1

AngieChang,AlinaLee,MaigerLor,MarlenaThao,MaoYang,MeganTorio,SandraXiong
ProfessorFabionar
EthnicStudies96
26February2016
AnnotatedBibliography:SexTrafficking

OfAmerica,SoroptimistInternational."FactsonHumanTraffickingandSexSlavery|
Soroptimist."
HumanTraffickingFacts
.UnitedStatesPatent,1Jan.2007.Web.24Feb.
2016.

Soroptimistisanorganizationthatisworkingtowardstheimprovementofwoman,girls,andthe
localcommunitiesthroughouttheworldtohelphumantraffickingvictims.Theyhadlauncheda
majorcampaignin2007thatraisedawarenessaboutthepracticeofsextrafficking.This
campaignwasmadepossiblebySoroptimistclubmemberswhoplacedcardsaboutsex
traffickinginlocationslikethepolicestation,womenscenters,hospitals,legalaidsocieties,and
etc.Also,Soroptimistincludesmanyprogramsthathelpswomentoimproveintheireducation,
inprojectsthatbenefitsvictimsofhumantrafficking,andprovidefundsforregionsthatare
affectedbynaturaldisastersoractsofwarbecausethesewomenaremorevulnerableto
traffickers.TheSoroptimistwebsitealsoincludesthedefinitionofsextraffickingandvaluable
informationrangingfromwhotrackswomanandgirlstohowmuchsextraffickinghasimpact
itsvictims.

Rodriguez,AmandaWalker,andRodneyHill."HumanSexTrafficking."
FBI
.U.SDepartment
ofJustice,19July2010.Web.24Feb.2016.

Sextraffickingoccursmostlyinlessdevelopedcountries,butitisalsoseentooccur
domesticallybecauseitisoccurringallaroundtheworld.Sextraffickingislikethemodernday
ofslaverywherevictimsareforcedtoperformactsagainsttheirwill.Thereisalawthat
Congresspassedin2000calledTraffickingVictimsProtectionAct(TVPA).Thislawwillbring
publicawarenessprogramsoverseas,toprovideprotectionthroughanewTVisa&servicesfor
foreignnationalvictims,andprosecutionthroughnewfederalcrimeandseverepenalties.TVPA
isenforcedbytheU.S.ImmigrationandCustomsEnforcement(ICE)whichprovidesextrahelp
totrainworkerstoidentifycriminalsandorganizationsthatareassociatedwithillicitactivities.

Anderson,P.B.(2014,Jun07).Conventionraisesawarenessonsextrafficking.
McClatchy
TribuneBusinessNews
Retrievedfrom
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1533650486?accountid=10358

DuringalectureatWesternTechnicalCollegesLundaCenter,AlanKrockwhoisaretired
ChicagoPolicetoucheduponthetopicofhumantrafficking.Hestatedthatthemajorproblem
withhumantraffickingisthatpeopledontseeittoooften.Thesevictimsmostofthetimethink
thattheyhavenohopeofbeingrescuebecausethetraffickerbrainwashthemintothinkingthat
thecopsarethebadguys.Itissadtoknowthatthevictimsbelievethattheyhavenohopeof
everbeingsaved.Overall,humantraffickingcasesarehardtoinvestigatebecauseitisexpensive

andtimeconsumingandmostimportantlytheythemselvesdonotrealizethattheyarethe
victim.duetothemanipulationoftheirtraffickers.

Harris,KamalaD."HumanTraffickinginCambodia."(2013):n.pag.
Oag.ca.gov
.California
DepartmentofJustice,1Jan.2012.Web.26Feb.2016.

Inthis2012ReportofTheStateofHumanTraffickinginCalifornia,humantraffickingisthe
worldssecondmostprofitablecriminalenterpriseafterdrugtrafficking.Itisanestimated$32
billionayearglobalindustry.Californiaisoneofthenationstopfourdestinationforhuman
trafficking.Frommid2010tomid2012,Californiasnineregionalhumantraffickingtaskforces
identified1,277victims,initiated2,552investigators,andarrested1,798individuals.Inaddition,
Californiastaskforcesstatedthat72%ofhumantraffickingvictimsareidentifiedasAmericans.
InCalifornia,traffickerstakeadvantageofthestatesborders,majorinternationalairportsand
portsandmajorinterstateandintrastatehighwaystomovevictimstowheretheycanbe
exploitedforthehighestprices.TheInternetandtechnologyplayabigroleinhumantrafficking.
Traffickersusesocialmediaandotherformofonlinecommunicationtorecruitvictims,suchas
sextrafficking,andfindandcommunicatewithcustomers.

Cooley,Ken."HumanTraffickingAssemblymemberKenCooleyRepresentingthe8th
CaliforniaAssemblyDistrict."
Http://asmdc.org/
.N.P,n.d.Web.26Feb.2016.
<
http://asmdc.org/members/a08/resources/humantrafficking
>.

AccordingtoKenCooley,Assemblymaninthe8thDistrict,anFBITaskForcehasrecovered
300girlsintheSacramentoareainthelastfewyears.Ofthe300girls,theyoungestvictimwas
11yearsold.Alargepercentageofthesegirlshavenohome,nofamily,andnoservicesto
supportthem.TheNationalCenterforMissingandExploitedChildren(NCMEC)estimatesthat
atleast100,000childrenareinchildprostitutioneveryyear.Theaverageageofthesechildren
are1214yearsold.Inaddition,domesticsextraffickingofminorsisaprominentandgrowing
issueinthegreaterSacramentoarea.AccordingtotheU.S.StateDepartment,majorsporting
events,suchastheOlympics,WorldCup,andSuperBowl,providebothanopportunitytoraise
awarenessabouthumantraffickingaswellasachallengetoidentifytraffickingvictimsand
prosecutetraffickerswhotakeadvantageoftheseevent.Inotherwords,eventslikethesearea
goodopportunitytoincreaseawarenesshumantraffickingbutitisalsowherevictimsarebeing
trafficking.

Lawrenson,C.P.(2014).THEINJUSTICEOFCONVICTINGSEXTRAFFICKING
VICTIMS:AMODELVACATINGCONVICTIONSLAW.
ThomasJeffersonLaw
Review,36
(2),341369.RetrievedfromSacStateOneSearch

ThisscholarlyarticlewrittenbyCassandraP.Lawrenson,isabouthelpingvictimsintheir
recoveryusingthevacatingconvictionslaws.Manyvictimshaveacriminalrecordfor
prostitution,possessionofaweapon,etc.aftertheirpimpisarrested.Becauseofthis,theyface
discriminationfromtheiremployers,theycannotgetloansandhousing,andeducation
opportunities

Batstone,David(2010).
NotforSale:TheReturnoftheGlobalSlaveTradeandHowWeCan
FightIt
(1streviseded.).HarperCollins.pg.13.

Inthisbook,byDavidBatstone,onpg.13,hetalkedaboutLakireddyBaliReddy,a
wellknownIndianAmericanBerkeley,CAlandlordandrestaurantowner,waschargedof
illegallybringingtwoteenagegirlsandayoungwomenfromIndiaintotheUnitedStatesand
forcedthemintoslavery.However,acarbonmonoxideleakandledtothedeathofoneofhis
underagegirl,whowas17.Reddywrappedherinacarpet,carryinghertohisvan.However,
BerkeleyresidentMarciaPoolehappenedtosawthescene.ShetrytostopReddyandaskedtwo
motoriststocall911.Despitebeingawitness,thepoliceignoredherandchosetobelieveReddy.
Surprisingly,astoryinaschoolnewspaperledtoapoliceinvestigationthatledtohisarrest.This
bookalsocontainotherstoriesofhumantrafficking.

Goldberg,Jacob."WhatandWhereIstheGoldenTriangle?"
Geography.about.com
.About.com,
n.d.Web.26Feb.2016.

ThiswebsiteisawebsitethatgivesitsreadersthehistoryoftheGoldenTriangleitsorigin,its
distributionofopium,itscontributiontosextrafficking,etc.TheGoldenTriangle,locatedin
SoutheastAsia,isoneoftheworld'slargestdistributorandproducerofopium.Itsisstationed
betweentheborderthatseparatesLaos,Myanmar,andThailand,consumingabout367,000
squaremilesofregionsland.AlthoughtheGoldenTriangleisahugedistributorofopium,its
populationisratherpoor.BecausetheindigenouspeopleorthehilltribesoftheGolden
Trianglelivesinpoverty,theyareeasilyexploitedbysextraffickers,whorecruitpoorwomen
andchildrenasyoungastheageof8bypromisingthemafutureofluxury.

Harris,KamalaD."WhatIsHumanTrafficking?"
Oag.ca.gov
.CaliforniaDepartmentofJustice,
n.d.Web.26Feb.2016.

Thiswebsiteisatrustablewebsiteissuedbythegovernmentthatdefineindetailwhathuman
traffickingis,whatisconsideredashumantrafficking,whatthedefinitionsofhumantrafficking
areintermsofCalifornia,Federal,andInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO),andthe
differenttypesofhumantrafficking.Accordingtothiswebsite,humantraffickingisamodern
formofslaverywhichconsistofsextrafficking,labortrafficking,anddomestictrafficking.
Federalreportsshowsthatabout14,500to17,500victimsweretradedintotheUnitedStates
annually.Between2002and2011,aboutthreeoutofevery1,000persons(men,women,child)
intheworldwerevictimsofhumantrafficking.

UnitedNations,SecrataryGeneral."III.C.18PROTOCOLTOPREVENT,SUPPRESSAND
PUNISHTRAFFICKINGINPERSONS,ESPECIALLYWOMENANDCHILDREN,
SUPPLEMENTINGTHEUNITEDNATIONSCONVENTIONAGAINST
TRANSNATIONALORGANIZEDCRIME(15November2000)."
InternationalLaw&
WorldOrder:Weston's&Carlson'sBasicDocuments
(n.d.):n.pag.
Unicef.org
.United
Nations.Web.26Feb.2016.

ThissourceisanonlinePDFaProtocolestablishedbytheSecretaryGeneraloftheUnited
Nation,writtentohelppreventandcombathumantrafficking,especiallywomenandchildren.
ThepurposeofthisProtocolistopreventandcombathumantrafficking,protectandassist
victimsoftrafficking,andtopromotecooperationamongStatesParties.(3)

Ranong,JetjarasNa,andArusaPisuthipan."ElephantsforKids:FightingHumanTraffickingin
theGoldenTriangle."
Http://www.bangkokpost.com
.BangkokPost,n.d.Web.26Feb.
2016.

ThiswebsiteisawebsitethatprovidesavideoabouttheElephantforKidsisaprojectrunbythe
SoldProjectlocatedinThailand.ThisprojectisaimedtofighthumantraffickingintheGolden
Trianglebytryingtopreventchildprostitutionandchildlaborexploitation.Tobring
awarenesstotheyoungchildrenwhoareathighriskofexploitationtotrafficking,theprogram
offersseveralactivitiessuchmahouttrainingandeducationalprogrammetoteachthemabout
conversations.

Okonkwo,Rhonda,andCheneeRobinson."PERSPECTIVESOFSERVICEPROFESSIONALS
ONTHECONTRIBUTINGFACTORSTOSEXTRAFFICKINGANDONTHE
SERVICEUTILIZATIONPATTERNSOFTHEVICTIMS/SURVIVORS."
Http://csusdspace.calstate.edu/
.CalStateSacramento,Mar.Apr.2015.Web.26Feb.
2016.

ThisscholarlyprojectwrittenbyRhondaOkonkwoandCheneeRobinsonisastudythat
examinestheperspectivesofserviceprovidersonthecontributingfactorstosextraffickingand
ontheutilizationofservicesbythevictims/survivors.Thepurposeofthisstudyistoshowthat
moreeducationandtrainingneedstogointotheprocessofunderstandinghumantraffickingand
theimportanceofhavingmoreservicestohelpsurvivorsgetbackontheirfeet.Thisscholarly
studyincludecharts,graphs,andqualitativedataanalysisthatanalyzethecorrelationof
professionalsratingontheuniversaldefinitionofhumantrafficking,harsherpenaltiesfor
perpetrators,interactionsbetweenvictimsandthelawenforcement,etc.

Christensen,ErikaEwing."SEXTRAFFICKINGVICTIMSANDOFFENDERSINTHE
UNITEDSTATES:ADESCRIPTIVESTUDY."
Http://csusdspace.calstate.edu/
.Cal
StateSacramento,Mar.Apr.2012.Web.26Feb.2016.

ThisscholarlystudywrittenbyErikaEwingChristensenisadescriptivestudythatfocuseson
sextraffickingvictimsandoffendersintheUnitedStates.InChristensensstudy,sheanalyzed
datapreviouslycollectedtheUniversityofMichiganHumanTraffickingLawProjectandthe

UnitedStatesDepartmentofJusticeinordertoidentifytrendsandrelationshipsrelatedtosex
trafficking.AlthoughthereareStateandfederalpoliciesenactedtohelpcombatsextrafficking,
sextraffickingisstillaglobalcrisis,deceivingwomenandchildrenintosexualslavery.

Harter,Melissa,andJohannaLongero."SacramentoMastersProjects."
SacramentoMasters
Projects
.CalStateSacramento,11July2013.Web.26Feb.2016.

Inthisscholarlyjournal,itexplainsaboutwhatdomesticsextrafficking.Itfocuseson
SacramentoandtheperspectivesofexpertsinSacramentoareaofhowtheyseehuman
trafficking.ItgivesinformationanddataonhumantraffickinginCalifornia.Thisjournalis
goingtobereallyusefultoourgroupprojectbecausenotalotpeopleknowthatCaliforniais
consideredatoplocationofhumantraffickingintheUnitedStates.

"MANINDICTEDFORFORCEDLABORANDSEXTRAFFICKINGOFWOMEN
FORCEDTOWORKASPROSTITUTESINORANGECOUNTY."
Http://www.lexisnexis.com.proxy.lib.csus.edu/
.FederalBureauofInvestigation,3May
2012.Web.26Feb.2016.

Inthisnewsarticle,itsaboutamanindictedforsextraffickingofwomen.Thiseventhappened
inOrangeCounty,California.Itexplainswhattheconsequenceofthepredatorwillreceivefor
humantrafficking.Ithinkthisagreatexampleforourprojectandthiscanhelpuspreventyoung
generationforfallingintothesetrapsofbecomingavictim.Wecanusethistoinformpeople
howthepredatorwillbelikeorhowtheysetuptheirtrap.

"CaliforniaHumanTraffickingFactSheet."
Http://www.htcourts.org/
.CenterforPublicPolicy
Studies,1Feb.2013.Web.26Feb.2016.

Inthisarticle,itisafactsheetonhumantrafficking.Itexplainsaboutthethingsweneedto
know.Ithasalotofdataandpercentagetoexplaintherateofhumantrafficking.Ithinkthis
documentwillbeveryusefultoourgroupbecauseithasalotoffactsandevidencetosupport
oursynthesis.Wecanusealotthisinformationtohelpusdoourprojectandspreadawarenessto
others.

"WhatIsHumanTrafficking?"
HumanTraffickingFactSheet
.Caseact.org,n.d.Web.26Feb.
2016.

Inthiswebsiteitexplainsthetypeofdefinitionofwhathumantraffickingmaybe.Itgivesalot
ofinformationaboutthepercentageofthevictimsandtheratiooftheoffenders.Ithasalotof
detailsandnumberthatwecanuse.Ibelievethisarticleisverystrongbecauseitcontainsalot
dataandratiothatwecanrelyon.Thearticleprovideexamplesofvictimsandthedataonthe
averageofwomenwhogetshumantrafficking.

PressSecratary,Office."PresidentialProclamationNationalSlaveryandHumanTrafficking
PreventionMonth."
Www.whitehouse.gov
.TheWhiteHouse,4Jan.2010.Web.26Feb.
2016.
<
https://www.whitehouse.gov/thepressoffice/presidentialproclamationnationalslavery
andhumantraffickingpreventionmonth>.

Inthisarticle"PresidentialProclamationNationalSlaveryandHumanTraffickingPrevention
Month,"PresidentObamaspeaksaboutthetopicofHumantrafficking.Throughoutthisarticle
herefersbacktothemainprinciplesofhowtheUnitedStatewasfounded.Hespeaksabouthow
everyoneisbornwiththeunalienablerighttofreedom.Inhisproclamationhestates,"During
NationalSlaveryandHumanTraffickingPreventionMonth,weacknowledgethatformsof
slaverystillexistinthemodernera,andwerecommitourselvestostoppingthehuman
traffickerswhoplythishorrifictrade."Hecontinuesontalkingabouthowtheslave(victims)fail
torunawaybecauseofthefearofthreatsandphysicalabuse.Thatthevictimsmostlikelythink
thatthereisnosafehaven.Attheendofhisproclamation,heproclaimsandannouncesthatthe
monthofJanuaryisNationalSlaveryandHumanTraffickingPreventionMonth.

"PresidentObama'sSpeechonHumanTrafficking."
PresidentObama'sSpeechonHuman
Trafficking
.Http://www.americanbar.org/,n.d.Web.26Feb.2016.
<
http://www.americanbar.org/publications/judges_journal/2013/winter/president_obamas
_speech_on_human_trafficking.html
>.

ThisisanotherarticlewrittenbasedononeofPresidentObama'sspeech.Inthisspeechhe
speaksonhowhumantraffickingisnow,the"modern"practicesofslavery.Hethengoeson
andspeaksonhowtheitisabarbaricconceptandthatitisnotsuitableforacivilizedcountry
liketheUnitedStates.AglobalmovementwasstartedwhenPresidentClintonsignedthe
TraffickingProtectionAct.Thisactwasmadetohelpthevictimsofhatefulcrime.TheUnited
Statesarealwaysontheirtoesaboutensuringthatothercountrieshelpandbringforthsolutions
tothisglobalepidemic.PresidentObama,continuesonandhowhewantseveryonetostepup
(hisadministrators)theirgameandstartdoingsomethingaboutthisglobalizedproblem.

Cole,Jennifer,andGinnySprang."SexTraffickingofMinorsinMetropolitan,Micropolitan,and
RuralCommunities."
SexTraffickingofMinorsinMetropolitan,Micropolitan,and
RuralCommunities
.Elsevier,1Feb.2015.Web.22Feb.2016.

Thisresearchpaperidentifiesthewaysthatchildrenandyoutharetraffickedinmetropolitan,
micropolitan,andruralcommunities.Theauthorsanalyzeprofessionalsdataofsextrafficking
intheseareas.Afocusinthisresearchissextraffickingofminors.Theprimaryfocusofthis
researchistoexaminetheprofessionalsawareness,knowledge,andexperienceswiththework
donewiththeindividualminorswhoarevictimsofsextrafficking.Oneofthefindingsincluded
intheresearchishowtraffickersareusingtheinternettofacilitatecommercialsexin
communities.Theprofessionalsmentionedinthisstudyhadworkedwithsextraffickingvictims
thatexperiencedpoverty,priorvictimization,substanceabuse,homelessness,etc.

Alvarez,MariaBeatriz,andEdwardJ.Alessi."HumanTraffickingIsMorethanSexTrafficking
andProstitution:ImplicationsforSocialWork."
Aff.sagepub.com
.SAGE,1May2012.
Web.23Feb.2016.

ThisscholarlyarticlediscussesthedeepermeaningofHumanTraffickingandhowitisseen
moreasSexTraffickingthanotherforcedlabors.Theauthorsmentionsstatisticsandfactsin
whichrelatetoHumanTrafficking.One,beingthatglobalearningsfromHumanTraffickingare
around$31billionandisstatedanextremelyprofitableenterprise.InthearticleHuman
Traffickingisconsideredamodernformofslavery.Afactfromthearticleisthatitisestimated
worldwidethatupto27millionpeoplehavebeenvictimsofhumantraffickingorforcedinto
laborinsomekindofway.Theauthorsexplaintheotherlaborsthatthosetraffickedareforcedto
workincommoditiesthataresoldinglobalmarketssuchas:coffee,cocoa,sugar,cotton,etc.
Thefocusthenswitchestochildrenandhowtheybecomevictimsofhumantrafficking.The
articlestatesthatchildrenaremostlyforcedtobecomevictimsofsextrafficking,organ
harvesting,begging,anddomesticservitude.

TEDTalks:SherylWuDunnOurCenturysGreatestInjustice
.
FilmsOnDemand
.FilmsMedia
Group,2010.Web.24Feb.2016.

InherTedTalk,SherylWudunnstatesthattherearesixtymilliontohundredmillionmissing
femalesinthecurrentpopulation.Shegivesreasonstothisfactbystatingthatinthelasthalf
centurymorefemaleswerediscriminatedtodeaththantheamountofpeoplekilledinthe
battlefieldsofthetwentiethcentury.Shethendiscusseshowoverpopulationmayhavea
connectiontopoverty.Sherylgivesexamplesofhowinmostcasesmenaretheonesspending
themoneyinthehouseholdsandexactlywhatthemoneyisspentonalcohol,tobacco,sugar
drinks,etc.SherylthenpullsthefocusbacktoSexTraffickingwhereshecomparestheamount
ofslavestradedinthepasttotheamountofmodernslavestoday.Shesaysaslavebackthenis
worthabout40,000dollarsintodaysmoneybuttobuyayounggirlnowonlycosts100dollars,
whichmeanssheismoredisposable.

SexTraffickingintheUSA
.
FilmsOnDemand
.FilmsMediaGroup,2014.Web.24Feb.2016.

Thisfilmisaboutsheltersforvictimsofsextraffickingandtheimportanceofmoreshelters
appearingallovertheUnitedStates.Oneofthewomeninthefilmdiscusseshowshefeelsthat
womenwhoentersextraffickingusuallyhaveabackgroundofrapeorabuse.Shesaysthatthe
mostcommonstoriesfromthewomeninhershelterarethattheyarerapedorabusedfromthe
agesseventoelevenandthenhitthestreetsbetweenfourteenandsixteenyearsold.She
mentionshowifnotallmostofthemstrugglefrompovertyandhavecriminalrecords.Shana
Goodwinspeaksonherexperienceofbeingrapedandabusedwhenshewasonlythreeyearsold.
Bianacaspeaksabouthowherdadsexuallyabusedherwhenshewaselevenyearsold.Shelia
speaksabouthowhermotherwasheavilyoncocainewhilebeingaprostituteandhowshewould
bringmanymenhomeforbothherandShelia.Allthesewomenabovehadonemainthingin
commonotherthantheexperienceofsexualabuseandenteringaformofsextraffickingbutthat
astheywereexperiencingthesetragediestheydidnotknowitwaswrong.

"HumanTraffickingatAirports:7WarningSigns."
CNN
.CableNewsNetwork,5Aug.2015.
Web.26Feb.2016.
<http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/30/travel/humantraffickingatairports/index.html>.

InCNNarticleittalksaboutthe7differentwaysyoucanseeorspotpersonbeingtrafficked.
Oneyouseethatthepersonhasfewornopersonalitems.Victimsmaybewearingclothesthat
arethewrongsizeorarenotappropriatefortheweatherontheirrouteoftravel.Twotheperson
willhavetattoowithacode.Threethepersonwillnotbeabletoprovidedetailsofwhereheor
sheisgoing.Fourifthevictimsoundslikesheisarobot.Fiveifthevictimisnotfreelytomove
aroundtheairport.SixWhenasktotalktheywillfeelintimidationandwillnottalkabout
themselves.Sevenifseencantellthevictimhasmanybruises,scars,andburns.

JoanA.Reid,JulianaHuard&RachaelA.Haskell(2015)Familyfacilitatedjuvenilesex
trafficking,JournalofCrimeandJustice,38:3,361376,DOI:10.1080/0735648X.2014.967965
Thisarticlesaid"twoprimaryformsofJSTarechildpornography,whichentailssellingof
sexualimages,videos,orwebcastsoflivesexshowsinvolvingminors,andprostitutionof
minors,whichinvolvesthephysicalexchangeofsexwithminorsformoneyorother
commoditiesandservices.Sextraffickerswhoprotfromthesexualexploitationofminorsmay
bestrangers,boyfriends,girlfriends,employers,drugdealers,familymembers,orothertrusted
adults."Thenthearticlegoestotalkabouthowfamilymembersaresellingortradingsexoftheir
childrelativeformoneyorothervaluedcommodities.