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Different Kinds of Antennas
Different Kinds of Antennas
Different Kinds of Antennas
DIFFERENT KINDS
OF ANTENNAS
Guillaume VILLEMAUD
Antennas G. Villemaud
Outline
We will see main families of antenna used to create a
radiated radio wave:
wire antennas (dipole, monopole Yagi)
slot antennas (half or quarter wave)
patch antennas (planar)
aperture antennas (horn)
reflector antennas (dishes)
Antennas G. Villemaud
Wire antennas
By definition, the category of wire antennas includes all
antennas formed of a conductor structure where, due to
small diameter of cables, we consider only the linear
current densities.
lz
Izmsin2
RADIATING DIPOLE
Current distribution:
Antennas G. Villemaud
r
.z60I,
(E
,,
)
dE
F
with
2
F
sin
Antennas G. Villemaud
c
o
s
(
c
o
s
)
i2n
F
HALF-WAVELENGTH DIPOLE
(a)
radiation
rayonnement
diple
gnrateur
Antennas G. Villemaud
Inductive antenna
Parallel resonances
Capacitive antenna
Serial resonances
THICK DIPOLE
To match the dipole, we can adapt the diameter of wires (a) with
respect to the length of the arms (l).
Antennas G. Villemaud
Antennas G. Villemaud
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MONOPOLE ANTENNA
(a)
rayonnement
(b)
rayonnement
mon
diple
gnrateur
plan de masse
Image principle
(a)
nrateur
(b)
I
rayonnement
monople
plan de masse
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gnrateur
15
gn
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Reflected wave
Image dipole
Phase difference of
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FOLDED DIPOLE
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Dipole alone
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YAGI-UDA ANTENNA
Combining the effect of reflectors and directors elements, a highly
directional antenna is obtained: the Yagi.
Folded dipole
Directors
Reflector
Spacing:
Metallic support
Wires diameter:
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(b)
(c)
Helical antenna
Simple Helix
Radial mode
Axial mode
Multiple Helix
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SLOT ANTENNAS
Illustration of Babinets principle
Dual of the dipole
/2
/4
(a)
(b)
with
22
COMPARISON DIPOLE-SLOT
Dimensions
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PLANAR ANTENNAS
Patch Antenna
Metallization on the surface of a
dielectric substrate, the lower
face is entirely metallized.
Directive radiation
Fundamental mode /2
rayonnement
xOz
substrate
substrat
patch
plan
de plane
masse
Ground
z
y
O
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PATCH ANTENNAS
Principle of operation:
Leaky-cavity
Radiating element
(electric wall)
Dielectric substrate
Ground plane
(electric wall)
Z
Z
X
Direction
de rayonnement of main radiation
Direction
privilgie
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Lossy magnetic
walls
PATCH ANTENNAS
Feeding systems:
Sonde d alimentation
Feeding probe
z
Radiation pattern
Ez
Plaque mtallique
Metallic
plate
g/2
Plan de masse
lment
Radiating
rayonnant
element
Dielectric
Substrat
dile ctrique substrate
(
)r
Sonde
Coaxial
probe
coaxiale
H
PlanGround
de masse plane
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APERTURE ANTENNAS
Progressive aperture of a waveguide to free space
conditions : the Horn antenna.
Example of rectangular horn
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HORN CHARACTERISTICS
Radiation :
H plane:
E plane:
7.5 Ap
D 10. log
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(dBi )
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PARABOLIC DISH
A reflector is used to focus the energy to an antenna
element placed at the focal point.
Approximation :
with k between 0.5 and 0.8
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ANTENNA ARRAYS
When calculating the radiation of a resonant antenna,
we sum the contributions of the elementary dipoles
that provide radiation of the assembly. We are then
constrained by the pre-determined laws of distribution
of these currents (amplitude and phase).
The array principle is to use single antennas whose
contributions are summed by controlling the
amplitudes and phases with which they are fed.
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E
erjr1ejdsinej2dsinej3dsin.ejn1dsin.ep
COMBINATION PRINCIPLE
wavefront
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F,1ejdsinej2dsinej3dsin.ejn1dsin
F
g
,
ARRAY FACTOR
R()
Array factor or grouping factor
Pattern Multiplication
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GAIN INCREASE
We can use the combination to increase the gain of an
antenna.
From a basic directional antenna, the doubling of the
number of elements increases the directivity by two.
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WEIGHTING
It may further choose the principle of combination of
the laws of the radiating elements in phase and
amplitude to change the array factor.
Electronic steering
wavefront
d
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BEAMFORMING
To create the necessary laws of amplitudes and
phases, we may use an array of fixed or reconfigurable
distribution.
Multibeam antennas
Adaptive or smart antennas
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