx
x +2
e2
1
dx
x ln x