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KARLOS
GARZA

A transmission tower (electricity pylon in the

United Kingdom and parts of Europe, and a
hydro tower in certain provinces of Canada
where power generation is mainly hydroelectric) is a tall structure, usually a steel
lattice tower, used to support an overhead
power line.
They are used in high-voltage AC and DC
systems, and come in a wide variety of shapes
and sizes. Typical height ranges from 15 to 55
metres (49 to 180 ft),[1] though the tallest are
the 370 m (1,214 ft) towers of a 2700-metrelong span of Zhoushan Island Overhead
Powerline Tie. In addition to steel, other
materials may be used, including concrete and
wood.

A-shaped

There are four major categories of transmission

towers:[1] suspension, terminal, tension, and
transposition. Some transmission towers
combine these basic functions. Transmission
towers and their overhead power lines are
often considered to be a form of visual

Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the

clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster
in London, and often extended to refer to the clock
and the clock tower. The tower is officially known
as Elizabeth Tower, renamed to celebrate the
Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2012; previously
it was known simply as the Clock Tower. The tower
holds the second largest four-faced chiming clock
in the world. The tower was completed in 1858 and
had its 150th anniversary on 31 May 2009, during
which celebratory events took place. The tower
has become one of the most prominent symbols of
the United Kingdom and is often in the establishing
shot of films set in London.
A-shaped

The CN Tower is a 553.33 m-high concrete

communications and observation tower in
downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Built on the
former Railway Lands, it was completed in 1976,
becoming the world's tallest free-standing
structure and world's tallest tower at the time. It
held both records for 34 years until the completion
of Burj Khalifa and Canton Tower in 2010. It is now
the 3rd tallest tower in the world and remains the
tallest free-standing structure in the Western
Hemisphere, a signature icon of Toronto's skyline,
and a symbol of Canada, attracting more than two
million international visitors annually

single

The BT Tower is a communications tower located in

Fitzrovia, London, owned by BT Group. It has been
previously known as the Post Office Tower, Thames
TV Tower, the London Telecom Tower and the
British Telecom Tower. The main structure is 177
metres high, with a further section of aerial rigging
bringing the total height to 191 metres. It should
not be confused with the BT Centre. Its Post Office
code was YTOW

single

1.The Leaning Tower of Pisa or simply the

Tower of Pisa is the campanile, or
freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of
the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for
its unintended tilt
1.Address: Piazza del Duomo - 56126 Pisa (PI)
2.Phone: 050 835011
3.Opened: 1372
4.Height: 183 feet (55.86 m)
5.Floors: 7
6.Architectural style: Romanesque architecture

double

porta
l

Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, known as

the Tower of London, is a historic castle located on
the north bank of the River Thames in central
London. It lies within the London Borough of Tower
Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the
square mile of the City of London by the open
space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards
the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of
England. The White Tower, which gives the entire
castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror
in 1078, and was a resented symbol of oppression,
inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. The
castle was used as a prison from 1100 until 1952,
although that was not its primary purpose. A grand
palace early in its history, it served as a royal
residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of
several buildings set within two concentric rings of
defensive walls and a moat. There were several
phases of expansion, mainly under Kings Richard
the Lionheart, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th
and 13th centuries. The general layout established
by the late 13th century remains despite later
activity on the site.

The Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower, or

simply Old Joe, is a clock tower and campanile
located in Chancellor's court at the University of
Birmingham, in the suburb of Edgbaston. It is the
tallest free-standing clock tower in the world,
although its actual height is the subject of some
confusion. The university lists it as both 110
metres and 99 metres tall, whereas other sources
state that it is 100 metres tall.
single

3 FAILED TOWERS
KARLOS GARZA

Humans make mistakes, after all, no human is perfect. One

mistake made in the 11th century resulted in a 14,500 ton
leaning tower. This miscalculation would later become a symbol
of civic pride, but tell that to the man who designed it!
The learning tower of Pisa, known as Torre Pendente di Pisa in
Italian, is different than most medieval architecture. This
particular section won't cover the highly advanced construction
techniques that were used, it is important to mention how this
tower's design is significant.
The Leaning Tower is the third oldest building on Pisa's Piazza del
Duomo (cathedral square), the Cathedral and Baptistry were first.
Utilizing many columns and archs, this tower represents an
advanced understanding of weight and load characteristics,
showing the Italian architectures' knowledge.
What the architect didn't account for however, was the base of
the tower being built on a dense section of clay

On the 16th of May 1968 a gas explosion led to the

collapse of an entire corner of the recently opened
Ronan Point council estate in Newham, East
London. The responsible council tenant, Ivy Hodge,
set of a domino effect of buckling flats by trying to
light her stove in her 18th floor apartment. While
Miss Hodge miraculously survived, four others died
and seventeen were injured.
The accident led to a plunge in the public esteem
for Modernist architecture and the architectural
profession, an impact comparable to the iconic
blowing up of the St. Louis Pruitt-Igoe housing
project. This was especially so since the collapse of
Ronan Point was due to construction errors.
The gas explosion caused by Miss Hodge blew out
the flank walls, which supported the floors situated
above. A local architect discovered that the
weakness was in the joints connecting the vertical
walls to the floor slabs. Lack of quality control led
construction workers to fill the joints with
newspapers, instead of concrete.

Following two failed mid-1800s British and French

invasions, Buenos Aires entered the most
prosperous period in its history, especially after the
railroad connected its port with its surrounding
cattle ranches.
European immigrants flocked to Buenos Aires
during the early 20th century. Although most of
these immigrants came from Italy and Spain,
Buenos Aires also welcomed many Germans,
British, and in more recent years, Asians. Infamy
was heaped on the country, however, during and
after WWII, when many high-ranking Nazi officers
escaped Europe and managed to set up new lives
in Argentina.