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IB Grade 9 Math Book-Chapter8
IB Grade 9 Math Book-Chapter8
Vocabulary
hypotenuse
Pythagorean theorem
surface area
volume
pyramid
lateral faces
cone
sphere
412
Measurement
Relationships
Landscape architects design, plan, and manage land.
Their work can be seen in the attractiveness and
usefulness of parks, highways, neighbourhoods, gardens,
and zoos. Concepts of measurement in two-dimensional
and three-dimensional geometry are important in
landscape design and construction.
In this chapter, you will solve problems involving
two-dimensional and three-dimensional gures. You will
also extend your skills with three-dimensional geometry
to include pyramids, cones, and spheres.
Chapter Problem
For her summer job, Emily will help her brother with
his landscaping business. The company designs and
installs patios and gardens and puts the nishing
touches around swimming pools. Throughout this
chapter, you will apply your skills to help Emily
complete her projects.
413
2(l w)
2(8.2 5.6)
2(13.8)
27.6
5.6 cm
8.2 cm
5.3 cm
Estimate: 2 3 5 30
2 * * 5.3 =
b)
6.5 cm
a)
b)
4m
2.8 cm
10.2 m
0.8 m
c)
d)
e)
c)
2.2 cm
2.1 mm
15 m
f)
5 mm
35 mm
d)
12.5 cm
30 m
7.5 mm
10 m
6m
17 m
Name
Area Formula
rectangle
A lw
triangle
1
A bh
2
circle
A r 2
parallelogram
A bh
h
b
a
h
1
A h(a + b)
2
trapezoid
b
Apply the formula for the area of a rectangle. Substitute l 6.0 and w 4.5.
A lw
(6.0)(4.5)
27
4.5 cm
6.0 cm
a)
8.4 cm
2.1 m
b)
7.5 cm
b)
6.5 cm
5.8 m
5.4 m
10.2 cm
10.3 cm
20 cm
A = r 2
w=h
A=l w
A = r 2
l = 2r
2 * * 4 x + 2 * * 4 * 20 =
My scientific
calculator may be
different. If these
keystrokes dont
work on my
calculator, Ill look at
the manual.
b)
10 cm
10 m
4m
30 cm
8.5 m
20 m
2m
3m
10 m
any circle.
a) a perimeter of 15 cm
b) an area of 10
cm2
b) an area of 20 cm2
8.1
hypotenuse
c
a
c
b
Tools
grid paper
ruler
Investigate
How can you illustrate the Pythagorean theorem?
Method 1: Use Pencil and Paper
1. Construct any right triangle. Label the sides of your triangle
shorter sides.
c) Write the Pythagorean theorem using your side labels.
still hold? Does the relationship from step 4, part b), still hold?
6. Reflect Explain how this activity illustrates the Pythagorean
theorem.
Method 2: Use The Geometers Sketchpad
1. From the Edit menu, choose Preferences. Click on the Units tab.
Set the precision to tenths for all three boxes. Click on the Text
tab and check For All New Points. Click on OK.
Tools
computers
Go to
www.mcgrawhill.ca/
links/principles9 and follow
the links to an interactive
proof of the Pythagorean
theorem.
Solution
In the diagram, the diagonal, d, is
the hypotenuse.
Apply the Pythagorean theorem.
d2 302 22.52
d2 900 506.25
d2 1406.25
2d 2 21406.25
d 37.5
22.5 cm
30 cm
Solution
In this case, the ladder is the hypotenuse, with a length of 4 m.
The unknown side length is h.
Apply the Pythagorean theorem.
42 1.42 h2
16 1.96 h2
16 1.96 1.96 1.96 h2
14.04 h2
214.04 2h2
h
3.7
4m
The ladder reaches 3.7 m up the wall, to the nearest tenth of a metre.
8 cm
Solution
1
The formula for the area of a triangle is A bh .
2
The base, b, and the height, h, must be perpendicular to each
other. For a right triangle, the base and the height are the lengths of
the two shorter sides.
First, use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length of the unknown
side, a.
112
121
121 64
57
a2 82
a2 64
a2 64 64
a2
257 2a2
7.5
a
b
Subtract 64 from both sides.
Literac
onnections
1
bh
2
1
(8)(7.5)
2
30
A
Key Concepts
5 cm
5 cm
C2
y
4
2
B
0
C3
5 cm
13 cm
b
Practise
For help with question 1, see Example 1.
1. Calculate the length of the hypotenuse in each triangle. Round your
b)
c
6 cm
12 m
8 cm
5m
c)
d)
c
4.2 m
c
7 cm
5.1 m
5 cm
b)
10 m
4m
17 cm
8 cm
c)
d)
9.5 m
5.5 m
c
8.2 cm
3.6 cm
b)
7m
12 m
10 cm
8 cm
a) AB
D
E
B
b) CD
c) EF
28 cm
How far does the second-base player have to throw the ball to get a
runner out at home plate? Round your answer to the nearest metre.
27 m
the park. Her kite is directly above the 10-m tree and the 125-m
string is fully extended. Approximately how far above the tree is her
kite flying?
9. Chapter Problem Emily has designed a
2m
2.5 m
Extend
10. A cardboard box measures
40 cm by 40 cm by 30 cm.
Calculate the length of the space
diagonal, to the nearest centimetre.
30 cm
space diagonal
40 cm
40 cm
11. The Spider and the Fly Problem is a classic puzzle that
spider
fly
12 ft
30 ft
12 ft
in the diagram.
1
d
c
1
b
1
1
8.2
Investigate
How can you apply your knowledge of perimeter and area to a
composite figure?
The owners of a restaurant have decided to build
an outdoor patio to increase the number of
customers that they can serve in the summer. The
patio design consists of a rectangle, two right
triangles, and a semicircle.
3m
5m
4m
6m
the patio.
2. To calculate the perimeter of the patio, you will need to determine
7% GST.
c) Compare this answer to your original estimate. How close were
you?
5. Reflect Describe an advantage to using simple shapes to calculate
12 cm
Solution
a) The stained-glass panel can be split into a rectangle
16 cm
12 cm
4 cm
To find the total area of the panel, add the area of the rectangle
and the areas of the two right triangles. Use the formulas for the
areas of these shapes.
Call the area of the rectangle Arectangle.
Arectangle lw
(24)(16)
384
Atriangle 1
Atriangle 2
1
h(a b)
2
1
(16)(24 40)
2
8(64)
512
A
24 cm
In both triangles, the
unknown side is the
hypotenuse.
16 cm
12 cm
4 cm
First, find the length of the unknown side on the left. Call it c.
c2 122 162
c2 144 256
c2 400
c 2400
c 20
Next, find the length of the unknown side on the right. Call it d.
d 2 42 162
d 2 16 256
d 2 272
d 2272
16
d
Now, find the perimeter by adding the outside measurements.
P 24 16 40 20
100
The perimeter of the stained-glass panel is approximately 100 cm.
The two unknown sides of the trapezoid must each be longer than
16 cm. This means that the total perimeter must be longer than
(24 16 40 16) or 96 cm. A perimeter of 100 cm seems
reasonable for this stained-glass panel.
5.2 m
2.1 m
Solution
a) The walkway is a rectangle with a semicircle
5.2 m
b) Arectangle lw
(5.2)(2.1)
10.92
Asemicircle
So, r 2.1 2 or
1.05.
1 2
r
2
1
(1.05)2
2
1.73
Estimate: 5 2 10
2.1 m
L
Key Concepts
Refer to the Investigate on pages 426 and 427. The patio was
divided into four simple shapes: a rectangle, two triangles, and a
semicircle. Describe how to determine the area of the patio by
adding the areas of two shapes.
C2
10 m
3m
7m
2m
2m
question C2. Explain why you cannot simply add the perimeters
of the rectangles that make up the composite figure.
b) Without calculating, describe how the perimeter of this yard
10 m
3m
7m
2m
2m
Practise
For help with questions 1 and 2, see Examples 1 and 2.
1. For each composite figure,
b)
13 m
c)
5m
6m
8 cm
8m
12 m
7m
12 m
5 cm
d)
5 cm
e)
5 cm
3 cm
3 cm
15 cm
5 cm
6 cm
b)
6m
10 mm
8m
15 mm
10 m
8 mm
30 mm
c)
d)
6 cm
2 cm
4 cm
8 cm
5 cm
e)
f)
13 m
10 cm
20 cm
12 m
nearest metre?
18 m
11 m
25 cm
m2.
10 cm
75 cm
60 cm
c) If the paint costs $3.95 per can, plus 8% PST and 7% GST, how
20 cm
5. Arif has designed a logo of her initial as shown. Use a ruler to make
question 6.
b) Use the measurement feature of The Geometers Sketchpad
8m
5m
6m
8 cm
1m
1.5 m
Achievement Check
13. Susan is replacing the shingles on her roof. The roof is made up of a
Selecting Tools
Problem Solving
Connecting
Reflecting
Communicating
18 m
9m
11 m
in part b).
Extend
14. Sanjay is designing a square lawn to fit inside a square yard with
beds?
c) Sanjays design is an example of a square inscribed within
10 m
four terms.
b) Construct rectangles using consecutive terms for the sides.
30 cm
4 cm
30 cm
18. Math Contest The midpoints of the sides of a rectangle that measures
8 cm
10 cm
8.3
surface area
Investigate
volume
How can you model the surface area and volume of a pyramid?
A: Surface Area
1. A square-based pyramid and its
pyramid
lateral faces
base
lateral
face
B: Volume
Tools
construction paper
scissors
tape
to form a pyramid.
2. Estimate the ratio of the volume of the
Optional
pyramid?
4. Reflect What conclusion can you draw about the relationship
27.8 m
35 m
Solution
The surface area consists of the square base and the four congruent
triangular faces.
SApyramid Abase 4Atriangle
(35)(35) 4 c
1
(35)(27.8) d
2
1225 1946
3171
The surface area of the pyramid is 3171 m2.
8.3 Surface Area and Volume of Prisms and Pyramids MHR 437
10 cm
Solution
8 cm
V
1
(area of the base)(height).
3
10 cm
8 cm
4 cm
Literac
onnections
h2 42 102
h2 16 100
h2 84
h 284
9.2
h
10 cm
h
4 cm
V
3 cm
3 cm
3 cm
12 cm
cubic centimetre.
Solution
a) The amount of material required is the surface area of the prism.
The surface area consists of the top and bottom of the box, which
are triangles, and the three faces, which are congruent rectangles.
First, determine the height, h, of each triangle.
Use the Pythagorean theorem.
h2 1.52 32
h2 2.25 9
h2 6.75
3 cm
h
h 26.75
2.6
h
Now, calculate the surface area.
SA 2Abase 3Aface
2c
1
(3)(2.6) d 3(3)(12)
2
1.5 cm
7.8 108
115.8
Approximately 116 cm2 of material is needed to make the
triangular prism box.
b) The volume of any right prism can be found using the formula
Literac
onnections
8.3 Surface Area and Volume of Prisms and Pyramids MHR 439
Key Concepts
height
base
1
(area of base)(height).
3
height
base
C
8 cm
8 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
8 cm
8 cm
8 cm
8 cm
C1
Describe how the shapes are alike. How are they different?
C2
C3
C4
Describe how you would determine the surface area of each shape.
C5
Practise
For help with question 1, see Example 1.
1. Determine the surface area of each object.
a)
b)
12 cm
12.2 cm
8.5 cm
7 cm
8.5 cm
6 cm
b)
15 mm
2.6 m
20 mm
20 mm
2.3 m
1.7 m
b)
8 mm
6 cm
10 mm
18.5 cm
15 mm
8 cm
b)
2.3 m
10 cm
6 cm
4.5 m
8 cm
2m
8.3 Surface Area and Volume of Prisms and Pyramids MHR 441
Its square base has side length 220 m and its height is 105 m.
a) Determine the volume of this famous pyramid.
b) Determine its surface area, to the nearest square metre.
8. The Pyramid of Khafre at Giza, Egypt, was built by
10. A juice container is a right prism with a base area of 100 cm2.
a) If the container can hold 3 L of juice, what is its height?
b) Describe any assumptions you have made.
11. Adam has built a garden shed in the shape
shown.
3.5 m
2m
4m
4m
c) If one can of paint costs $16.95, what is the total cost, including
4m
3m
fill it up. The water tanker can fill the pool at a rate of 100 L/min.
How long will it take to fill the pool at this rate?
442 MHR Chapter 8
13. A triangular prism has a base that is a right triangle with shorter
sides that measure 6 cm and 8 cm. The height of the prism is 10 cm.
a) Predict how doubling the height affects the volume of the prism.
b) Check your prediction by calculating the volume of the original
Achievement Check
Reasoning and Proving
14. a) Design two different containers that hold 8000 cm3 of rice. One
Representing
Selecting Tools
Problem Solving
Connecting
centimetre.
Reflecting
Communicating
and why?
Extend
15. A pyramid and a prism have congruent square bases. If their
is the part remaining after the top portion has been removed by
making a cut parallel to the base of the pyramid.
2m
2m
3m
4m
4m
SA 2(lw wh lh).
a) Suppose each of the dimensions is doubled. Show algebraically
216 small cubes. Cuts are made right through the large cube along
the diagonals of three perpendicular faces.
How many of the small cubes remain uncut?
8.3 Surface Area and Volume of Prisms and Pyramids MHR 443
8.4
cone
a three-dimensional object
with a circular base and a
curved lateral surface that
extends from the base to a
point called the vertex
base
slant
height
radius
Investigate
Tools
construction paper
scissors
ruler
compasses
tape
Literac
10 cm
h
r
6. The curved surface of the cone is called the lateral area. What
10 cm
You can use proportional reasoning to find the lateral area of a cone.
The ratio of the areas is the same as the ratio of the circumferences.
Lateral area of cone
Circumference of cone
Area of circle
Circumference of circle
Consider a cone with slant height s and base radius r.
The circumference of the large circle is 2s and the circumference
of the base of the cone is 2r.
The area of the large circle is s2.
Substitute into the proportion:
Lateral area of cone
Circumference of cone
Area of circle
Circumference of circle
2r
Lateral area of cone
2
s
2s
r
Lateral area of cone
s
s 2
s
r
Lateral area of cone
s2
s
r
base area = r 2
3 cm
Solution
To use the formula for the surface area of a
cone, determine the slant height, s.
Use the Pythagorean theorem.
s2 h 2 r 2
s2 82 3 2
s2 64 9
s2 73
s 273
8.5
s
8 cm
3 cm
Key Concepts
sector
h
r
C2
C3
15 cm
10 cm
The slant height of a cone is doubled. Does this double the surface
area of the cone? Explain your reasoning.
Practise
For help with questions 1 and 2, see the Example.
1. Calculate the surface area of each cone. Round to the nearest
square unit.
a)
b)
2m
c)
8.4 cm
30 cm
3.7 cm
1m
10 cm
12 m
5m
12 cm
Selecting Tools
Problem Solving
Connecting
4. One cone has base radius 4 cm and height 6 cm. Another cone has
Reflecting
Communicating
b) Do the cones have the same surface area? If not, predict which
a) What are the dimensions of the largest cone that fits inside this box?
b) What is the surface area of this cone, to the nearest square
centimetre?
9. A cone just fits inside a cylinder. The volume of the cylinder is
9425 cm3. What is the surface area of this cone, to the nearest square
centimetre?
20 cm
10. The frustum of a cone is the part that remains after the top portion
has been removed by making a cut parallel to the base. Calculate the
surface area of this frustum, to the nearest square metre.
2m
1m
6m
4m
for one of her customers. She plans to paint it with a special glaze so
that it will be weatherproof. The birdbath is constructed of two parts:
a shallow open-topped cylinder with an outside diameter of 1 m
and a depth of 5 cm, with 1-cm-thick walls and base
a conical frustum on which the cylinder sits
20 cm
10 cm
1 cm
60 cm
5 cm
40 cm
1m
centimetre.
c) One can of glaze covers 1 m2. How many cans of glaze will Emily
Extend
13. Suppose the cube in question 8 has sides of length x.
a) Write expressions for the dimensions of the largest
Volcano stands 2351 m tall. Measure the photo to estimate the radius
of the base of the volcano, and then calculate its lateral surface area,
to the nearest square metre.
8.5
Volume of a Cone
Investigate
Tools
construction paper
scissors
tape
the rice into the can. Repeat until the can is full. How many cones
of material does it take to fill the can?
4. a) Reflect What conclusion can you draw about the relationship
12 cm
4 cm
Solution
The volume of a cone is one third the volume
of the cylinder with the same base and height.
1
(volume of a cylinder)
3
1
r 2h
3
1
1
(4)2(12) Estimate:
(3)(42)(12) (16)(12)
3
3
Vcone
201
192
Solution
Since the diameter of the base is 10 m, the radius is 5 m.
To determine the volume of the cone, you need to know
the height.
Apply the Pythagorean theorem.
s2
82
64
h2
h2
h
h
h2 r 2
h2 52
h2 25
64 25
39
239
6.2
8m
5m
8m
Vcone
162
1 (3)(52)(6) (25)(6)
Estimate:
3
150
1 3 * * 5 x * 6.2 =
Solution
Substitute the given values into the formula for the volume of a cone.
1 2
r h
3
1
210 (4)2h
3
16
210
h
3
3
210
h
16
12.5
h
Vcone
Key Concepts
C2
C3
Practise
For help with question 1, see Example 1.
1. Determine the volume of each cone. Round to the nearest cubic unit.
a)
b)
6.4 m
6 cm
5.3 m
2 cm
c)
12 mm
d)
60 cm
30 mm
40 cm
b)
2m
30 cm
1m
10 cm
5.4 cm
10.2 cm
of 6 cm. What is the height of the paper cup, to the nearest tenth
of a centimetre?
prediction.
b) Calculate the volume of each cone, to the nearest cubic
5 cm
40 cm
1m
11. a) Express the height of a cone in terms of its volume and its radius.
b) If a cone holds 1 L and its radius is 4 cm, what is its height?
Extend
13. A cone just fits inside a cube with sides that measure 10 cm.
a) What are the dimensions of the largest cone
cone is 200 m3, determine the height of the cone, to the nearest
tenth of a metre.
15. Use Technology Use a graphing calculator, The Geometers
of the radius.
b) Choose a tool for graphing. Graph the volume of the cone versus
the radius.
c) Describe the relationship using mathematical terms.
17. Math Contest A cube has side length 6 cm. A square-based pyramid
8.6
sphere
A sphere is a
three-dimensional shape
that is often seen in sports.
Balls of different sizes are
used to play basketball,
soccer, and volleyball, to name
a few.
Consider the balls shown. What shapes
appear to make up the surface of each
sphere? How could you use the area of
these shapes to help you find the surface
area of a sphere?
Investigate
Tools
orange
string
ruler
grid paper. Trace around the pieces. Find the area of the peel by
counting squares and partial squares on the grid paper.
4. a) Determine the area of a circle with the same radius as
the orange.
b) What is the approximate ratio of the oranges surface
do you conclude that the formula for the surface area of a sphere is?
Solution
The formula for the surface area of a sphere is SAsphere 4r 2.
The eyeball has a diameter of 2.5 cm, so the radius is 1.25 cm.
SAsphere 4r 2
4(1.25)2
19.6
Estimate: 4(3)(1)2 12
Solution
Substitute the values into the formula.
SAsphere 4r 2
215 4r 2
215
r2
4
215
r
B 4
4.1
r
215 ( 4 * ) =
Key Concepts
C2
Practise
For help with questions 1 and 2, see Example 1.
1. Determine the surface area of each sphere. Round to the
b)
30.2 mm
6 cm
c)
d)
3m
5.6 m
increases by 2 cm.
b) Calculate the change in the surface area, to the nearest
square centimetre.
c) How accurate was your prediction?
9. Use Technology
a) Use a graphing calculator to graph the surface area of a sphere
Extend
10. Use Technology
a) Determine an algebraic expression for the radius of a sphere in
graph the relationship between the radius and the surface area.
c) Describe the relationship.
d) Use the graphing calculator to find the radius of a sphere with
13. Use Technology A sphere just fits inside a cube with sides of length
10 cm.
a) Estimate the ratio of the surface area of the sphere to the surface
ratio.
c) How does your answer compare to your estimate?
d) Use The Geometers Sketchpad to investigate this relationship
8.7
Volume of a Sphere
Investigate
Tools
water
tennis ball.
2. a) Measure the diameter of the cylinder. It should be almost
with water.
4. Slowly place the three tennis
Solution
The volume of a sphere is two thirds the volume of a cylinder with the
same radius and a height equal to the diameter of the sphere. If the
sphere has radius r, then the cylinder has a base radius r and height 2r.
cylinder
sphere
r
r
h = 2r
2
3
2
3
2
3
4
3
Vsphere
h = 2r
(volume of a cylinder)
r 2h
(r 2)(2r)
r 3
The radius is one half the diameter. The radius of Pluto is 1145 km.
Use the formula for the volume of a sphere.
4
Vsphere r 3
3
4
(1145)3
3
6 300 000 000
A spherical gemstone just fits inside a plastic cube with edges 10 cm.
a) Calculate the volume of the gemstone, to the nearest cubic
centimetre.
b) How much empty space is there?
Solution
a) The diameter of the gemstone is about 10 cm, so its radius is 5 cm.
4 3
r
3
4
(5)3
3
524
Vsphere
4 (3)53 4(125)
Estimate:
3
500
Vcube s3
103
1000
The empty space is the difference in the volumes of the cube
and the gemstone.
Vempty space Vcube Vsphere
1000 524
476
There is about 476 cm3 of empty space in the box.
Key Concepts
C2
Practise
For help with questions 1 to 3, see Example 1.
1. Calculate the volume of each sphere. Round to the nearest cubic unit.
a)
b)
14.2 cm
c)
32 mm
2.1 m
cubic millimetre.
b) Calculate the volume of the cube.
c) Determine the amount of empty space.
what was the mass of this giant lollipop to the nearest kilogram?
b) Describe any assumptions you have made.
6. Chapter Problem Emily orders a spherical gazing ball for one of
centimetre.
b) Calculate the volume of the cylindrical container, to the nearest
cubic centimetre.
c) What is the ratio of the volume of the sphere to the volume
of the container?
d) Is this ratio consistent for any sphere that just fits inside
to the farm. How many truckloads would fill the silo to its
recommended capacity?
9. The tank of a propane tank truck
10. Estimate how many basketballs would fit into your classroom.
Extend
12. Estimate and then calculate the radius of a sphere with a volume of
600 cm3.
13. Use Technology Graph V
4 3
r using a graphing calculator.
3
the cube.
8 cm
b) Calculate the volumes of the sphere and the cube and their ratio.
c) How does your answer compare to your estimate?
8 cm
16. Which has the larger volume: a sphere of radius r or a cube with
8 cm
has radius 6 cm and height 6 cm. A sphere has radius 6 cm. Order
the figures from least volume to greatest volume. Select the correct
order.
A cone, sphere, cylinder
B cone, cylinder, sphere
C sphere, cone, cylinder
D cylinder, sphere, cone
E cylinder, cone, sphere
19. Math Contest A dozen of Terrys favourite golf
Chapter 8 Review
8.1 Apply the Pythagorean Theorem,
pages 418425
1. Determine the perimeter and area of each
8.2 cm
84 m
64 m
10.5 cm
6m
12 m
5m
6m
10 cm
3m
4 cm
9m
5 cm
b)
8 cm
10 cm
150 cm
310 cm
280 cm
this tent?
10 cm
in part b).
d) How reasonable is your answer in part b)?
7. A cylindrical can holds 500 mL and has a
12 cm
13 cm
20 cm
Short Response
pyramid.
cm3
B 38 cm3
C 113 cm3
10 cm
D 85 cm3
8 cm
square centimetre?
A 43 cm2
8 cm
10 cm
B 54 cm2
7 cm
C 62 cm2
D 73 cm2
5 cm
D 47 124 L
4. A conical pile of road salt is 15 m high and
C 707 m2
D 999 m2
10 cm
6.5 mm
8 cm
C 6.1 mm
10 m
D 7.7 mm
4.2 mm
20 m
Extended Response
Provide complete solutions.
of the carton.
c) How much empty space is in the carton
made.
You are to design a fountain for the garden of one of Emilys customers.
The
The
The
The
dimensions.
b) How much concrete is needed to make the
fountain?
painted?