B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN

TIU CHUN K THUT

THIT K BIN
(Ban hnh theo Quyt nh s 1613/Q-BNN-KHCN ngy 09/ 7/2012
ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn)

H NI - 2012

LI NI U
Tiu chun c bin son t 14TCN 130-2002 Hng dn thit k bin v
Tiu chun k thut p dng cho chng trnh cng c, bo v v nng cp bin t
Qung Ninh n Qung Nam (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 57/Q-BNN-KHCN ngy
08 thng 01 nm 2010), c chnh sa, cp nht v b sung t mt s kt qu nghin cu
ca cc ti khoa hc cng ngh giai on II thuc Chng trnh khoa hc cng ngh
phc v xy dng bin v cng trnh thy li vng ca sng ven bin v cc tiu chun
khc c lin quan.
Tiu chun do T son tho Hng dn thit k bin (km theo Quyt nh s
1522/Q-BNN-KHCN ngy 07 thng 6 nm 2010 ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht
trin nng thn) bin son c s h tr ca Trng i hc Thy li v Trng i hc
Cng ngh Delft, H Lan; Cc Qun l iu v Phng chng lt bo, V Khoa hc
Cng ngh v Mi trng ngh; B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn ban hnh.

1. Phm vi p dng
1.1 Tiu chun k thut ny quy nh v cc tiu ch, ch s k thut v cc yu cu khi thit k, thm
nh, ph duyt cc d n u t xy dng thuc Chng trnh cng c, bo v v nng cp bin
c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt ti Quyt nh s 58/2006/Q-TTg ngy 14 thng 3 nm
2006 i vi cc tnh ven bin t Qung Ninh n Qung Nam v Quyt nh s 667/Q-TTg ngy
27 thng 5 nm 2009 i vi cc tnh ven bin t Qung Ngi n Kin Giang.
1.2 Khi p dng, ngoi cc quy nh trong tiu chun ny, cn phi tun th cc quy nh trong cc
vn bn quy phm php lut khc c lin quan.
1.3 Tiu chun ny c th c s dng nh ti liu tham kho cho cng trnh khc c iu kin k
thut tng t.
2. Ti liu vin dn
Cc ti liu vin dn sau l cn thit cho vic p dng tiu chun ny. i vi cc ti liu vin dn
ghi nm cng b th p dng bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi nm cng b th
p dng bn mi nht, bao gm c cc sa i (nu c).
TCVN 8481- 2010, Quy nh thnh phn, khi lng kho st a hnh i vi cng trnh iu;
TCVN 8477: 2010, Quy nh thnh phn, khi lng kho st a cht trong cc giai on lp d n
v thit k cng trnh thu li;
TCVN 8216:2009, Thit k p t m nn;
TCVN 4253:2012, Cng trnh thy li - Nn cc cng trnh thy cng - Yu cu thit k;
TCVN 8166:2012, Cng trnh thy li Yu cu k thut thi cng bng bin php m nn nh;
TCVN 9165:2012, Cng trnh thy li - Yu cu k thut p ;
3. Ti liu c bn lm cn c thit k
3.1 Ti liu a hnh
- Thnh phn, khi lng kho st a hnh: p dng Tiu chun TCVN 8481- 2010 quy nh thnh
phn, khi lng kho st a hnh i vi cng trnh iu.
- Ngoi ra cn p dng cc quy nh sau:
+ Ti liu thu thp c thi gian khng qu 05 nm i vi vng bi trc n nh v khng qu 01
nm i vi vng bi ang bi hoc xi;
+ Phm vi o c ti thiu 100m t tim tuyn d kin v pha ng v 100m t ng mp nc
v pha bin. Trong trng hp trng rng ngp mn, cn kho st phm vi v pha bin ti thiu l 500m.
+ tnh ton truyn sng t vng nc su vo v tr chn cng trnh, i vi mi tuyn c
chiu di nh hn hoc bng 10 km cn kho st 01 mt ct ngang i din (vung gc vi hng
trung bnh ca tuyn ) t mp nc ti khu vc ngoi khi c su 10m.

+ i vi vng b bin xi, cn thu thp thm ti liu lch s v din bin ca ng b t nht l 20
nm so vi thi im lp d n;
+ Trng hp vng t d kin tuyn i qua l vng t yu phn b rng (vng m ly) c th
s dng phng php khng nh xem xt tng th a hnh, a mo.
3.2 Ti liu a cht
- Thnh phn, khi lng kho st a cht p dng theo Tiu chun ngnh TCVN 8477: 2010 quy
nh thnh phn, khi lng kho st a cht trong cc giai on lp d n v thit k cng trnh
thu li.
- i vi cng trnh t trn nn t yu thnh phn khi lng kho st a cht tham kho thm
cc tiu chun nh: 22 TCN 262-2000 Quy trnh kho st thit k nn ng t p trn t yu; 22
TCN 260-2000 Quy trnh kho st a cht cc cng trnh ng thy (trong c cng trnh k b, k
chn sng, k chng sa bi, tng chn.vv...).
- Ngoi ra, cn cn c iu kin thc t cng trnh xc nh thnh phn khi lng kho st a
cht ph hp, trnh cp c thm quyn ph duyt.
3.3 Ti liu kh tng, thy vn, hi vn
Thu thp v phn tch ti liu v thy triu, bo, nc dng do bo, dng ven, vn chuyn bn ct,
sng, dng chy l vng ca sng v cc thin tai khc trong khu vc d n. Thi gian thu thp ti
liu ti thiu 20 nm so vi thi im lp d n. Trng hp cha c ti liu cn tin hnh o c,
b sung s liu v s dng m hnh tnh ton ph hp m phng v nh gi xu th bin ng.
3.4. Ti liu dn sinh, kinh t v mi trng
- Thu thp, thng k ti liu v dn s, kinh t v mi trng hin trng;
- Quy hoch v k hoach pht trin kinh t - x hi trong tng lai.
4. Tiu chun an ton v phn cp
4.1. Tiu chun an ton
Tiu chun an ton (TCAT) c xc nh trn c s kt qu bi ton phn tch ti u xt ti mc
thit hi v ngi, c s h tng, ti sn trong vng c bo v v tng mc u t. TCAT
c th hin bng chu k lp li (nm), quy nh ti Bng 1.
4.2. Xc nh cp
- bin c phn lm 5 cp: cp I, cp II, cp III, cp IV v cp V.
- Cp c xc nh theo hng dn phn cp ban hnh km theo vn bn s 4116/BNNTCTL ngy 13 thng 12 nm 2010 ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn.
- Trng hp khng ti liu xc nh cp theo hng dn ti vn bn s 4116/BNN-TCTL
th c th xc nh cp theo tiu chun an ton ti Bng 1.
- Cp la chn cui cng l cp c gi tr bng hoc nh hn theo cc tiu ch nu trn v
6

- Trong trng hp tuyn kt hp vi cc vai tr quan trng khc nh vn an ninh, quc

phng hoc thuc vng c c th ring v cc mt kinh t, x hi th cn c nhng quy nh ring
trong vic la chn cp i vi tng trng hp c th.
Bng 1. Tiu chun an ton v phn cp
Vng

Tiu chun an ton

(chu k lp li:nm)

Cp

Vng th, cng nghip pht trin*:

- Din tch bo v > 100.000 ha

150

- Dn s > 200.000 ngi

Vng nng thn c nng nghip pht trin, c quy hoch khu
th, khu cng nghip:
- Din tch bo v: t 50.000 n 100.000 ha

100

II

- Dn s: t 100.000 n 200.000 ngi

Vng nng thn, nng nghip pht trin:
- Din tch bo v: t 10.000 n 50.000 ha

50

III

30

IV

10

- Dn s: t 50.000 n 100.000 ngi

Vng nng thn, nng nghip pht trin trung bnh:
- Din tch bo v: t 5.000 n 10.000 ha
- Dn s: t 10.000 n 50.000 ngi
Vng nng thn, nng nghip chm pht trin:
- Din tch bo v: < 5.000 ha
- Dn s : < 10.000 ngi
GHI CH:
-(*): Khu cng nghip, nng nghip pht trin l da trn t l c cu kinh t trong vng c bo v. Nu t l
cng nghip ln hn th thuc vng cng nghip pht trin v ngc li.
- Khi s dng Bng 1, trc ht phi xp vng c bo v thuc loi vng thnh th hay nng thn, cng
nghip hay nng nghiptheo tiu ch vng sau xem xt hai tiu ch (din tch, dn s) xc nh TCAT.
Trng hp vng c bo v ch t 1 tiu ch th h xung 1 mc. Vic phn vng xt phi cp n
quy hoch v k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi n 2020 v tm nhn n 2050.
- Cc tuyn b bao thit k vi chu k lp li nh hn 10 nm c xc nh l cc b bao tm hoc quy
phc v thi cng.

5. Tuyn
5.1. Yu cu chung
- Ph hp vi quy hoch tng th;
- Cn c iu kin a hnh, a cht;
- nh gi din bin b bin, bi bin v ca sng;
- An ton, thun li trong xy dng, qun l v duy tr, pht trin cy chn sng trc ;
- Bo v cc di tch vn ho, lch s v a gii hnh chnh;
- Kt hp vi ng giao thng ven bin (nu ph hp);
- Ph hp vi cc gii php thch ng do nh hng ca bin i kh hu;
- m bo quy nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng.
5.2. Yu cu v v tr tuyn
- i qua vng c a th cao, a cht nn tng i tt;
- Ni tip thng thun v m bo n nh i vi cc cng trnh c;
- Thun li cho vic b tr cc cng trnh ph tr;
- Khng nh hng n thot l v cng trnh chnh tr ca sng (i vi ca sng);
- p ng yu cu i vi cc hot ng bn vng ca bn cng, bi tm, khu du lch, di tch lch s
v danh lam thng cnh;
- i vi tuyn kt hp vi h thng giao thng v an ninh quc phng cn phi tun theo cc quy
nh khc ca ngnh giao thng v quc phng;
- Tn dng ti a cc cn ct t nhin, i ni, cng trnh c khp kn tuyn , p ng yu
cu kinh t - k thut ca tuyn ;
- So snh hiu qu ca 02 n 03 phng n tuyn la chn v tr t hiu qu tng hp tt
nht;
- i vi tuyn quan trng cn tin hnh th nghim m hnh thu lc xc nh v tr tuyn thch
hp.
5.3. Yu cu v hnh dng tuyn
5.3.1. i vi tuyn mi
- Hnh dng mt bng tuyn nn trnh gp khc, gim thiu ti a s tp trung nng lng sng
cc b; ng thi nn trnh vung gc vi hng gi thnh hnh; thng qua so snh v khi lng
cng trnh v tng mc u t quyt nh dng tuyn ph hp;
- Trong trng hp phi b tr tuyn cong, cn c cc bin php gim sng hoc tng cng sc
chng ca khu vc cong;
8

- Khng to ra im xung yu ni ni tip vi cc cng trnh ln cn v khng nh hng n cc

vng t lin quan.
5.3.2 i vi tuyn hin c
Trng hp thit k nng cp tuyn hin c, cn phi xem xt cc yu cu nu mc (5.3.1)
iu chnh cc b tuyn cho ph hp.
5.4. Thit k tuyn vng bi thay i
5.4.1.Tuyn vng bi bi
5.4.1.1. Yu cu chung
- Ph hp vi quy hoch h thng knh mng thu li, h thng ngn v cng thot nc trong
khu vc c bo v, h thng giao thng phc v thi cng v khai thc
- c xc nh trn c s kt qu nghin cu v quy lut bi trong vng quai v cc yu t nh
hng khc nh iu kin thu ng lc vng ni tip, sng, dng bn ct ven b, s mt cn
bng ti ct vng ln cn, d bo xu th pht trin ca vng bi trong tng lai;
- Thun li trong thi cng, c bit l cng tc hp long , tiu thot ng, bi p t mi, ci to
th nhng (thau chua, ra mn), c cu cy trng, quy trnh khai thc v bo v mi trng.
5.4.1.2. i vi trng hp quai ln bin
- Trn c s so snh v kinh t - k thut cc phng n la chn cao trnh bi ph hp, nu
quai ln bin khi bi bi qu cao th vic khai thc bi sau khi quai gp kh khn, nht l vi
mc ch m rng t nng nghip; nu quai khi bi bi cn qu thp th mc ri ro ln;
- Cao trnh thch hp nht tin hnh quai khi bi bi l ra cao trnh tng ng vi mc nc
bin trung bnh;
- C th tin hnh quai vng bi c cao thp hn mc nc bin trung bnh, sau dng
cc bin php k thut to nhanh qu trnh bi lng cho vng bi trong t mc tiu khai thc.
5.4.1.3. Cc tuyn ngn vng
Tuyn ngn vng c b tr trong tuyn chnh chia ton vng thnh cc v mi thnh
nhiu mnh, thch hp vi iu kin t nhin v yu cu khai thc ca tng khu vc.
5.4.2. Tuyn vng bi bin xi
5.4.2.1. Yu cu chung
- i vi vng bi bin, b bin ang b xi, tuyn thng b ph hoi do tc ng trc tip ca
sng vo thn, mi gy st st. Cn nghin cu k xu th din bin ca ng b, qu trnh h
thp bi, c ch v nguyn nhn gy xi, cc yu t nh hng khc quyt nh phng n tuyn
thch hp;
- Xem xt phng n tuyn cn gn lin vi vic nh gi kh nng tin hnh cc bin php
chng xi, gy bi, n nh bi v b bin trc quyt nh;
9

Khi cha c bin php khng ch c hin tng b, bi bin xi th tuyn phi c quy m v v
tr thch hp; ngoi tuyn chnh, cn xem xt b tr thm tuyn d phng, kt hp vi cc bin
php phi cng trnh gim tn tht trong trng hp tuyn chnh b ph hoi.
5.4.2.2. Tuyn chnh
Theo yu cu cc mc 5.1. v 5.2. cn xt n cc yu t c th ca hin tng bin ln la
chn v tr tuyn chnh:
- Nm pha trong v tr sng v ln u (cch mt chiu di sng thit k).
- Song song vi ng mp nc khi triu kit (mc nc triu ng vi tn sut 95 %).
5.4.2.3. Tuyn d phng
- Khong cch gia tuyn d phng v chnh t nht bng 02 ln chiu di sng thit k.
- Gia hai tuyn chnh v d phng nn b tr cc ngn, khong cch gia cc tuyn
ngn nn bng 03 n 04 ln khong cch gia hai .
- Kt hp giao thng v cu h .
6. Xc nh cc tham s hi vn
Cc yu t c trng iu kin bin hi vn chnh phc v cng tc thit k bin bao gm: mc
nc thit k, cc tham s sng khu vc nc su v ti chn cng trnh tng ng vi tn sut
thit k.
6.1. Mc nc thit k
Mc nc thit k (MNTK) l mc nc tng hp bao gm t hp mc nc triu thin vn v cc
thnh phn nc dng do cc yu t khc to ra tng ng theo tn sut thit k.
6.1.1. trc din vi bin
Cc thnh phn chnh xc nh MNTK cho trc din bin gm: t hp mc nc triu thin vn
v chiu cao nc dng do bo ng vi tn sut thit k v nh hng ca nc bin dng do bin
i kh hu (nu c xt n). Cng thc tng qut xc nh MNTK nh sau:
Ztk,p = ZTB + (Atr+ Hnd)p

(1)

Trong :
Ztk,p - Mc nc thit k bin ng vi tn sut thit k P% (m);
ZTB

- Mc nc bin trung bnh ti khu vc d n quy v cao lc a (m);

Hnd

- Chiu cao nc dng do bo (m);

Atr - Bin triu thin vn trn mc nc bin trung bnh;

(Atr+ Hnd)p- T hp mc nc triu thin vn v chiu cao nc dng do bo tng ng vi
tn sut thit k P%.
T cng thc tng qut (1), MNTK c tnh sn cho cc v tr dc b bin theo cc tn sut thit
10

k khc nhau v th hin bng cc ng tn sut mc nc tng hp tra cu ti Ph lc A. Khi s

dng cc ng tn sut mc nc tng hp ti Ph lc A cn lu :
- Cn c TCAT quy nh ti Bng 1 xc nh chu k lp li mc nc thit k cho ton khu vc
d n;
- Nu v tr cn xc nh mc nc thit k khng trng vi v tr tnh sn th c php ni suy gia
hai v tr lin k;
- Khi xt n nh hng ca nc bin dng (NBD), MNTK thit k c xc nh bng tng gi tr
ca mc nc thit k tra t ng tn sut tng hp cng thm gi tr d bo gia tng mc nc
bin trung bnh do nh hng ca nc bin dng (ZNBD) v c xc nh theo cng thc:
Ztk,p

= MNTKptra + ZNBD

(2)

Trong :
MNTKptra - Mc nc bin tng ng vi tn sut P(%) tra theo ng tn sut mc nc
tng hp ti Ph lc A.
ZNBD - Tr s gia tng mc nc bin trung bnh do nh hng ca nc bin dng, c
xc nh nh sau:
ZNBD = Tct*RNBD

(3)

Trong :
RNBD - Tc dng nc bin trung bnh (m/nm) theo kch bn NBD trung bnh quy nh bi
B Ti Nguyn & Mi trng.
TCT - Tui th cng trnh d kin xy dng (nm); TCT c xc nh cn c vo tui th ca
cng trnh v c quy nh bi cc c quan quyt nh u t v cc vn bn quy phm, php lut
lin quan. Tui th ca c xc nh da vo cp v c quy nh ti Bng 2.
Bng 2. Quy nh v tui th ca cng trnh vnh cu
Cp

Tui th (nm)

I-II

100

III-IV

50

20

V d: Tc dng nc bin trung bnh vng bin min Bc nc ta l 0,006 m/nm. H

thng c thit k bo v vng th thuc loi cng trnh cp III c tui th l 50 nm. Gi
tr gia tng mc nc bin trung bnh do nh hng ca nc bin dng trong trng hp ny l:
ZNBD = 50 (nm) x 0,006 (m/nm)= 0.3 m.

11

6.1.2. bao quanh vng ca sng v m ph

Vic xc nh MNTK i vi bao quanh vng ca sng, m ph, cn phi k thm yu t nc
dnh do nh hng kt hp ca nc l trong sng ra v nc pha bin truyn vo. Trong
trng hp ny, cn phi s dng m hnh thy lc mt chiu xc nh mc nc kt hp ca
hai yu t sng-bin ti v tr d kin xy dng cng trnh. iu kin bin cho m hnh thy lc mt
chiu bao gm: Bin pha bin l mc nc pha bin tng ng vi tn sut thit k, xc nh theo
Mc 6.1.1; bin pha sng l mc nc v lu lng l trong sng ng vi tn sut thit k.
6.2. Tham s sng thit k
6.2.1. Ti vng nc su (sng ngoi khi)
Tham s sng nc su bao gm: chiu cao sng c ngha v chu k sng (Hs, Tm) tng ng vi
tn sut thit k v gc sng ti 0 ti khu vc nc su c nh hng trc tip n khu vc xy
dng d n.
- Chiu cao sng v chu k sng thit k ti khu vc nc su c tnh ton sn cho tng vng
dc theo ng b v c tra cu ti Ph lc B. Trong cn xc nh:
+ Vng bin ngoi khi nh hng trc tip n khu vc d n;
+ Chu k lp li hoc tn sut thit k;
+ Tra bng xc nh chiu cao v chu k sng thit k.
- Hng sng ti ti khu vc nc su l gc to bi gia phng php tuyn ng b v hng
sng chnh ti khu vc d n. Trong thit k bin thng thng la chn trng hp bt li nht
0=00 (khng ), tng ng vi trng hp sng ti i vung gc (chnh din) vi on ng b.
6.2.2. Ti chn cng trnh
Chiu cao sng s dng trong cc tnh ton thit k mt ct ngang (nh sng leo, sng trn, n
nh kt cu bo v mi, vv) l chiu cao sng ti c ngha Hs c xc nh ti v tr chn cng
trnh do sng tng ng vi tn sut thit k ti khu vc nc su truyn vo (gi tt l sng thit
k ti chn cng trnh).
Sng thit k ti chn cng trnh c xc nh bng cch truyn sng thit k t khu vc nc su
vo n v tr xem xt.
- V tr chn cng trnh: c xc nh l v tr pha bin theo phng vung gc vi hng ng
b, cch ng mp nc mt khong t L/2 n L0/4 theo phng vung gc vi ng b v
pha bin.
Trong :
+ L: chiu di sng cc b ti chn cng trnh;
+ L0: chiu di sng vng nc su;

12

+ ng mp nc: L giao tuyn gia mt nc bin ti mc nc bin trung bnh vi mt

bi trc hoc mt mi ;
- Tnh ton truyn sng: Sng truyn t khu vc nc su vo v tr chn cng trnh tri qua cc qu
trnh gim nng lng sng do hiu ng nc nng, ma st y, phn x, nhiu x v sng .
Khuyn ngh thit k s dng m hnh truyn sng mt chiu SWAN - 1D do trng i hc Cng
ngh Delft, H Lan cung cp phn tch truyn sng v xc nh cc tham s sng thit k ti v tr
chn cng trnh. Hng dn s dng m hnh SWAN 1D ti Ph lc H.
Tham s sng nc su thit k tra t cc ng tn sut sng nc su ti cc v tr vng b dc b
bin, tra Ph lc B nh quy nh ti mc 6.2.1.
Ngoi ra, trong Ph lc B tnh sn kt qu cc gi tr sng thit k ti chn cng trnh cho cc v
tr dc b bin. C th s dng cc gi tr ny tham kho, so snh hoc tnh ton trong giai on
thit k c s.
Chiu cao sng thit k la chn cui cng m bo ln hn hoc bng gi tr chiu cao sng gii
hn su, c xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim sau:
Hs = ahct

(4)

Trong :
a - H s kinh nghim, bng 0,5;
hct - su nc ng vi MNTK ti v tr chn cng trnh.
6.2.3. Tnh ton sng khi c rng ngp mn
Rng ngp mn vi h thng r, tn cy s tiu tn mt phn nng lng khi sng i qua. Sau khi
sng truyn qua rng ngp mn, chiu cao sng s b suy gim. Tuy nhin, khi xc nh gim sng
trong thit k bin, rng ngp mn cn phi p ng y cc iu kin bt buc sau:
- Rng ngp mn tn ti;
- Trng thi v cht lng rng ngp mn lun m bo n nh;
Chiu cao sng k n s trit gim do c rng ngp mn xc nh theo cng thc:
Hs = Kt. (1+).Hs,k

(5)

Trong :
Hs (m): Chiu cao sng thit k ti v tr cng trnh c xt n nh hng ca rng ngp
mn.
Hs,k: Chiu cao sng thit k ti v tr cng trnh khi khng c rng ngp mn.
Kt: H s trit gim sng (xc nh theo Hnh 1)
= (0,1 n 0,3): H s k n sai s v m hnh (rng tha 0,1; rng trung bnh 0,2;
rng dy 0,3).

13

H s gim sng Kt ph thuc vo chiu rng ca ai rng ngp mn (x) v trng thi ca rng ngp
mn. Mt khc, mi trng thi rng ngp mn li c c trng bi mt gi tr ca tham s gim
sng (r).
Mi tng quan gia Kt v r th hin qua cng thc:

Kt ( x) = e rx

(6)

T kt qu kho st thc t v phn tch, xc nh c gi tr tham s gim sng (r) i vi cc

trng thi rng ngp mn ti Bng 3.
Bng 3. Tham s gim sng (r)
Trng thi RNM

Tham s gim sng r

Dy

0.010

Trung bnh

0.007

Tha

0.004

Quan h v gi tr gia chiu rng ai rng ngp mn v h s gim sng c biu th ti Hnh 1.

Hnh 1. Quan h chiu rng ai rng ngp mn v h s gim sng

i vi rng dy, s dng ng s 1, rng trung bnh: ng s 2, rng tha: ng s 3.
Trng thi rng ph thuc mt , tn che ca mi loi rng (ph thuc vo chiu cao, ng
knh tn, s cnh/cy...). Rng c chia thnh 3 trng thi: dy, trung bnh v tha ti Bng 4:

14

Bng 4. Trng thi rng ngp mn ng vi mt v tn che

tn che rng (%)

Mt
(cy/ha)

100

95

20.000

Dy

Dy

16.000

Dy

Dy

Dy

12.000

Dy

Dy

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

8.000

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

4.000

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Tha

3.000

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Tha

Tha

2.000

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Tha

Tha

1.500

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Tha

Tha

Tha

1.000

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Tha

Tha

Tha

90

85

80

75

GHI CH:
Mt (N): s cy trn mt hecta.
tn che (TC): t l (%) gia tng din tch hnh chiu cc tn cy trn b mt nm ngang v din tch mt
t.

7. Thit k mt ct
7.1. Yu cu thit k mt ct
- Thit k mt ct i vi tuyn mi, cng c, nng cp tuyn c v cc hng mc lin quan
phi m bo cng trnh an ton, n nh vi iu kin bin thit k.
- Bo m yu cu v k thut - kinh t i vi mc tiu chnh v p ng yu cu ca cc mc tiu
pht trin kinh t - x hi khc trong vng d n.
- Cc yu t chnh cn xem xt khi thit k mt ct gm: La chn mt ct, tnh ton xc nh cao
trnh nh , thn v nn , dc mi , tnh ton n nh
7.2. Mt ct c trng
Mt ct c trng bin thng c 03 loi chnh:
- mi nghing;
- tng ng;
- hn hp (trn nghing di ng hoc trn ng di nghing).
Vic chn loi mt ct ph hp cn cn c vo iu kin a hnh, a cht, thu hi vn, vt liu xy
15

dng, iu kin thi cng v yu cu s dng phn tch v quyt nh.

Mt s v d minh ho mt ct ngang bin ti Hnh 2 (tham kho).
s m t c t b i n d n g t n g n g
Ph a b i n

1
ph a N G

m=

2~3

4
6
N n
2

1. M t
2. N n c b c phong ha
3. t dp thn

4. T r ng c m i
5.T ng
6. L ng th chng xi
7. C y ch n sn g

s mt ct bin b tr c hai pha

pha NG

2
m=

2~

2
m=

m =3

10

Mt
C pha ng
C pha bin
Rnh tiu

~5

Nn
5.
6.
7.
8.

11

Pha bin

~5

m =3

9
1.
2.
3.
4.

~3

Chn khay
Lng th chng xi
Mi pha ng
Mi pha bin

9. Nn c bc phong ha
10. t p thn
11. Cy chn sng

s m t ct bin dng mi nghing

pha NG

Pha bin

4
3
2
= ~

m =3

~5

10

2
1.
2.
3.
4.

Nn

M t
Nn c bc phong ha
t dp thn
Trng c mi

5. Gia c mi pha bin

6. Lp lt
7. Chn khay
8. Lng th chng xi

9. M ng tiu nc
10. Cy chn sng

s m t ct bin bo v 3 m t
pha NG

m=

Pha bin

4
~3

m =3

~5

10

3
N n

1.
2.
3.
4.

16

11

M t
Nn c bc phong ha
t thn
Gia c m i pha ng

5.
6.
7.
8.

Gia c m i pha bin

Lp lt
Chn khay
Lng th chng xi

8
9. M ng tiu nc
10. Thit b thot nc
11. Cy chn sng

s m t c t b i n d n g h n h p
P h a b i n

1
4
p h a N G

3
=2~

m=

3~5

10
7

8
9

N n
2
1.
2.
3.
4.

M t
N n c bc phong ha
t thn
T rng c m i

5.
6.
7.
8.

3
G ia c m i pha bin
L p lt
T ng
K hi T etrapod

9. L ng th chng xi
10. C y chn sng

Hnh 2. Mt s mt ct bin c trng

7.3. Xc nh cc tham s thit k mt ct
7.3.1. Cao trnh nh
7.3.1.1. Cng thc tng qut
Zp = Ztk,p + Hlk + a

(7)

Trong :
Zp

- Cao trnh nh thit k (m);

Ztk,p - Mc nc thit k (MNTK);

Hlk

- cao lu khng;

- Tr s gia tng cao.

Tnh ton xc nh cc thnh phn trong cng thc (7) nh sau:

7.3.1.2. Mc nc thit k (Ztk,p): MNTK xc nh theo mc 6.1.
7.3.1.3. cao lu khng (Hlk)
a) trc din vi bin, khng cho php sng trn
cao lu khng (Hlk) c xc nh l khong chiu cao t MNTK n v tr m sng thit k leo trn
mi , quy nh l chiu cao sng leo 2% do sng thit k gy ra Rsl2%, p (c ngha l cho php 2% s
con sng thit k c trn qua nh , tng ng vi lu lng sng trn rt nh v c coi nh
sng khng trn qua nh ). cao lu khng c xc nh theo cng thc:
Hlk = Rsl 2%, p

(8)

Trong :
Hlk - cao lu khng ca nh trn MNTK.
Rsl 2%, p - Chiu cao sng leo, c xc nh ti Ph lc C.

17

b) trc din vi bin, cho php sng trn

Trng hp ny, cc yu t tc ng tng t nh Mc a, tuy nhin cao lu khng (Hlk) c
xc nh cao khng ch lu lng sng trn qua nh nh hn lu lng sng trn cho php
thit k [q] (l/s/m) v c xc nh theo cng thc:
Hlk = Rc,q

(9)

Rc,q - cao lu khng ca nh trn MNTK khng ch lu lng sng trn khng ln hn gi tr
lu lng sng trn cho php [q] (l/s/m) trong iu kin thit k. cao lu khng theo tiu chun
sng trn c xc nh ti Ph lc C.
[q] -Lu lng trn cho php thit k (l/s/m) tra theo Bng 5. Gi tr [q] ph thuc vo bn chng
xi ca cc hnh thc bo v nh , mi pha ng v mc thit hi ca khu vc pha ng do
nc trn vo.
Bng 5. Quan h lu lng trn cho php qua nh v gii php bo v pha ng
Hnh thc v cht lng lp bo v mi pha ng

Lu lng trn cho php

[q] (l/s/m)

Khng c bo v

0,1

Trng c cht lng tt, ng nht

10

Bng lt khan, c tng lc

20

Bng cu kin b tng lp ghp c tng lc

30

LU :
- Trng hp s dng loi kt cu khc, n v t vn phi chng minh v bn v cp lu lng trn
cho php la chn hoc c tin hnh nghin cu thng qua m hnh th nghim khng nh c tin
cy trc khi p dng.
- Trong trng hp thit k chu sng trn, ty theo ln ca lu lng sng trn cho php, thit k
cn phi xem xt mc chp nhn thit hi ca khu vc pha ng do nh hng ca nc trn qua nh
v b tr cc gii php thu, tiu nc trn ph hp.

7.3.1.4 Xc nh cao trnh nh khi kt hp cho php thot l ni ng

i vi nhng d n c nhim v va phi p ng yu cu ngn mn, va phi p ng yu
thot l chnh v t pha ni ng ra bin/ca sng, cao trnh nh c xc nh nh sau:
Z = Ztk + a

(10)

Trong : Ztk v a gii thch mc 7.3.1.1

Trng hp bao quanh vng c yu cu thoat l ni ng (hay cho php thot l ni ng)
th cn phi gia c 3 mt bo m bn chng xi do nc trn qua i vi chn , mi
pha bin, mt v mi pha ng, tham kho Hnh 3.
18

Trong trng hp ny cn c bit lu rng khi c h thng s ngn cn kh nng thot l t

nhin ca vung c nbo v. V vy, yu cu bt buc khi b tr thit k tuyn l phi tnh ton
tng lng nc l ni ng cn tiu thot v b tr h thng thu, gom, tiu thot nc l ni
ng tng ng vi quy m tuyn d kin xy dng.

Hnh 3. Mt ct bo v ba mt
Phn ln phi gia c 3 mt l cc tuyn ven m ph, ven ca sng min Trung (t
Qung bnh n Bnh thun).
7.3.1.5 Xc nh tr s gia tng cao
Tr s gia tng cao c xc nh theo cp , tra Bng 6.
Bng 6. Tr s gia tng cao ca bin
Cp
Tr s gia tng cao a (m)

II

III

IV

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

GHI CH:
Tr s gia tng cao trn cha bao gm cao ln ban u, ln c kt thn, nn v mc nc
bin dng phi ng ph do nh hng ca bin i kh hu.

7.3.2. Tnh ton kch thc, kt cu mt ct

7.3.2.1. Mt
a) Chiu rng: Chiu rng mt c quy nh theo cp , tra Bng 7.
Bng 7. Chiu rng mt theo cp cng trnh
Cp
Chiu rng mt B (m)

II

III

IV

68

Trng hp mt kt hp lm ng giao thng, ng du lch hoc ng phc v cc

ngnh kinh t khc th chiu rng mt c th m rng v phi ph hp v quy hoch, c c
quan c thm quyn quyt nh.
b) Kt cu mt

19

- Trng hp khng c tng nh: Mt nh cn dc v mt pha hoc hai pha; b tr g an

ton hai bn vi chiu cao t 0,2 0,3 m, phn on vi khong cch t 0,5 1,0 m m bo an
ton cho cc hot ng trn mt v b tr h thng thot nc v mi pha ng.
- Trng hp c tng nh:
+ Ch la chn gii php tng nh trong trng hp tuyn vng d n b hn ch bi vic
m rng mt ct ngang so vi cao trnh nh thit k.
+ Chiu cao tng tnh t mt tr ln khng cao qu 1,0 m v phi b tr khe ln, khong
cch gia cc khe ln t 10 m n 20 m. Mng tng nh phi c lp vi kt cu bo v mi ;
cao trnh y tng nh b tr cao hn mc nc thit k; tng nh cn c tnh ton n nh
theo cc tiu chun hin hnh.
+ Cao y tng nh phi t cao hn mc nc thit k.
+ nh tng c th t mp pha trong hoc pha ngoi ca mt ty theo yu cu k
thut v mc ch s dng mt . Trng hp b tr tng nh pha trong, mt c tc dng nh
mt thm gim sng leo hoc sng trn. Trng hp mt kt hp ng du lch th tng nh
phi b tr pha ngoi.
i vi mi, nu kt hp lm ng giao thng cao tc th nn b tr ng c pha ng
hoc chn pha ng va tng n nh cho , va m bo giao thng khi c bo v va to
iu kin nng cao thch ng vi nh hng ca bin i kh hu khi cn thit. Cp v kt cu
ng tun theo cc tiu chun k thut v ng giao thng (tham kho TCVN 4054-2005).
7.3.2.2. Thn
a) Vt liu t p
- Tn dng ti a t ln cn cng trnh. i vi t ng cht, nn chn t st c hm
lng st 15% n 30%, ch s do t 10% n 20%, khng cha tp cht. m t khi p khng
nn vt qu 3% m ti u.
- Khng nn dng t bn bi tch, t st c hm lng nc t nhin cao v t l ht st qu
ln, t trng n, t c tnh phn tn p . Trong trng hp phi s dng th cn c gii
php k thut ph hp.
- Nu ngun t p ch c ct ht ri, thnh phn ht mn nh hn 25%, th phi c lp
bc bo v (c th s dng lp t tht vi chiu dy khng nh hn 0,5m).
b) cht ca thn
i vi t c tnh dnh: K c =

, ds
d, max

Trong :
Kc - cht thit k.
ds - Dung trng kh thit k ca t thn .
20

(11)

max - Dung trng kh cc i, c xc nh trong phng th nghim.

i vi t khng c tnh dnh: K ds =

e max e ds
e max e min

(12)

Trong :
Kds - cht tng i thit k.
eds - H s rng cht thit k.
emax. - H s rng cc i tiu chun.
emin - H s rng cc tiu tiu chun.
cht thn bng t quy nh trong Bng 8.
Bng 8. Quy nh cht thn bng t
Cp

II v III

IV v V

Kc

0,94

0,92

0,90

Kds

0,65

0,62

0,60

c) Nn v gii php k thut x l nn t yu

Nn phi bo m n nh (ng sut v bin dng, thm, ..) di tc dng ca cc loi ti
trng tc ng v dng thm. Trng hp nn i qua vng t yu cn thit k gii php x l
ph hp nh dng b phn p, thay nn t yu, s dng vi a k thut gia c nn hoc mt s
gii php khc. Tnh ton thit k, gia s nn phi ph hp tiu chun, quy chun k thut quc gia
hin hnh.
7.3.2.3. Mi
a) dc mi
dc mi m = cotg, vi l gc gia mi v ng nm ngang, c xc nh thng
qua tnh ton n nh, c xt n bin php thi cng, kt cu gia c mi v yu cu s dng.
Thng thng ly m = 2,0 n 3,0 cho mi pha ng v m = 3,0 n 5,0 cho mi pha bin i
vi c p bng t.
b) C gim sng pha bin
Yu cu k thut i vi c pha bin - thm gim sng, xem quy nh ti mc 7.3.5.3.
c) C pha ng
Khi c chiu cao ln hn 6m, dc mi m < 3,0 v yu cu giao thng c th b tr c
v tr cch nh t 2m n 3m, chiu rng ca c ty thuc vo yu cu giao thng, nhng khng
nh hn 5m. Thng mi pha di thoi hn mi pha trn c.
d) Chn pha ng

21

Thit k ng hnh lang chn phc v dn sinh, chng vi phm theo quy nh ca Lut
iu, chiu rng hnh lang khng nh hn 5,0 m. Thng thng hnh lang chn pha ng c
trng c chng xi. Trng hp cho php sng trn qua nh i vi sng trn thit k th gia c
hnh lang chn pha ng kt hp vi thit k h thng thot nc trn qua nh .
H thng tiu thot nc trn qua nh bao gm cc rnh tiu nc dc, ngang; rnh dc
thng c b tr mi, c, chn ; rnh ngang c b tr vung gc vi tim v cch nhau
khong 50m. Kt cu bng b tng, gch xy hoc xy v.v kch thc v dc y ca rnh
cn tnh ton trong trng hp lu lng sng trn ln hn 10 (l/s/m). Cc trng hp cn li b tr
theo kinh nghim.
Knh thu nc sng trn, nc ma phi c b tr c lp, khng kt ni vi h thng knh
tiu, ti trong ng, m bo khng xm nhp mn vo khu vc dn c, nng nghip, nui
trng thy sn.
e) Chn pha bin
Chn pha bin cng l chn k bo v mi pha bin c th hin mc 7.3.5.4.
f) Cng trnh ct qua thn
Cng trnh ct qua thn phi thit k ring theo cc quy chun, tiu chun chuyn ngnh
lin quan i vi tng loi cng trnh (cng, cu, trn, u thuyn). c bit ch x l ni tip
gia thn v cng trnh, m bo an ton cho v cng trnh.
7.3.3. Tnh ton n nh
7.3.3.1. Ni dung tnh ton
- n nh chng trt mi ;
- n nh dng tng ng.
- Ln thn v nn .
7.3.3.2. Tnh ton n nh chng trt mi
- Chn mt ct tnh ton: ty theo c im ca tuyn , la chn mt s mt ct c tnh cht
i din tnh ton n nh.
- Cc trng hp tnh ton
+ Trng hp c bn:
Tnh cho mi pha ng khi mc nc pha bin l MNTK, mc nc pha ng l mc nc
thp nht (nu c);
Tnh cho mi pha bin: Mc nc pha bin rt nhanh t MNTK ti mc nc thp; b qua p
lc sng ln mi pha bin.
+ Trng hp c bit: Mi pha ng v pha bin ang trong thi k thi cng, chu ti trng
thit k.
22

- Phng php tnh ton: Theo tiu chun Thit k p t m nn TCVN 8216:2009 v cc
quy chun, tiu chun k thut c lin quan.
- H s an ton chng trt K: c quy nh trong Bng 9.
Bng 9. H s an ton n nh chng trt cho mi
Cp

II

III

IV

C bn

1,30

1,25

1,20

1,15

1,10

c bit

1,20

1,15

1,10

1,05

1,05

T hp ti trng

- i vi p trn nn t yu s dng h s an ton chung cho cc cp cng trnh, tnh

ton n nh theo trng thi cn bng gii hn vi ti trng tnh ton tiu chun v t nn dng sc
khng ct tiu chun.
+ Tnh ton cho trng hp vn hnh lu di: K min = 1,4
+ Tnh ton cho trng hp thi cng:

K min = 1,2

7.3.3.3 n nh dng tng ng

Cn tnh ton n nh chng trt phng; n nh chng lt; n nh ca t nn v n nh
chng trt tng th.
a) n nh chng trt phng
+) Trng hp khng c lc dnh kt trn mt trt
H s n nh chng trt phng ca tng theo mt y lp tip xc:
Kat =

(G+g).f + PE
p

(13)

Trong :
G - Hp lc theo phng thng ng tc dng ln y tng (kN);
g - Trng lng vt liu ca lp m v khi phn p trong phm vi y tng (kN);
f - H s ma st: H s ma st theo mt tnh ton, ly theo Bng 10.
PE - p lc t b ng trn mt EE (kN);
P - Hp lc theo phng ngang tc dng ln y tng (kN);

23

Bng 10. H s ma st
Vt liu mt tip gip tng - nn

H s ma st f

B tng v b tng

0,55

xy v xy

0,65

hc v hc

0,70

B tng v hc (b mt sa phng bng dm)

0,60

xy v hc (b mt sa phng bng dm)

0,65

v nn ct th, ct mn

0,50 0,60

v nn ct bt

0,40

v nn t ct

0,35 0,50

v nn st, st

0,30 0,45

+ Trng hp c lc dnh kt trn mt trt

H s n nh chng trt theo theo mt y lp m nh sau:

Ks =

(G + g )tg 0 + C 0 A + PE
p

(14)

Trong :
o - Gc ma st gia y tng v nn;
Co - Lc dnh kt n v trn mt trt;
A - Din tch y mt trt.
- H s an ton chng trt phng K:
+ i vi cc cng trnh b tng hoc xy c y tip xc vi nn phi nham thch: h s an
ton chng trt phng quy nh trong Bng 11.
Bng 11. H s an ton n nh chng trut trn nn phi nham thch
Cp cng trnh
I

II

III

IV

C bn

1,35

1,30

1,25

1,20

1,15

c bit

1,20

1,15

1,10

1,05

1,05

T hp ti trng

+ i vi cc cng trnh b tng hoc xy c y tip xc vi nn nham thch: h s an

ton chng trt phng quy nh trong Bng 12.

24

Bng 12. H s an ton n nh chng trt trn nn nham thch

Cp cng trnh
I

II

III

IV

C bn

1,15

1,10

1,10

1,05

1,05

c bit

1,10

1,05

1,05

1,00

1,00

T hp ti trng

b) n nh chng lt
Kim tra n nh lt ca tng v pha bin theo s tnh ton n nh dng tng ng
(Hnh 4). Tnh ton n nh ca tng theo nguyn l ca tng chn t.
Tng ng

KHI T P

Hnh 4. S tnh ton n nh dng tng ng

H s n nh chng lt thn tng:

K at =

MC
MG

(15)

Trong :
Kat - H s an ton n nh chng lt tnh ton ly bng h s an ton n nh cho php
tra theo Bng 13.
MC - M men chng lt, tnh ton vi tm lt B trng hp mc nc pha bin thp
v mc nc ngm pha ng cao; tm lt C trng hp ang thi cng, cha p t pha lng
tng v mc nc pha bin l MNTK.
MG - M men gy lt.
Bng 13. H s an ton n nh chng lt
Cp cng trnh
I

II

III

IV

C bn

1,6

1,5

1,5

1,3

1,3

c bit

1,4

1,3

1,3

1,2

1,2

T hp ti trng

25

GHI CH:
- T hp ti trng c bn l ti trng trong iu kin cng trnh lm vic bnh thng.
- T hp ti trng c bit l ti trng trong iu kin thi cng hoc khi c ng t.
- Cc gi tr h s an ton thit k khng c vt qu 20% i vi iu kin ti trng c bn v 10%
trong iu kin ti trng c bit.

7.3.4. Tnh ton ln

Phi xc nh ln tng cng ca thn v nn v tr ng tim dc v cc v tr
cn thit khc cc mt ct i din cho cc on .
Ln nn bao gm 2 thnh phn chnh: ln ban u v ln c kt. Ln ban u l ln gy ra
ngay sau khi gia ti. Ln c kt l ln gy ra do tc dng ca ti trng ngoi theo thi gian.
7.3.4.1. Tnh ton ln ban u
Tr s ln ban u Si c tnh ton theo cng thc (16)

S i = P

B (1 2 )
E

(16)

Trong :
P

- p lc phn b u trn nn bin, (KN/m2).

- Kch thc cnh ngn ca nn , (m).

- H s Poisson ca t (i vi t bo ho, = 0,5).

- Mun n hi ca t nn (KN/m2), xc nh thng qua th nghm ct khng

thot nc 3 trc hoc th nghim nn n trc.

- H s nh hng, c th tham kho tr s trong Bng 14.

Bng 14. H s nh hng

T l di rng

Tr s i vi nn c tnh do
im

im

Trung bnh

Tr s i vi nn cng trung

gia

gc

ton nn

bnh ton nn

1,53

0,77

1,30

1,78

0,89

1,52

2,11

1,05

1,83

10

2,58

1,29

2,25

100

4,0

2,0

3,70

ca nn L/B

Hi nh hn so vi tr s ca nn
c tnh do

Khi khng c s liu v tr s E, ln ban u c th tnh theo cng thc (17)

26

1 1
Si = So
4 3

(17)

So - Tng gi tr ln khi cc bn khng chuyn dch ra ngoi na, sau khi hon tt cht
ti.
7.3.4.2. Tnh ton ln c kt
Gi tr ln c kt Sc tnh ton theo cng thc (18)

Sc = S j =

e1 j e 2 j
1 + e1 j

hj

(18)

Trong :
e 1j

- h s rng khi nn n nh di tc dng ca trng lc ca lp t th j.

e 2j

- h s rng khi nn n nh di tc dng ca ng lc t l ca lp t th j v

ng lc ph gia.
hj

- Chiu dy lp t th j, (m).

Sj

- Lng nn p ca lp t th j (m).

i vi p trn nn t yu th tnh ht cc loi ln bao gm cc ln tc thi, c kt s

cp v ln th cp, phng php tnh tham kho sch chuyn ngnh.
i vi p trn nn t yu thi gian tnh ln bng khong thi gian t khi thi cng xong
n thi im nng cp nh k, khong thi gian ny do ch u t quyt nh (khng nn di
15 nm).
ln cho php theo thi gian i vi cng trnh trn nn t yu nh sau Bng 15:
Bng 15. ln cho php
V tr on p trn t yu
Gn m cu

Ch c cng di

Cc on nn p thng thng

10cm

20cm

30cm

7.3.5. Thit k k bo v mi
K bo v mi bin thng c gi l k bin. Kt cu k bin bao gm ba phn: thn k,
chn k v nh k.
7.3.5.1 Yu cu vt liu v hnh thc, iu kin p dng kt cu thn k
a) Yu cu vt liu:
Vt liu lm k bo v mi bin cn p ng cc iu kin sau:
+ m bo n nh di tc ng ca sng thit k;
+ m bo bn di tc dng xm nhp mn;
27

+ m bo thot nc qua lp bo v;
+ Thun tin trong thi cng, vn chuyn, lp t, sa cha v thay th;
b) Hnh thc kt cu v iu kin p dng: La chn hnh thc kt cu thn k (Kt cu bo v
mi) ph thuc vo ti trng tc ng, cc yu cu v kinh t, k thut, iu kin thi cng, yu cu
s dng quyt nh. Bng 16 nu tm tt mt s loi kt cu k ph bin v iu kin p dng.
Trn thc t, thit k c th p dng a dng cc hnh loi kt cu bo v khc nhau (khc so vi
Bng 16), nhng khi cn phi c nghin cu, kim nghim v tnh an ton, n nh ca kt cu
trc khi p dng.
Bng 16. Dng kt cu bo v mi v iu kin s dng
TT

Kt cu lp gia c mi

iu kin p dng
- Sng c Hs 0,5m, dng chy c V < 1m/s hoc c rng

Trng c

phng h trc
- Mi ph hp c pht trin

hc th ri

hc lt khan

- Ni c ngun phong ph
- Mi thoi, t yu cu m quan
- Ni c ngun phong ph, c loi tuyn chn p ng
yu cu thit k
- Mi m nn cht lng tt

hc xy

- Sng nh, dng chy mnh, loi ri sn c c kch thc

khng p ng c yu cu thit k
- Kch thc khng p ng yu cu thit k

Thm r

- Sng ln, c dng chy mnh

- C loi r thp chu mn

Cu kin b tng c
sn, ghp ri

- Sng ln
- Nn mi cht lng t trung bnh n tt
- Yu cu m quan
- Sng trung bnh, dng chy mnh

Cu kin b tng c

- Yu cu m quan

sn, lin kt mng.

- Nn mi n nh chng ln tt
- C iu kin thi cng v ch to mng

28

Cu kin cht lng cao

- Sng ln

(v d nh Basalton,

- Nn k (thn ) c cht lng t trung bnh

Hydroblock);

- Yu cu m quan

Hn hp nhiu loi

- Mc nc dao ng ln, mi gia c di

- Yu cu s dng khc nhau

7.3.5.2 Xc nh kch thc kt cu bo v mi k

- Kch thc c bn ca kt cu thn k l chiu dy ti thiu vt liu lm k (vt liu bo v
mi) theo phng vung gc vi mi v trng lng yu cu ca tng cu kin/ khi vt liu. Cn
p ng cc iu kin sau:
+ m bo n nh di tc ng ca sng thit k;
+ m bo bn di tc dng ca ngoi lc v xm nhp mn;
+ Thun tin trong thi cng, vn chuyn, lp t, sa cha v thay th;
- Chiu dy ca vt liu bo v mi c xc nh theo cng thc Pilarczyk (1998):

Hs
. pb
u .. m .cos

(19)

Trong :

- H s n nh biu th cho ngng chuyn ng/n nh ca vt liu.

H s n nh cho cc h thng ct liu dng ri di tc dng ca sng, c xc nh
theo cng thc ca Van der Meer (1984):
2
0,18 Sb
= 6.2 Pb .
N

0,1

( < 3)

(20)

Vi:
Pb- H s phn nh kh nng thm/thot nc ca thn v nn k; thng chn Pb = 0,1 i
vi k bo v mi ;
Sb- Tham s h hng ban u, c th ly bng 0.5 n 2.0 i vi cu kin b tng c sn
xp c lp v bng 3 vi lt khan, ri;
N- S con sng ti cng trnh trong mt trn bo;

3600.Tb
N = 70%
Tm

Trong :
Tb: thi on bo (gi), thng trong khong t 4 n 6 gi;
Tm : Chu k sng trung bnh.

p - Ch s sng v Iribarren ng vi chu k nh ph sng Tp;

p =

tan
s0

tan
Hs
L0

hay

p 1,25.T p .

tan

(21)

Hs

29

Cng thc ny c th p dng vi p 3 (iu kin sng v). Trng hp p > 3 vn c th

s dng cc kch thc c tnh vi trng hp p = 3 ;
Vi:
Hs

- Gc nghing ca mi dc (mi k) ();

- Chiu cao sng thit k ti chn cng trnh (m); trng hp, s dng cc gii

php gim sng trc , bi c rng cy chn sng th phi k n h s trit gim sng;
D

- Kch thc (chiu dy) c trng ca cu kin bo v;

- T trng tng i ca vt liu lm cu kin bo v mi, kiu cu trc bo v;

D v m c xc nh theo cc h thng c trng nh sau:

* :

M 50

D = Dn =

m = =

b
1
n

(22)

Trong : M50: Khi lng trung bnh theo ng cp phi ti m

b: Khi lng ring ca
* Khi bo v:

D = chiu dy ca cu kin bo v m = ;

* Thm bo v: D = d = chiu dy trung bnh ca lp thm bo v;

m = (1 n). = (1 n).(

b
1)
n

(23)

Vi: n - rng th tch ca vt liu;

- T trng tng i ca vt liu.
i vi vt liu hc (khai thc m) thng thng:

m = (1 n). = 1

(24)

b- H s m c lin quan n s tng tc gia sng v loi mi k ( nhm,

rng/tnh thm v.v...) (0,5 b 1,0);
+ b = 0,5: vi mi k bng c nhm, thm nc;
+ b = 1: vi mi k bng cc khi xp nhn v t thm nc;
+ b 2/3: gi tr i din thng dng cho cc h thng khc (cu kin trung bnh) v d
nh cc khi dng h v cc lp m khi, thm bo v c thit k c bit);

u- H s cht lng n nh mi k, xc nh theo loi kt cu bo v tra ti Bng 17;

30

Bng 17. H s cht lng n nh mi k ( u )

Loi kt cu bo v mi k

H s cht lng n nh mi k

K 2 lp (gi tr chun)
K t nhin cht lng km (kch thc khng
ng u);

( u )
1,0
1,0

K t nhin cht lng tt (kch thc ng u);

1,5

Cu kin cht lng cao (Basalton, Hydroblock);

2,0

nha thm nhp;

2,0

Cu kin r ;

2,5

Lin kt mng

2,5

Khi s dng cc cu kin bo v mi dng khc so vi nu ti Bng 17, yu cu thit k phi

chng minh c n nh yu cu v tnh tin cy ca cc cu kin thng qua nghin cu th
nghim m hnh t l ln hoc th nghim thc t v c c quan qun l cng nhn.
7.3.5.3.C pha bin
C pha bin - thm gim sng nhm gim chiu cao sng leo, tng cng n nh cho
thn , thng c b tr vng c sng ln.
Cao trnh c ngang cao trnh mc nc thit k s t hiu qu gim sng ln nht.
Chiu rng c ti thiu bng 3,0m; bng hoc ln hn 1,5 ln chiu cao sng nhng khng
vt qu chiu di sng nc su (Bc 0,25L0).
B tr cc m gim sng v dc v pha bin t 1/15 n 1/20 gim chiu cao sng leo, tiu
tn nng lng sng. gim sng leo do tc ng ca c c xc nh theo Ph lc C
i vi nhng tuyn bin quan trng, quy m ln, cao trnh v kch thc c gim sng c
th xc nh thng qua th nghim m hnh.
7.3.5.4.Chn k pha bin
Vic tnh ton kch thc, la chn kt cu chn k phi cn c vo cc yu t gy xi chn
cng trnh gm: sng v (gn chn cng trnh), sng leo v dng rt trn mi , sng phn x, tnh
cht c l ca bi trc ; vt liu bo v mi, bi trc la chn kt cu ph hp. Thng
thng c 02 loi kt cu chn k: chn k nng; chn k su.
a) Chn k nng
- iu kin p dng: Chn k nng c p dng cho vng bi, ch chng tc ng ca
sng v dng chy do sng to ra.
- Hnh thc p dng:
31

+ Thm ph: c b tr ni hoc chm, chiu dy bng (1 2) ln chiu dy lp bo v mi

pha trn i vi thm ph ni v (2 3) ln i vi thm ph chm;
+ M : L hnh thc kt hp gia kt cu thm ph ni v thm ph chm, ph hp vi khu
vc c cao trnh bi thp;
+ Thm chn trong t: thng c ng dng cho khu vc c cao trnh bi cao, i vi bi
thp nn s dng lng th hoc cu kin b tng c sn. su c xc nh theo iu
kin a hnh bi, chiu cao sng, dng chy v.v
+ Thm hoc r xp: C tc dng y h xi ra xa chn k, lm gim nguy c xi l
chn k cng nh mi pha bin. Chiu di thm phi bng (3 4) ln chiu cao sng c ngha
trc chn cng trnh i vi kt cu thm ni v (2 3) ln i vi kt cu thm chm.
Mt s dng chn k nng ph bin c minh ha trong Hnh 5.

Ym.e

Hs <= Ym.e <= 1.25Hs

Dng b chm c dm kha

Dng thm chn c dm kha

D ~ 2D

3H ~ 4.5H
Lp lt

Ym.e =H

Vi lc
D

Dng b chm khng c dm kha

Dng thm chn khng c dm kha

Hnh 5. Mt s dng chn k nng

b) Chn k su
- iu kin p dng: Chn k su c p dng cho vng bi bin b xm thc mnh, bo m
n nh cho chn k khi mt bi b xi su.
- Hnh thc p dng:
+ Cc c hay bn c bng g, b tng, b tng ct thp hoc c vn thp, kt hp vi lng
th bng hc;
+ ng buy bng b tng ct thp hnh lc lng (kiu chn k HWRU-TEO - 2001 mt hoc
nhiu tng so le) kt hp vi li v lng th bng hc;
+ Hn hp;
Mt s dng chn k su ph bin c minh ha trong Hnh 6.

32

Dng cc c / bn c kt hp lng th gia c b

hc

Bn BTCT
Cc BTCT hoc cc g

MNTK

Lp bo v

MNTK

Lp bo v

ng trn BTCT

ng trn BTCT

ng buy

ng buy

Dng ng buy i kt hp lng th

gia c bng hc

Dng ng buy n kt hp lng th

gia c bng hc

Hnh 6. Mt s dng chn k su

c) su xi ti hn
su xi ti hn ca chn k pha bin ph thuc vo nng lng sng v a cht nn,
c tnh ton theo cng thc kinh nghim sau:
Smax = 1,5Hs

(25)

Trong :
Smax

- Chiu su h xi cn bng (m);

Hs

- Chiu cao sng thit k (m);

Ls

- Chiu di sng thit k (m);

Cn c chiu su h xi quyt nh phm vi gia c chn k. Nu bo v chn k theo

phng ng, su bo v ti thiu bng 1,25 ln chiu su h xi. Nu bo v theo phng
ngang, b rng lp bo v ti thiu bng t 3 n 4 ln chiu cao sng thit k ti chn cng trnh.
Nu kt hp cc hnh thc trn, ty theo tng trng hp c th quyt nh.
Ngoi vic tnh ton xi ti hn do nh hng ca sng nh cng thc nu trn, i vi khu
vc d n cn b xi l do nh hng ca dng ven, mt cn bng bn ct nhng khu bin tin,
cn iu tra qu trnh din bin xi bi ca bi v vng ln cn quyt nh la chn chiu su h
xi ph hp, m bo n nh chn k lu di.

33

d) Kch thc vt liu

Vt liu bo v chn k thng thng bng hc, trng lng vin phi ln n nh
trc tc ng ca cc ngoi lc, c bit i vi dng chy rt xung khi sng leo ln mi.
Trng lng n nh ca vin gia c chn k (G) ph thuc vo vn tc cc i ca dng
chy do sng to ra chn k v c tra theo Bng 18.
Bng 18. Khi lng vin bo v chn k theo Vmax
Vmax (m/s)

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

G (kG)

40

80

140

200

Trong , Vmax l vn tc cc i ca dng chy do sng to ra chn k c xc nh theo

cng thc sng ng ca Izbas:

Vmax =

.H s
.Ls

4. .h
. sinh
g
Ls

Vmax

- Vn tc cc i ca dng chy (m/s).

Ls, Hs

- Chiu di v chiu cao sng thit k ti chn cng trnh (m).

- su nc ti v tr nh chn k (m).

- Gia tc trng lc (m/s2).

(26)

Chiu di sng thit k (Ls) c th xc nh theo Bng tra cc tham s sng ca Wiegel (1964);
Lu :
- Trong khu vc nc nng (h/L < 0,05), chiu di sng thit k c th c tnh theo cng thc:

L = T gh

(27)

- Khi s dng Bng 18 trn c th ni suy hoc ngoi suy cc gi tr khi lng vin (G) t cc gi
tr vn tc Vmax tnh c cn c vo cc s liu cho trong bng.

7.3.5.5. Thit k kt cu nh k
a) i vi c tng nh: Phn tip gip gia thn k v tng nh l nh k (Hnh 7 )

34

Hnh 7. Cc dng kt cu nh k c tng nh

b) i vi khng c tng nh:
nh k l phn tip gip vi g an ton pha bin, thng c thit k cu to ph thuc kt
cu mt .
7.3.5.6. Thit k tng lc
a) Tng lc bng ct liu ri
Thit k tng lc ht cn c thc hin theo trnh t v cc yu cu k thut tng t nh
trong TCVN 8216:2009 - "Thit k p t m nn" v TCVN 8422:2010 - "Cng trnh thu li Thit k tng lc ngc cng trnh thu cng". Thnh phn ht cc lp ca tng lc cn bo m cc
iu kin sau:
+ Tnh n nh bn ngoi:

d15 F
<5
d15 B

(28)

+ Tnh n nh bn trong:

d 60
< 10
d10

(29)

+ Tnh thm:

d15 F
>5
d15 B

(30)

Trong :
dF -

ng knh ht lp lc.

dB - ng knh ht t nn.
- Chiu dy ca mi lp lc d0 c xc nh theo cng thc:

35

d0= 50.d15

(31)

Hoc ly theo kinh nghim:

+ Lp trong: d02= (1015) cm;
+ Lp ngoi: d01= (15 20) cm;
b) Tng lc bng vi a k thut
Vi a k thut c kh nng: ngn cch, lc, gia c, dn v thot nc, v c thit k tip
gip vi thn . Cc tiu chun chnh cho vic la chn vi a k thut l:
- Vi c kh nng chng h hng trong thi cng v lp t.
- Lc khng xuyn thng ca vi a.
- Vi c cc c im thch hp v lc ngc v thot nc.
- bn cao khi tip xc vi nh sng.
Khi thit k cn phi la chn loi vi vi cc tiu chun k thut ph hp v cp phi ca t
p thn , p ng cc yu cu v thot nc v gi t, ng thi cn phi kim tra n nh
trt theo b mt ca lp lc
Tng lc bng ct liu ri hoc bng vi a k thut u p dng cho c thn, chn v nh
, k.
8. Cng trnh bo v bi, gim sng
Bi trc bin gi vai tr ht sc quan trng i vi s an ton ca , cn c theo di,
bo v. c bit l khu vc bi trc ang b xm thc; cc gii php bo v bi gm:
- Trng rng phng h trc gi bi v gim sng.
- Xy dng h thng m hn, tng gim sng, ...
- Nui bi nhn to.
8.1. Trng rng phng h
8.1.1. Tc dng v yu cu
Rng phng h ven bin l mt b phn cu thnh ca cng trnh bin, c tc dng gim
chiu cao sng trc chn , tng kh nng lng ng ph sa bo v bi, bo v mi trng sinh
thi...
Cc yu cu khi thit k rng phng h ven bin:
- Xc nh phm vi;
- Phn tch tnh hnh th nhng, thy vn, hi vn v a hnh vng bi thuc d n.
- Xc nh chng loi cy, kch thc v thi v trng thch hp.

36

- Bin php bo dng, chm sc v ngn chn tc ng ngoi mun i vi yu cu sinh

trng pht trin ca cy trng.
- Xc nh mc gim chiu cao sng trc .
8.1.2. Thit k trng cy
8.1.2.1. Trng mi
Cy c trng thnh cc hng song song vi b bin v b tr so le nhm t hiu qu chn
sng ti u. Ty theo, yu cu gim sng v trng thi rng thit k mt trng thch hp (Bn
chua, Bn trng: 1.600 - 5.000 cy/ha; Mm trng, Mm en, Mm bin: 2.500 - 10.000 cy/ha;
c: 2.500 - 10.000 cy/ha; Da nc: 2.500 - 4.400 cy/ha; Trang: 2.500 - 10.000 cy/ha; Tra:
1.600 - 4.000 cy/ha).
8.1.2.2. Trng b sung:
i vi bi pha bin c rng cy, song mt , kch thc ca rng cy cha p ng
c yu cu gim sng, cn la chn loi cy ph hp trng b sung.
Lu : Khi thit k trng phng h trc cn b tr li ra, vo cho tu, thuyn (thng rng
t 50-100m) v khong cch vi b (t 10-15m) ngn gia sc ph hoi cy.
8.1.3. Xc nh h s gim sng
H s gim sng do c h thng rng ngp mn trc c xc nh nh ch dn ti mc
6.2.3.
8.1.4 Xc nh chiu rng ca ai rng ngp mn
Quan h v gi tr gia chiu rng ai rng ngp mn v h s gim sng c biu th ti
(Hnh 8).

Hnh 8. Quan h chiu rng ai rng ngp mn v h s gim sng

37

Hnh 8 th hin gi tr h s gim sng Kt tnh ton vi nhiu gi tr v chiu rng ca ai

rng ngp mn cc trng thi rng khc nhau trong thc t. C th thy rng ng biu din
tng quan ca h s gim sng v chiu rng ai rng ngp mn tng ng vi tnh ton ca
Quartel (2007). i vi rng dy, s dng ng s 3; rng trung bnh: ng s 2; rng tha:
ng s 1.
Nh vy, vi cc trng thi rng ngp mn sn c (rng dy, trung bnh hoc tha), ta c th
xc nh c gi tr h s gim sng Kt tng ng chiu rng ca di rng ngp mn nht nh,
phc v cho vic thit k bin ti khu vc .
- Ngoi vic s dng dng th ca Quartel thit k ai rng ngp mn (vi cc trng thi
rng c), trong nhng trng hp nht nh cn c th s dng theo th cc Hnh 9, 10 v
11. Cc th ny biu din mi quan h gia h s gim sng vi b rng ca ai rng ngp mn
cc iu kin cy rng c chiu cao vt ngn (Hvn:m), mt (N: cy/ha) v tn che (TC: %)
khc nhau, trong khi c nh cc iu kin khc.

Hnh 9: Chiu rng ai cy ngp mn yu cu v h s gim sng tng ng (mt N =

10.000 cy/ha v tn che TC = 80%).

Hnh 10: Chiu rng ai cy ngp mn yu cu v h s gim sng tng ng (chiu cao vt
ngn ca cy Hvn = 4m v tn che TC = 80%).

38

Hnh 11: Chiu rng ai cy ngp mn yu cu v h s gim sng tng ng (mt N = 10.000
cy/ha v chiu cao vt ngn ca cy Hvn = 4m).
H s gim sng tra trn cc ng quan h t kt qu tnh ton v o c mt s hin
trng i din cho cc vng d n.
Cc ch dn chi tit v s dng gii php trng rng ngp mn xem thm Ph Lc E.
8.2. Bin php cng trnh chng xi, gim sng
8.2.1. Chc nng, nhim v
i vi vng bi bin b xm thc v ti khng trng c cy chn sng, gii php bo v
bi l xy dng cng trnh gim sng, chng xi, to bi. Cc dng cng trnh thng p dng l
p m hn hoc p ph/gim sng.

Hng sng
M hn

Dng bn ct ven b

M hn

Bi

Tng gim sng

Hng sng

H thng m hn

Bi

ng b

Hnh 12. Cc gii php bo v bi bng cng trnh

8.2.2. Thit k h thng p m hn, p gim sng
8.2.2.1. H thng p m hn
a) Nguyn tc chung
- Tnh ton, xc nh ng bao ngoi cho h thng m hn v ni tip vi ng b v c hai
pha to thnh ng trn thun.
- Chiu di m hn c xc nh theo khu sng v v c tnh ca bn ct ti khu vc cn xy
39

dng m hn.
- Gc m hn cn ni tip n nh vo vng b v c gia c hai bn khng b sng v
dng chy gy xi.
b) Cc b phn ca m hn, gm: Mi; Thn; Gc.
A
B
C

D
E

Mt ct
Bin
Mt bng
Gia c y
Gc m

Thn m

Mi m

Hnh 13.Cu to m hn
c) B tr h thng m hn
- Tuyn: Cn xc nh ng b mi cho on b cn bo v (ng b thit k), ng b
mi ny cn trn thun, ni tip tt vi ng b on khng c m hn. Chiu di m hn ph
thuc vo dc bi, thng thng mi m hn cn ra ti di sng v mc nc triu trung bnh.
- Phng t trc dc: Trc dc h m hn trong h thng thng t vung gc vi tuyn
ng b thit k. i vi vng bi gn ca sng chu nh hng mnh ca dng chy t sng v
vng bi c dng ven vi tc ln ( > 1m/s) th trc m hn t xui theo dng chy ( <900).
- Chiu cao: Nhn chung nu chiu cao m hn cng cao th kh nng gy bi cng ln. Tuy
nhin, trong thc t nu m hn cng cao th sng phn x cng mnh, gy xi chn mi m hn.
Thng thng cao trnh nh m hn cao hn mc nc triu trung bnh 0,5m.
- Khong cch: Khong cch gia cc m hn thng ly bng 1,5 n 2,0 ln chiu di m
hn i vi bi bin si v 1,0 n 1,5 ln i vi bi bin ct.
Trng hp d n c quy m ln, phi tin hnh th nghim, t chc quan trc iu chnh
thit k cho ph hp.
- Cc dng mt ct c trng m hn:
Thng thng m hn ang c p dng rng ri Vit Nam l loi m hn mi nghing, c
cc dng mt ct nh sau:
Loi a: Li kt cu khng phn loi, c bc mt lp hc ln xp khan, lp ph mi
bng hc hoc khi b tng.
Loi b: Ti mc nc thi cng t bc c. Mi pha trn bc c l lt khan hoc xy.
40

Loi c: Cc khi b tng hnh hp c cht trc tip trn m , hnh thnh thn cng trnh.
Loi d: Trn nh c t khi b tng dng tng gc.

Hnh 14. Cc dng mt ct ngang m hn mi nghing

8.2.2.2. H thng p (tng) gim sng
a) Cu to:
Cn c vo mc ch khai thc, s dng vng bi cn bo v, so snh hiu qu kinh t k
thut cc phng n quyt nh. Khong cch gia b v tng gim sng thng ly trong
khong 0,5 n 0,85 ln chiu rng vng sng v trong iu kin thit k. Thn tng gim sng c
mt mt ct ngang gn nh ng u trn ton b chiu di v lm vic 2 pha: pha bin v pha b
(Hnh 15).

41

1) Mt bng

2) Nhn chnh din t b;

3) Ct ngang

Hnh 15. S cu to tng gim sng

b) B tr tng gim sng
-Tng gim sng: b tr ngm, t cch b mt khong cch nht nh, trc tng song song
vi b.
- Tng gim sng c th b tr thnh tng on ngt qung trong phm vi ht chiu di b cn
bo v, on ngt qung nhm trao i bn ct gia pha ngoi v pha trong tng. Tng gim
sng lm vic c hiu qu khi bin triu nh hn 1,0m.
- Chiu di on tng ly bng (1,52,5) ln khong cch gia tng v ng b, khong
cch on tng ngt qung ly bng (0,40,6) chiu di mt on tng v bng hai ln chiu di
sng.
- Cao trnh nh tng nh: c th ly bng HTp + 1/2 HS v tr + ln.
- Cao trnh nh tng ngm: c th ly bng HTp - 1/2 HS v tr + ln.
(nh tng ngm thng t thp hn cao trnh mc nc thit k 0,5m).
- Chiu rng nh tng gim sng: Xc nh qua tnh ton n nh cng trnh, thng ly ln
hn su nc di Ztp v tr tng.
8.2.2.3. Xc nh kch thc kt cu bo v mi p: Kch thc v trng lng khi ph mi
p c xc nh theo hng dn nu ti Ph lc F.
42

8.3. Nui bi nhn to

8.3.1. Khi nim, qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin
Nui bi nhn to l loi cng trnh dng phng php vn chuyn bn ct t ni khc n b
vo khu b, bi bin cn thit bo v duy tr, ci thin s n nh ca b bin hoc to ra mt
bi bin theo mun, khi phc trng thi t nhin.
8.3.2. Trnh t thit k
- nh gi qu trnh din bin v hin trng ca bi bin.
- T chc quan trc, nghin cu xc nh bin ng ca bi.
- Xc nh tng lng bn ct thiu ht b sung theo nguyn tc khi lng b sung ln
hn khi lng mt i vi thnh phn ht ln hn.
- Xc nh ngun, khi lng v cht lng ct b sung.
- Xc nh v tr nui bi ( ct) dc tuyn b b xi.
- Lp k hoch theo di, gim st sau khi thc hin nui bi.
- Thi gian b sung khi lng nui bi ph thuc vo mc din bin ca bi v iu kin
thi cng.
- Kt hp trng cy gi bi.
- Lp k hoch theo di, gim st, duy tu, bo dng, ti nui bi sau khi cng trnh xy dng.
8.3.3. Cc thng s c bn ca cng trnh nui bi nhn to
Cng trnh nui bi nhn to gm cc thng s c bn cn xc nh nh di y (Hnh 16):
+ Hnh dng mt ct ngang: Trc khi nui bi (hin trng) v sau khi nui bi.
+ Phm vi nui bi.
+ Cao v mi dc thit k.
+ Cao , chiu rng, mi dc thm bi.
+ Thnh phn ht ca bi t nhin v ca vt liu b sung.
+ Khi lng nui bi ln u v khi lng tng cng theo nh k.
+ Chu k nui bi.

43

Cao n ct

ng a hnh t nhin
Mt ct thit k
Mt ct thit k + nui bi tng cng

W
4

Cao thm c

2
Mc nc

Dc

-2
-4
-6

100

200

300

400

500

600

Hnh 16. Cc thng s c bn ca mt cng trnh nui bi nhn to

8.3.4 Hnh thc nui bi

Cc d n nui bi nhn to c th phn thnh 3 loi chnh sau:
- Chuyn ct trc tip ti ni cn nui bi;
- D tr ct nui bi;
- Nui bi lin tc.
Hai hnh thc nui bi u tin thng c s dng trong cc d n nui bi. Hnh thc nui
bi lin tc l dng c th hay c s dng trong h thng chuyn ct ti ca sng hoc ca vo
ca mt cng bin trnh hin tng bi lp lung tu vo cng v hn ch s gin on dng
vn chuyn bn ct dc b.
8.3.5 V tr nui bi
Ct nui bi c vo cc v tr c thit k ph thuc vo mc tiu v ngun ct c
c. V nguyn tc, ct c nh sau
(1) trn bi kh;
(2) trn bi ngp nc;
Nu nui bi nhm hn ch hin tng xi l b thng xuyn, th ni p dng tt nht l
ln bi kh v ct t khong gia mc nc thp n chn ca n ct hoc mc nc triu
cao.
Nu khu vc d n nui bi khng c ngun ct, phi s dng ngun ct ngoi khi th phi
dng bin php ct vo bi trc, trong phm vi ca vng sng . Tuy nhin, ct c th ti
phn b hp l trn mt bi ti gii hn ng sng v th nn chn thi im ct c thi tit tt,
gi nh, sng khng ln v ngay gn mp nc chng trn dn ln bi.
44

8.3.6 Khi lng ct s dng nui bi

Khi lng bn ct cn c cung cp nui bi c lin quan mt thit ti tc vn chuyn
bn ct dc b. Tc vn chuyn bn ct dc b, thi gian nui bi v th tch ct cn thit
hnh thnh nn mt hnh dng mt ct ngang bi bin n nh theo yu cu l cn c xc nh
tng th tch ct cung cp cho mt bi bin c th.
8.3.7 Yu cu v kch thc ca vt liu s dng nui bi
Bn ct khi s dng nui bi phi c ng knh trung bnh bng hoc ln hn kch thc
ca ht ct ti ni nui bi. Tuy nhin, s khc bit gia hai kch thc ht ct trc v sau khi nui
bi khng nn qu ln, v n c th to thnh cc mi dc vt qu mc cho php hoc gy hin
tng xi l h lu ca bi ct c nui dng do cc ht ct th b gim s di ng.
Mt im na cn quan tm l hm lng st v ht mn c trong ct s dng nui bi.
m bo cc yu cu v qu trnh sinh hc, cht lng mi trng nc v cn bng sinh thi
vng b th ct s dng nui bi phi c t ht mn. Nu ct s dng nui bi cha qu nhiu ht mn
hoc st th phi ra sch trc khi s dng nui bi.
8.3.8 Ngun ct nui bi
Ngun ct s dng nui bi c th ly t vng nc su ngoi khi, hoc c th kt hp ly t d
n khc trong cng khu vc, v d kt hp d n no vt m rng hay khi su lung tu phc v giao
thng vn ti thy. Ngoi ra c th s dng ngun cung cp bn ct cc bi bin ang c bi tch
ln cn.
9. Qun l v bo v cn ct ven bin
9.1.Vai tr ca cn ct ven bin
Cn ct c hnh thnh qua nhiu nm do gi thi mang ct n b gi li bi thm thc vt
hoc cc vt cn khc trn vng bi bin
Cn ct min Trung Vit Nam gi vai tr nh cc tuyn bin t nhin bo v cc vng
t pha trong t lin khi b thit hi do cc tc ng ca triu cng, gi, bo, sng v ngp lt.
Ty theo v tr a l, phm vi, kch thc, hnh dng, quy m ca cn ct v mi quan h ca
chng i vi cc yu t hi vn v a hnh vng t pha trong t lin, vai tr bo v ca cn ct
c phn thnh cc mc sau:
- Cn ct c vai tr bo v thp: trong trng hp ny cc khu vc h tng, dn c nm pha
sau c cao mt t t nhin trung bnh ln hn cao nh cn ct v c ngn cch vi cn
ct bng cc m, ph , lch sng - Hnh 17 (a)
- Cn ct c vai tr bo v trung bnh: vi trng hp ny, cc khu vc h tng, dn c nm
pha sau cn ct c cao mt t t nhin trung bnh ln hn cao mc nc bin cao nht
trung bnh v thp hn mc nc bin trong bo Hnh 17 (b)

45

- Cn ct c vai tr bo v cao: vi trng hp ny, cc khu vc h tng, dn c nm pha sau

cn ct c cao mt t t nhin trung bnh bng hoc thp hn mc nc bin cao nht trung
bnh v thp hn nhiu so vi mc nc bin trong bo Hnh 17 (c)

Hnh 17. M t vai tr bo v ca cn ct ven bin

9.2. Phm vi v cc yu t c trng ca cn ct ven bin
9.2.1 Phm vi cn ct
Phm vi cn ct ven bin c xc nh da theo c trng a hnh v cc yu t mc nc
bin, c th l khu vc nm tip gip vi mc nc trung bnh cao nht, vng t lin pha trong v
cc gii hn bn c nh du bng s thay i v dc t 1% n di 10% (Hnh 18)

Hnh 18. S ha v m t cc yu t ca cn ct ven bin

46

9.2.2 Tnh ton xi l cn ct

nh gi v d on mc xi l trong bo ca cn ct ven bin thng s dng cc
phng php kho st quan trc theo di v cc m hnh tnh hin kh thng dng trn th gii,
trong tiu chun ny gii thiu mt phng php v m hnh tnh ton ca H lan, m hnh DUROSPlus ti Ph lc G.

Hnh 19. S m t xi l cn ct do sng trong bo trn mt ct ngang

9.3. Gii php qun l bo v cn ct ven bin
9.3.1. Gii php khng cng trnh
Nhm kim sot cc hot ng bo v i vi cn ct ng vai tr bin, cn tin hnh
cc gii php sau:
- Xy dng, b sung cc vn bn php l qun l v bo v cn ct ven bin vi mc ch
phng chng thin tai.
- Tuyn truyn v thng tin nng cao nhn thc cng ng
- Qun l thng nht cc hot ng pht trin kinh t x hi trn phm vi cn ct:
- T chc, thc hin vic o c, theo di cc bin ng ca cn ct
9.3.2. Gii php cng trnh
Trong tiu chun ny, trc mt ch gii thiu mt s gii php bo v tng cng n nh v
chng xi l cn ct ph hp vi thc t cn ct ven bin min Trung Vit Nam, bao gm:
- Trng c, to thm ph trn cn ct
- Hng ro chn ct
- Phc hi v ti to li mt ct bi bin v cn ct
- Bo v cn ct bng ti ct
- To cc va ngm trc cn ct
47

- chn sng gn b
10. Yu cu k thut trong thi cng
10.1 Thi cng
10.1.1. Yu cu k thut thi cng
- Thi cng theo tiu chun ngnh TCVN 8216:2009 - "Quy trnh thi cng p t m nn".
- Cn c mt bng v thi gian thi cng ph hp, hn ch nh hng ca thy triu, sng v
cc tc ng khc t bin.
- p theo tng lp, chiu dy mi lp khng c ln hn 50cm.
- T chc thi cng theo hnh thc cun chiu, hon thnh tng phn on bao gm c hng
mc bo v mi .
10.1.2. Vt liu t p
- t p phi m bo ch tiu c l, tr lng theo quy nh ca thit k, c xc nh c
th trong giai on thit k bn v thi cng;
- Nu ly t ti ch ngoi cc yu cu trn cn m bo khong cch t chn ti ni ly
t theo quy nh ca Lut iu v khng lm nh hng n rng cy chn sng.
- Thit b m phi ph hp vi ch tiu c l ca t p do thit k quy nh m bo lin kt
gia cc lp m thnh mt khi ng nht.
10.2. Thi cng cng trnh bo v mi
10.2.1.K
- m bo cc yu cu k thut, cht lng theo tiu chun hin hnh.
- Cn kim tra cng nn ca phng th nghim p ng yu cu thit k.
- Chiu dy k phi m bo khng sai lch vi thit k qu 5%.
10.2.2 Cng trnh k b tng
Yu cu vt liu ct, si, nc, xi mng dng ch to b tng theo tiu chun Vit Nam hin
hnh; Yu cu k thut v Phng php th hn hp b tng thy cng theo TCVN 8218:2009,
TCVN 8228:2009 v TCVN 8219:2009.
Tuyt i khng c x dng ct mn, nc mn v cc vt liu khc b nh hng bi
nc mn a vo thi cng xy dng cng trnh.
10.3. Thi cng lp lc
i vi lp lc bng vi a k thut: Cht lng vi phi t yu cu thit v kim tra theo
TCVN 8222:2009 v TCVN 8482:2010 - "Vi a k thut - Yu cu k thut v phng php th".

48

10.4. Thi cng m hn

- Cn c thit k, nng lc thi cng v mc nh hng ca triu, sng, dng chy i vi
cc v tr trn thn xc nh trnh t thi cng phn on, phn lp.
- Phng php xp khi tetrapod trn mi nghing (Hnh 20 )

Hnh 20. Phng php lp t khi tetrapod trn mi nghing

a. Mt ct ngang; b. Mt bng
- i vi khi Tetrapod: s lng lp t thc t so vi thit k khng sai lch qu 5%.
10.5 Mi trng
Trong qu trnh thi cng phi hn ch nh hng n mi trng, trong cn tr trng khng
lm tn hi n rng cy chn sng, cn ct t nhin; c gii php hn ch gy n, bi bn khi vn
chuyn vt liu v thi cng; hon tr mt bng, ng giao thng do qu trnh thi cng lm nh
hng.
11. Qun l, duy tu, bo dng bin
11.1 Qun l
11.1.1 Quy nh chung
- Tun th quy nh ca cc vn bn php lut hin hnh lin quan;
- Kim tra, nh gi cht lng theo nh k;
- xut bin php.
11.1.2. Hng mc qun l
11.1.2.1 ng hnh lang kt hp qun l v bo v
49

ng hnh lang kt hp qun l v bo v phi m bo rng b tr phng tin

v thit b hot ng h khi cn thit. Trng hp kt hp lm ng gom dn sinh, ng du
lch, khi thit k cn tun theo quy hoch, lu khng phc v nng cp .
11.1.2.2 Nh qun l
Nh qun l h thng bin c thit k ring theo cc tiu chun, quy chun ca ngnh
xy dng, thng c b tr gn , khu vc bi n nh, xa khu dn c m bo thun li cho
cng tc qun l, cu h, cu nn, khong cch gia cc nh qun l t 3,0km n 5,0km.
Nh qun l thng xuyn chu tc ng t bin, trong c bit l s nh hng ca gi
bo v xm thc; vic chn vt liu, kt cu, hng nh,.. phi m bo n nh lu di, an ton
trong gi bo. Bn cnh nh qun l thng b tr bi tp kt vt liu phc v cho cng tc h ,
duy tu, bo dng thng xuyn.
11.1.2.3 Trm quan trc hi vn
Ngoi cc trm hai vn Quc gia, nhng tuyn quan trng hoc nhng khu vc bi bin
v b bin b xi, cn xy dng cc trm hi vn o c cc thng s c bn nh triu, nc
dng, sng, vn chuyn bn ct phc v cho qun l, nghin cu v thit k.V tr xy dng trm
quan trc phi m bo n nh lu di, thun li trong qu trnh qun l v vn hnh.
11.2. Cng trnh ph tr
Ngoi cc hng mc cng trnh chnh, khi thit k cn xem xt tng trng hp c th v
yu cu thc t ca khu vc xy dng b tr cc hng mc cng trnh ph tr sau:
- ng vn chuyn thuyn qua (nu c yu cu)
- Bc,dc ln, xung , kt ni vi ng dn sinh, ng cu h ;
- Ca khu qua ;
- Bi vt liu d phng cu h ;
- Bin ghi cc s kin c bit ca tuyn :
Khi thit k nhng cng trnh trn, ti cc v tr ni tip, chuyn tip phi m bo n nh
iu v thun li cho dn sinh trong khu vc.
Cng tc du tu, bo dng bin cn tin hnh nh k, nhm tng cng n nh, bn vng
cho cng trnh. Trong , cn tp trung vo mt s cng vic chnh sau:
11.3. Kim tra, nh gi trng thi lm vic ca cng trnh
11.3.1 Kim tra nh k
Cng tc kim tra gim st nh k cn thc hin hng nm trc ma bo, vi cc ni dung sau:
- Chiu cao nh , ln ca thn .
- Cht lng bo v mi, thn (n nh mi, hang hc ng vt).

50

- Kch thc hnh hc mi k (mt ct dc ngang, chiu dy).

- Cht lng ca cc cng trnh chuyn tip (chn k, tng lc )
- S pht trin ca h xi trc chn (nu c).
- Pht hin cc bt thng dc tuyn
11.3.2. Kim tra theo tnh hung
Theo tnh hung cn bo, trc khi bo n (d bo), nn kim tra tnh hnh k chun b i
ph cc tnh hung c th xy ra. Sau cn bo, cn kim tra tnh hnh h hng ca , k c k hoch
sa cha, khc phc kp thi.
11.4. Duy tu, bo dng
- Cc h hng trn mi k, khi c chuyn v ln cn phi xp t li c dy cn thit. Vt
liu c th ti s dng nhiu ln nh: cn thay th nhng vin b v, b mi mn nu trn mi
xut hin nhng ch trng vi din tch ln, gy ra s ra tri ca vt liu thn , cn phi sa cha
kp thi.
- Chn k, m hn cn theo di v bo dng thng xuyn, c bit trong trng hp c h
xi pht trin mnh trc chn cng trnh, phi tin hnh x l khi h xi cn quy m nh. Nu
h xi hoc h hng pht trin rng va phi x l tn km va e da an ton cng trnh.
- Thng xuyn duy tu, chm sc rng ngp mn, m bo trng thi, cht lng rng theo
iu kin thit k.

51

Danh sch T son tho

(Theo Quyt nh s 3469/Q-BNN-KHCN ngy 04/11/2008 v Quyt nh s 1522/Q-BNN-KHCN ngy
07/6/2010 ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn)
TT

H v tn

Chc danh
trong t son
tho

n v cng tc
Cc Qun l iu v PCLB - Tng cc Thy li

1.

Th.S Trn Quang Hoi

T trng, ch
bin

2.

PGS.TS. V Thanh Te

T trng

3.

PGS.TS inh V Thanh

Ph t trng

V Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - B

Nng nghip v PTNT

4.

PGS.TS. Nguyn Bnh Thn

Ph t trng

V Khoa hc cng ngh v HTQT - Tng cc

Thy li

5.

PGS.TS. V Minh Ct

Thnh vin

Trng i hc thu li

6.

Th.S L Thanh Chng

Thnh vin

Vin Khoa hc thy li min Nam - Vin KHTL

VN

7.

PGS.TS. Nguyn Quc Dng

Thnh vin

Vin Thy cng - Vin KHTL VN

8.

PGS.TS L Mnh Hng

Thnh vin

Vin khoa hc thy li Vit Nam

9.

PGS.TS. Trnh Vn Hnh

Thnh vin

Vin Phng tr mi v bo v cng trnh - Vin

KHTL VN

10.

TS. inh Vn Mnh

Thnh vin

TT kho st, nghin cu mi trng bin - Vin

C hc

11.

Th.S Nguyn S Nui

Thnh vin

Nguyn Ph cc trng Qun l iu v

Phng chng lt bo

12.

PGS.TS. Nguyn Khc Ngha

Thnh vin

Phng th nghim trng im quc gia v ng

lc hc sng bin - Vin KHTL VN

13.

TS. Nguyn Hu Phc

Thnh vin

Cc Qun l iu v Phng chng lt bo

14.

GS.TS Phm Ngc Qu

Thnh vin

Trng i hc thy li

15.

PGS.TS. Nguyn B Qu

Thnh vin

Trng i hc thu li

16.

PGS.TS. Nguyn Ngc Qunh

Thnh vin

Phng th nghim trng im quc gia v ng

lc hc sng bin - Vin KHTL VN

17.

Th.S Nguyn Tun Anh

Thnh vin th
k

V khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - B

Nng nghip v PTNT

18.

TS. Mai Vn Cng

Thnh vin th
k khoa hc

Trng i hc thy li

19.

PGS.TS L Xun Roanh

Thnh vin th
k

Trng i hc thy li

20.

Th.S Nguyn Vn Hi

Thnh vin th
k

Cc Qun l iu v PCLB - Tng cc Thy li

52

Trng i hc thu li