CHP 4 AMPLITUDE

MODULATION
PREPARED BY SYED WASIF ALI
SHAH

MODULATION
THE PROCESS OF MODULATION CONSISTS IN
TRANSLATING A BASEBAND SIGNAL TO A
HIGHER FREQUENCY. SOME OF THE REASONS
FOR DOING THIS ARE:
1. FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING, I.E.,
ALLOCATING DIFFERENT BASEBAND SIGNALS
IN SEPARATE HIGHER FREQUENCY BANDS.
2. ALLOW THE USE OF REASONABLE ANTENNA
LENGTHS (PHYSICAL LENGTH OF AN ANTENNA
MUST BE AROUND / 10 TO BE AN EFFICIENT
RADIATOR, = WAVELENGTH IN METERS [m]
= c/f WHERE c = 3108m/ sec = SPEED OF
LIGHT AND f = FREQUENCY IN Hz)

SELECTION OF MODULATION
1. AVAILABLE BANDWIDTH
2. REQUIRED PERFORMANCE (SIGNAL
TO NOISE RATIO, SNR)
3. TYPE OF CHANNEL
4. COST

ANALOG MODULATION
1. THE AMPLITUDE
2. THE FREQUENCY
3. THE PHASE

CARRIER SIGNAL c(t)

MESSAGE SIGNAL m(t)

AM MODULATION
AM IS DEFINED AS A SYSTEM OF
MODULATION IN WHICH THE AMPLITUDE
OF THE CARRIER IS MADE PROPORTIONAL
TO THE INSTANTANEOUS AMPLITUDE OF
THE MODULATING VOLTAGE
CARRIER VOLTAGE - v c = Vc sin c t
MODULATING VOLTAGE - v

= Vm sin

NOTE THAT PHASE ANGLE HAS BEEN

IGNORED IN BOTH EXPRESSIONS SINCE IT
IS UNCHANGED BY THE AMPLITUDE
MODULATION PROCESS

AM FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
THE FREQUENCIES PRESENT IN THE
AM WAVE ARE THE CARRIER
FREQUENCY AND THE FIRST PAIR OF
SIDEBAND FREQUENCIES

WHEN MODULATION IS PRESENT,

THE AMPLITUDE OF THE CARRIER IS
VARIED BY ITS INSTANTANEOUS
VALUE

MODULATION INDEX
THE MODULATION INDEX OF A
MODULATION SCHEME DESCRIBES BY HOW
MUCH THE MODULATED VARIABLE OF THE
CARRIER SIGNAL VARIES AROUND ITS
UNMODULATED LEVEL.
ALSO KNOWN AS MODULATION DEPTH OR
PERCENTAGE MODULATION
m = Vm / Vc
THE NUMBER LIES BETWEEN 0 AND 1

AMPLITUDE MODULATION EQUATIONS

An equation for the amplitude of the
amplitude-modulated voltage
The instantaneous voltage of the
resulting amplitude-modulated wave

AMPLITUDE MODULATION EQUATIONS

(contd.)

IN AM THE BANDWIDTH REQUIRED IS

TWICE THE HIGHEST MODULATING
FREQUENCY

REPRESENTATION OF AM

REPRESENTATION OF AM (contd.)
AM is shown simply as consisting of
three discrete frequencies
The central frequency, i.e., the
carrier, has the highest amplitude
and the other two are disposed
symmetrically about it

REPRESENTATION OF AM (contd.)
The top envelope is given by
The lower envelope is given by

POWER RELATIONS IN THE AM WAVE

CURRENT CALCULATIONS
Ic = UN-MODULATED CURRENT
It = TOTAL OR MODULATED CURRENT

MODULATION BY SEVERAL SINE WAVES

Let V1, V2, V3, etc., be the
simultaneous modulation voltages
Dividing both sides by Vc

MODULATION BY SEVERAL SINE WAVES

(contd.)

The total power equation

AM TRANSMITTER

AM RECEIVER

AM RECEIVER (Contd.)

ENVELOPE DETECTOR
The Envelope Function of a rapidly
varying signal is a smooth curve
outlining its extremes in amplitude.
An Envelope Detector is an electronic
circuit that takes a high frequency
signal as input and provides an
output which is the envelope of the
original signal

ENVELOPE (WAVEFORMS)

ENVELOPE (WAVEFORMS)
(Contd.)