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Linux Για Αρχάριους
Linux Για Αρχάριους
Linux.
:
Linux .
.
.
m ,
.
Linux ,
. .
1. Linux;
2. Linux;
3. Linux;
4.
5. (Partitions)
6. Linux
7. Drivers
8.
9. Unix
10.
11.
12.Playground
< Linux
1
2 Linux != Windows
3 Linux;
4 Linux;
4.1 software
4.1.1 Microsoft Office
4.1.2 Games
4.2 hardware
. ,
,
.
.
,
, ,
.
. ,
.
.
.
Linux != Windows
:
Linux is not Windows .
.
.
Linux, Windows. ,
Linux.
.
Linux .
: Linux Windows.
, , , .. Windows
Linux, .
.
. , . ,
Linux, .
Linux.
, . ,
Windows , .
Linux, (kernel).
Linux, kernel ,
Windows .
.
.
, Firefox
. (browser) .
Internet Explorer; browser;
! Internet Explorer.
! (tabbed browsing),
(live bookmarks), ,
png .
, .
, Internet Explorer ( 6)
. ,
"ok" "ok"
, .
. .
Firefox Internet Explorer, .
Linux Windows; .
: Linux
, .
, .
: ,
Windows, ReactOS.
Linux;
Linux;
Linux; Linux; Linux, ;
.
:
Linux Windows.
Linux ! 97%
.
! .
Linux . CD/DVD
!
!
.
! !
! ; ! !
! ; !
! 2 !
!
! !
! ! !
! !
! Linux !
Linux;
, ,
Linux.
software hardware
software
Linux
.
(internet, multimedia, skype ) Linux
, .
, Linux ,
Windows. ,
, Linux.
Windows Mac
. , 2D
Draftsight Autocad, Blender 3DS
Max, . , Linux
,
. , VirtualBox Dualboot
.
Microsoft Office
Microsoft Office.
Windows Mac Linux. MsOffice
LibreOffice,
(formatting) .
*.doc(x) *.xls(x) ,
Microsoft Office VirtualBox. ,
MS Office Wine.
Games
Linux
Linux
gaming. 2012 , Steam Steam
For Linux Linux. ,
,
Linux. , ( 2013)
PC,
Windows.
hardware
Linux. Linux Kernel
.
(hardware ) Linux.
:
( video encoding
)
drivers Linux Kernel.
.
kernel , , .
:
hardware Linux Kernel .
Kernel, ,
hardware,
.
,
, ,
hardware
Linux Live CD/USB
Wacom Tablets Linux.
Linux /
Linux;
< Linux
1 Linux;
2 Linux;
3 Live CD/USB
3.1
3.2
3.3 Live (CD vs USB)
3.4
3.5 Live
4 Virtualization
4.1 Virtualization
4.2 Virtualization
4.3 M Virtualization
4.4 hardware
4.5 Virtualization
4.6 Linux Virtual Machine
4.7 Virtual Machine
5 Dual boot
6 Wubi/mint4win ( Windows) Deprecated!
Linux;
Linux
,
:
Live CD Live USB
Virtualization ( ) Virtualbox
VMWare)
Dual Boot, Linux
.
Wubi/mint4win ( Windows) Deprecated!
: Live CD/USB Virtualization
Linux. T dual boot
Linux .
Linux;
Linux,
. ,
.
Linux, ISO .
ISO
torrent.
ISO , ,
. ,
. , md5sum
.
: ISO torrent,
md5sum, torrent client .
Live CD/USB
.
live cd-rom usb.
RAM ,
.
:
,
, Linux.
hardware Linux
( drivers).
. live
, .
: hardware ( web-camera)
Live ,
.
Live :
internet
, , .
: Live CD/USB
windows (
).
Live CD/USB :
RAM,
CD/USB,
( ).
, ,
(live session) . ,
.
: Ubuntu , Live USB,
Live Session
persistency. wiki Ubuntu.
3).
.
USB . .. 2
1.1, 1.1.
: USB 1.1 cd-rom.
1.1, CD.
: USB.
CD.
Live CD :
1. CD/DVD drive .
2. .
3. . Live Session,
BIOS boot sequence.
CD-ROM. .
4. Live Session (
). live session.
Try < >" Try without
installing
live .
5. RAM. ,
.
.
Live USB ,
CD drive usb , BIOS
USB.
Live
Live , :
1. boot sequence .
2. CD/USB.
! Linux!
Virtualization
Virtualization
(virtual) (Operating System OS)
. Guest OS
Host OS
Virtualization . .. :
,
, ,
, /
.
Virtualization
Virtual Virtual Machine.
Virtual Machine :
1. Virtual Machine,
(virtual hard
drive). (Host OS)
, . , (Guest OS)
. ,
10 GB .
2. Virtual Machine hardware
Guest OS (
Guest 2GB RAM, , 512 ).
hardware Guest OS.
3. Virtual Machine
Guest OS. virtualization cd-rom
ISO .
Linux.
4. Guest OS, Virtual Machine,
hardware
Guest OS.
, , partitions,
. To VirtualBox
!
.
: Guest OS hardware
. hardware, Guest OS .
minimum requirements .
: hardware
Guest OS, hardware
. !
Virtualization
Virtual Machine Linux :
,
Virtualization ( VirtualBox)
. format,
partitions, . Virtual Machine
Virtualization.
.
,
. :
.
reboot !
host ,
guest .
M Virtualization
Virtualization :
hardware
Linux. virtual virtual
hardware - hardware !
hardware Linux Live
CD/USB.
Linux
,
VirtualBox (
).
Virtualization.
( 10), "" Virtual Machine.
Virtual Machine
512MB RAM, 1GB
RAM.
Host . ,
2 GB RAB Virtualization
. Hardware
Virtualization ( google
hardware virtualization).
Guest
virtualization.
, RAM
.
( 3-5 ) virtualbox.
hardware
10 GB . linux
.
, Virtual Machine
Host OS. ,
Guest OS. SSD
Host OS.
,
partitions VirtualBox,
() .
1 GB RAM . 2 GB Guest OS .
Virtualization
Virtualization. :
Virtualbox
VMWare
Virtualization Qemu
( ).
Virtualization wikipedia.
: virtualization ,
Virtualbox.
Virtual Machine
virtual
Host OS. virtual machine Host OS
Linux!
Dual boot
Dual Boot ,
. Linux
, .
.
Windows. .
, backup .
Windows.
. , , backup
.
( )
DVD.
. iso
. :
1) ,
Windows ( ).
boot manager . Boot manager
Master Boot Record (MBR). boot manager Windows
MBR .
grub syslinux linux (
) linux windows.
windows grub MBR
ntldr ( boot manager windows).
grub live
cd/usb.
2) partitions. linux
partition . windows
backup . partitions
:
.
.
:
It's the real thing!
Linux /
Linux;
< Linux
1 ;
2 bootloader Linux;
2.1 Windows XP
2.2 Windows Vista/7
2.3 Windows 8
;
:
.
: ,
, Live CD/USB Virtualization.
: partition () .
,
:
1. format partition .
2. partition ,
. partitions .
partition. partition
. , ,
partition ,
partitions .
partition,
gparted.
Live-CD/USB. gparted Linux,
( )
http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php
: partitions
, backup .
bootloader Linux;
Dual Boot (Windows Linux)
Linux, partitions BootLoader Linux (grub2,
syslinux ).
windows, CD windows.
Windows XP
1.
2.
3.
4.
K boot cd Windows.
repair your computer Command prompt.
bootrec /fixmbr, enter .
reboot .
Windows Vista/7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
K boot cd Windows.
repair your computer Command prompt.
bootrec /fixmbr, enter .
bootrec /fixboot, enter .
reboot .
Windows 8
: , EasyBCD
grub.
Linux /
< Linux
1 ;
1.1
1.2
2
2.1 Ubuntu
2.2 Mint
2.3 Fedora
2.4 OpenSuse
3 Desktop Environments
3.1 KDE
3.2 GNOME
3.3 XFCE
3.4 LXDE
3.5 Enlightenment
3.6 Unity
3.7 Cinnamon
3.8 Mate
4
;
Linux
;. ,
. ,
Linux. O Linux
.
,
. - -
.
,
Linux.
, .
Linux . servers,
desktops,
( 10 ),
( ).
desktops.
, .
desktops . , ,
. , ,
. .
:
( ,
,
, ).
( package manager )
(
).
.
.
- .
(Desktop Enviroment), .
,
( Live CD ).
ISO ,
, ISO,
. ,
" ",
package manager . ,
,
, .
package manager , ,
.
. ,
.
package manager
,
. , (
), (
user friendly) ,
.
,
.
Ubuntu (Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Lubuntu
)
Mint
H Fedora
To openSUSE
: .
.
:
, ;)
,
,
( : ).
, :
To Debian
Arch Linux
To Gentoo (hardcore )
Linux From Scratch ( hardcore !!!)
, .
, ,
wiki .
Ubuntu
Ubuntu Linux.
, . To Ubuntu
6 , ,
(12.04, 12.10, 13.04 , ). 2
Long Time Support (LTS) , 5
.
.
: LTS 14.10. ,
.
Ubuntu Unity
.
.
:).
Ubuntu, (derivatives distros),
Ubuntu,
. :
Kubuntu Ubuntu KDE
Xubuntu Ubuntu XFCE
Lubuntu Ubuntu LXDE
Mint
To Mint ,
. Desktop
.
,
Desktop . ISO
:
Cinnamon
Mate
Xfce
KDE
Mint Ubuntu,
Ubuntu (Kubuntu, Lubuntu ) Ubuntu,
repositories. H 17.1
14.04 Ubuntu. 13 12.04
LTS. ISO .
Fedora
Fedora
OpenSuse
openSUSE
Desktop Environments
( Desktop Environment DE )
Linux.
,
. default
, (themes)
. DE
. DE.
hardware
KDE
KDE (K Desktop Environment - K)
Qt Trolltech. KDE DE
Desktop .
w:en:KDE KDE Wikipedia.
GNOME
GNOME GTK.
Gnome 3. 2 3,
.
XFCE
XFCE
.
hardware
. Windows XP/Vista/7,
. XFCE
browser, Midori,
browsers . GTK.
LXDE
To LXDE desktop environment
desktop . GTK,
developers Qt Trolltech.
Enlightenment
Enlightenment DE,
. 17 10
. ,
.
Unity
To Unity DE Ubuntu.
User Interface .
Cinnamon
To Cinnamon fork Gnome 3 Mint. O
fork Gnome 3,
desktop Gnome 2.
Mate
To Mate fork Gnome 2. Gnome 2 ,
Mate . Gnome
2 .
(Desktop Environment),
Unity, GNOME ( 3 ) KDE. ,
, XFCE
LXDE.
"" (Window Manager),
, .
, Openbox, i3
Enlightenment ( Window Manager). .
default ,
, .
, ,
. .. Nautilus ( Files)
file manager, PCManFM. .
"" ,
, /.
"
" .
, ( )
,
.
: browser
(firefox chrome) 512MB RAM.
: Midori browser o
.
:
http://puppylinux.org/
http://crunchbang.org/
http://lubuntu.net/
http://xubuntu.org/
http://www.linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=119
http://tinycorelinux.net/
http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/
http://antix.mepis.org/index.php?title=Main_Page
http://www.connochaetos.org/wiki/
http://www.xpud.org/
http://macpup.org/
http://www.swiftlinux.org/
http://www.browserlinux.com/
http://www.jolicloud.com/
http://peppermintos.com/
http://www.salixos.org/wiki/index.php/Home
(8MB Ram):
http://osarena.net/distros-roms/specialist-distros/delicate-thimase-ekino-to-pc-me-ta-8mbram-pou-iches-anastise-to.html
Linux / (Partitions)
< Linux
: , ,
hardware .
1 partitions;
2
3 Linux
4 Filesystems ( )
4.1 FileSystems
4.1.1 FAT (File Allocation Table)
4.1.2 NTFS (New Technology FileSystem)
4.1.3 ext3/ext4 (EXTended file system 3/4)
4.1.4 Btrfs (B-tree filesystem)
4.1.5 SWAP
4.2 Fragmentation ()
5 Partitions/
5.1 Gparted
6
7 Partitioning Schemes
7.1 Windows Only
7.2 Linux Only
7.3 Dual Boot
7.3.1 >4GB Ram
7.3.2 <2GB Ram
8
partitions;
.
partitions (). partition,
, ,
.
partitions.
( ). ,
format, format
partition , .
.
, .
(partitions):
(Primary partitions)
(Extended partitions).
primary partition, .
(Logical partitions)
primary partitions,
:
primary partitions.
partitions
Linux
Linux /dev/sdXY, X
(a, b, c...)
Y (1, 2, 3...)
. , ,
Linux /dev/sda1
/dev/sdb3.
Linux, 1, 2, 3 4
( extended).
, 5 .
. ,
,
.
: IDE,
/dev/hd XY .
,
,
.
Master, slaves ,
b, c ( a) .
,
UUID GUID
.
Filesystems ( )
FileSystems ( ),
.
FileSystems,
filesystems . , Windows
filesystems (
,
). Linux, native filesystems ( ext4 BTRFS),
FAT32 NTFS, native
filesystems windows.
FileSystems
FAT (File Allocation Table)
FAT16 FAT32.
MS-DOS, .
,
, USB memory stick . Windows XP
Microsoft NTFS FAT.
( 4 GB),
( 2TB), ( )
.
Linux ,
Dual Boot windows,
. , NTFS Linux
, .
H FAT32 , USB
Memory Cards , ,
journaling ( )
FileSystems.
NTFS (New Technology FileSystem)
NTFS Microsoft FAT
Windows NT. XP
Windows.
FAT ( journaling, case-sensitive ,
).
Linux, ,
NTFS.
ntfsprogs, .
, , NTFS linux Dual-Boot
Windows , ,
NTFS.
ext3/ext4 (EXTended file system 3/4)
To ext 1992
Linux. ext3 ext4. ext4
ext3 ,
.
, ext4 , ext3
. ext4
linux.
: ext4 Journal,
flash memory USB
flash drives
. ext3 .
Windows, FAT32.
Btrfs (B-tree filesystem)
Linux ext4.
, .
Linux.
Wikipedia.
: Btrfs under heavy development.
Linux Kernel
.
SWAP
:
swap, partition file.
SWAP partition linux RAM.
RAM ( > 4 GB) , ,
. RAM ( <= 2 GB) .
swap .
SWAP. swap files,
swap partitions,
partition.
: Linux kernel 2.6 swap files swap
partitions, swap partition.
hybernate swap.
.
: server
SWAP. . '
:).
Fragmentation ()
filesystems Windows
fragmentation (),
( )
.
.
,
. , ()
Defragmentation,
, .
: defragment
. C:
60%.
: Windows
defragmentation, MyDefrag
(freeware).
linux : defragmentation.
defragmentation, fragmentation
()! ;
, ,
Linux.
filesystems Linux ,
Windows.
; ,
defragment. , , linux
fragmentation.
: filesystems ( BTRFS)
Linux. BTRFS
defragment.
: SSD, ()
, .
fragmentation , .
Partitions/
:
GParted Linux Live CD/USB.
.
. Windows
Windows,
,
.
GParted ( Linux)
.
GParted Linux Live CD/USB.
Gparted
Gparted:
1. .
.
2. .
.
.
3. ,
.
,
. ,
.
4.
.
,
.
format /home
partition . format.
SWAP partition
RAM. swap partition .
compiles ,
( libreoffice) swap
partition. swap file.
filesystem .
. EXT4 BTRFS
, XFS
. BTRFS . ext4
. BTRFS.
. BTRFS
, .
SSD EXT4, BTRFS, XFS JFS.
mount options TRIM.
: , ext4.
Partitioning Schemes
partition scheme. partitioning scheme
. desktop
. , server
, ,
.
, partition,
format
. 2 partitions.
'
(, , , , ).
, ,
format partition
.
:
partition (
software ) ( hardware).
.
,
, (backup),
.
Windows Only
H . partition,
( ...)
2 partitions. To windows ( C:)
(.. D:) .
C:,
. Windows 7/8 (
office ) 30-50 GB.
windows ( Windows XP) ,
20GB .
defragmentation , partition 70100GB .
(partition D:).
( 510GB ) partition .
( laptop 80 GB )
pc
fragmentation. , 50 GB
C: 30 GB D: . 40GB - 40GB .
30GB - 50GB . ,
( SSD
!).
Linux Only
partition root /
. 2
partitions. To
. RAM
swap , partition .
partition root partition
/. partitions /
home partition /home.
, root partition .
( shared libraries), Linux
. :
,
5GB.
Linux desktop 10-15 GB ,
, 20GB . 30 GB . fragmentation linux
partition.
( 1) 50GB
.
home partition .
: /boot
partition. .
, ,
.
: partitions. desktop
, 2 partitions -.
filesystems, .
root home partition ext4.
Dual Boot
H dual boot windows Linux
. RAM
.
>4GB Ram
RAM, SWAP
Partition, partitions 2 . ,
partitions 4, primary partitions
. :
1. /dev/sda1 NTFS partition windows ( C:).
2. /dev/sda2 NTFS partition
( D:
.
3. /dev/sda3 ext4 partition Linux
( root partition /)
4. /dev/sda4 ext4 partition
( home partition
/home).
Linux Windows home partition
, (,
, ) D:.
partition, D: 2 partitions
, ,
partitions . , home
,
sda2 (D:).
: SSD, , ,
ext4 BTRFS
<2GB Ram
RAM, RAM
SWAP Partition. partitions
5, .
, 4 primary partitions
4, primary partition extended
partitions logical partitions
extended. , partitions SWAP
primary partitions. , :
/dev/sda1 primary partition NTFS
Windows ( C:).
To /dev/sda2 primary partition ext4
Linux ( /).
To /dev/sda3 primary partition SWAP.
/dev/sda4 extended partition.
/dev/sda5 logical partition ext4
Linux ( /home).
/dev/sda6 logical partition NTFS
( D:).
partitions
logical partitions primary.
, extended partition
, logical
partitions. ,
primary partitions.
Ubuntu
Partition Editor (Gparted) live CD/DVD Ubuntu
Ubuntu
http://www.linfo.org/filesystem.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems#Supporting_operating_systems
Linux / Linux
< Linux
1 Linux
1.1
1.2 BIOS
1.3 Boot Managers
1.4
1.5 Video tutorial
Linux
BIOS
UEFI . .
Boot Managers
boot managers
.
.
, :
Grub2
SysLinux
Grub Legacy
EFISTUB
1. Arch Linux
Slackware Linux 12-1
Video tutorial
rch Linux
Ubuntu
video
Linux / Drivers
< Linux
1 Drivers
1.1 hardware
1.2 Drivers
1.3
1.3.1 vs drivers
1.4
Drivers
(web-camera, printer ), drivers,
.
"" Windows
Linux drivers
( site hardware). Linux , 99 100
Linux drivers
Linux Kernel. ,
drivers , .
hardware
, , ,
hardware . Linux
hardware ,
.
3,
, laptop ( pcmicia
).
hardware ( ,
, ( usb) ) lspci.
USB ( bluetooth ,
, , ) lsusb.
pcmcia lspcmcia.
: output , ,
. ,
post- forum Linux,
.
Drivers
hardware, driver . 95%
driver
. 5% :
drivers , ati nvidia,
package manager
drivers
. ,
/ .
drivers . ,
driver Linux
Kernel.
vs drivers
... drivers .
ati nvidia ( ) ...
1. intel-nvidia optimus bubblebee ,
( optimus
)
2.
. scaling
3. (.. vlc
, browser , , DE , unity )
.. , ....
thread insomnia.gr .
Linux /
< Linux
Linux Windows
/ .
, Linux, Windows,
repositories () package managers ( ),
.
1
1.1 (packages)
1.2 (Repositories Repos)
1.3 (Package Manager)
1.3.1 (dependencies)
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.4 ...
2
3 Windows Linux
4 Games & Steam
Linux
:
1.
(internet).
2. package manager .
-,
, , , , .
.
(packages)
Linux (package).
.
installers Windows.
installer
, Linux
. ,
,
.
. deb rpm
. .
, .
(Repositories Repos)
(server) (
, ).
(repository) repo.
, , . ,
,
,
.
, Linux
, (mirrors),
, ,
, . ,
(load balancing)
,
.
Linux
( , , ,
), ,
. , ,
(package manager) , ,
, , (mirror).
(Package Manager)
(package manager)
()
. ,
.
, :
1.
, ,
(metadata).
2. ,
- (keywords) .
3. /
.
4.
.
, Linux
, installers ,
. ,
. , 3 .
: ,
,
.
: ,
, ( ) (administrator, , , Unix,
Linux, root superuser).
Windows,
. -
[].
: ,
.
.
Linux , .
(dependencies)
(dependency
checking).
, , ,
(program libraries). ,
(dependencies)
.
(.. LibreOffice)
, ,
. . ,
. ,
,
.
, . ,
, ,
:
1. , (Message Digests:
MD5Sums, SHA1Sums, ...) , , .,
,
2. , (
PGP/PKI) ,
(keyring).
, ,
, , .
, .
.
,
. .
, ,
.
, ,
(. / )
. ,
, ,
.
..
, 2.2 .
3.1,
,
.
,
o
.
...
, .
,
. , ,
(official repositories) ,
.
.
4 :
( unofficial
repository 3rd party repository). Ubuntu
ppa ( ). ,
.
*.deb *.rpm ,
package manager ,
, .
.
package manager .
, .
(compile and install from source), package
manager. H , , , ,
, package manager, (
) , .
(uninstall) Windows
.
.
(Registry) Windows ,
format
.
Registry.
Linux ,
. :
(package manager)
.
(uninstall).
-.
.
Windows Linux
Wine/Crossover
Linux / Unix
< Linux
1
2 Users
2.1 su/sudo/gksudo
3 Groups
4 (file permissions)
4.1 1
4.2 2
4.3 Octal representation
4.4
4.5
4.6
5
5.1
UNIX
,
. ,
,
( , ) ,
.
.
.
. ,
,
. , john jane,
john jane .
Unix-like , Linux,
, , ,
Unix
.
: .
root. root
.
: ,
Unix
.
Users
: Linux, users
.
Linux
.
. ,
. ,
.
, Linux
(superuser),
root. root user
. root ,
. ,
, root .
: root administrator Windows.
Windows o administrator ,
. Linux,
root .
root,
, .
:
.
.
... ()
root, ,
user, o
.
.
: ,
user
su/sudo/gksudo
sudo & passwordless sudo & su.
Groups
(file permissions)
Linux, Unix,
:
1. ( ) user group.
2. , , groups.
Linux , ,
, .
, :
user - wner.
users group Group.
users, users
, group Other.
users, ,
. :
(r), ( )
.
(w), ( )
.
(x).
.
rwx.
, ,
.
, .
rw- r-x
. ---
, .
10
-rw-rw-r--, 9
.
(d) , (-)
, (l).
1
ls -l. To
output ,
: <pre<noinclude></noinclude> style="margin-bottom: 0; borderbottom:none; padding-bottom:0.8em; background-color:LightCyan"> -rw-rw-r-- 1 vladimir
moderators 2.5K Jan 22 21:06 README.txt</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
<pre<noinclude></noinclude> style="margin-top: 0; border-top-style:dashed; padding-top: 0.8em;
background-color:LightCyan"> permission # username groupname size +---date---+
filename</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
, README.txt user vladimir group moderators
-rw-rw-r--. ,
:
( -).
vladimir (user-owner)
( 2-4 rw-).
group moderators (group-owner)
( 5-7 rw-).
( 8-10
r--).
2
, project,
home folder : <pre<noinclude></noinclude> style="margin-bottom:
0; border-bottom:none; padding-bottom:0.8em; background-color:LightCyan"> $ ls -l
~/project</pre<noinclude></noinclude>> <pre<noinclude></noinclude> style="margin-top: 0;
border-top-style:dashed; padding-top: 0.8em; background-color:LightCyan"> drwxr-xr-x 3 john
users 4.0K Feb 9 12:28 geo2D/ -rw-r--r-- 1 john moderators 2.5K Jan 22 21:06 README.txt
</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
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< Linux
1 md5sum
1.1 ISO
2 ISO CD
3 ISO USB
4 + ;
5 , GNU/LINUX
6
7 Security
8 Rolling Release vs Fixed Release
9 Windows Linux
md5sum
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>>
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/path/to/file</pre<noinclude></noinclude>>
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<pre<noinclude></noinclude> style="margin-bottom: 0; border-bottom:none; paddingbottom:0.8em; background-color:LightCyan">$ md5sum -c
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border-top-style:dashed; padding-top: 0.8em; background-color:LightCyan">filename.iso:
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: <pre<noinclude></noinclude>> filename.iso:
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http://wiki.ubuntu-gr.org/Community/Glossary
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Rolling Release vs Fixed Release
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rolling release Arch Linux. Arch
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.
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.
wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_release
Windows Linux
. .
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.
Windows
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< Linux
:
.
1
2 /
2.1 ARCH LINUX
2.2 DEBIAN
2.2.1 DEBIAN Testing
2.2.2 DEBIAN SID
,
.
. .. Ubuntu 6 ,
12.04 ( 2012), 12.10 ( 2012) . ,
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.
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