CIVICS IN PRACTICE

HOLT

Chapter 23

Foreign Policy
Section 1:
Section 2:
Section 3:

Conducting Foreign Relations

Working for Peace
The United Nations

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Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations

The Main Idea
The United States has relationships with many foreign
countries. Both the president and Congress play roles in
conducting foreign policy.
Reading Focus
What are the goals of U.S. foreign policy?
What are the presidents military and diplomatic powers?
What other governmental agencies help the president and
Congress conduct foreign policy?
How do the powers of Congress balance the presidents
powers?
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Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations

The purposes of foreign policy:

Maintain national security

Support democracy
Promote world peace
Provide aid to people in need
Establishing open trade

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Maintaining National Security

Protecting United States territory, citizens,
and allies
United States maintains a large number of
military bases at home and abroad to
discourage attacks by foreign governments
MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction )
War on Terror

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Support Democracy
Break diplomatic ties by closing an embassy in a
nation that no longer supports democracy and
free trade such as Iran.
Warn US citizens not to visit a nation that does
not support human rights laws.
Use force to change regimes or support
opposition leaders to use force
Trade Barriers or embargos towards country who
dont ensure Human Rights. EX. Cuba, Libya

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Promote World Peace

Provide professional and military training
Sign on to international treaties such as the
Kyoto Protocol
Publicly scold a country for not doing more to
prevent pollution.
Overthrow a government that abuses human
rights using military force.

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Provide Aid
Support developing nations with organizations
such as the Peace Corps and US AID Agency for
International Development, World Bank and IMF
Providing financial support through loans and
grants.
Work with the United Nations UNICEF to aid
refugees and the poor.
Support by providing access to American
markets

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Establish Open Trade

Spread capitalist ideals throughout the globe
Promote Free market trade with other
countries

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Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations

The presidents military and

diplomatic powers:
Military powerscommander in chief: recommends
military operations to Congress
Diplomatic powersmakes treaties: peace treaties,
alliance treaties, commercial treaties; executive
agreements; appoints and receives ambassadors;
diplomatic recognition

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Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations

Congress balances the presidents authority:
The Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the
House Committee on International Relations
make policy recommendations to the president.
Senate must approve treaties by a two-thirds
vote.
Only Congress can declare war.
1973War Powers Act limited the presidents
power to send troops abroad.
Congress must approve all spending of public
funds such as defense spending.
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Question: How do the powers of Congress

balance the presidents authority in foreign
relations?
Congresss Foreign-Policy Powers
1. approves treaties and appointments
2. declares war
3. can invoke the War Powers Act
4. controls finances
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Section 2: Working for Peace

The Main Idea
To promote peace and stability, the United States engages
in diplomacy with other nations. These alliances with
other countries serve mutual defense, economic, and
other needs.
Reading Focus
Why is diplomacy important; and what alliances has the
United States made with other countries to promote
mutual defense?
What forms can U.S. foreign aid take?
What organizations exist to promote international trade
and economic stability, and what does each one do?
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Section 2: Working for Peace

NATO and its purpose today:

North Atlantic Treaty Organizationa united
front against aggression by the Soviet Union
and its communist allies; established 1949
Pledges an attack against one member is an
attack against all
NATOs Partnership for Peace Program
countries participate in preparation for NATO
membership
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Section 2: Working for Peace

The purpose and forms of foreign aid:

Provides military or economic assistance to another
country
Provides food, clothing, and housing to war-torn
countries.
Rebuilds factories, farms, and transportation systems

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Section 2: Working for Peace

The purpose and forms of foreign aid:

(continued)

Helps countries maintain their independence and

become self-sufficient
Provides humanitarian aid
Peace Corps volunteers provide teaching, engineering,
agriculture, and health care assistance.

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Section 2: Working for Peace

Alliances and organizations promoting
international trade and economic stability:
European Union (EU)seeks free movement of
goods, workers, and capital
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
allows free trade between Canada, United States,
and Mexico
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Group (APEC)
promotes cooperation among Asia-Pacific
countries
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Section 2: Working for Peace

Alliances and organizations promoting
international trade and economic stability:
World Trade Organization (WTO)sets rules for
international trade
International Monetary Fund (IMF)lends funds
to countries in need
United Nations World Bankoffers another way
for countries to cooperate
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Question: What are the various forms of

U.S. foreign aid?
Humanitarian

Security

food

soldiers

clothes

arms

shelter

money

workers

information

money
The purpose of foreign aid is to provide economic or
military assistance to other countries.

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Section 3: The United Nations

The Main Idea
The United Nations provides a forum in which
countries may discuss serious problems and work
toward solutions.
Reading Focus
What is the United Nations and how is it
organized?
What is the role of the United Nations in the
modern world?
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Section 3: The United Nations

The United Nations

1945United Nations formed to promote peaceful
coexistence and worldwide cooperation; countries
pledged to save future generations from war.

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Section 3: The United Nations

Six Divisions
General Assemblydiscusses, debates, and
recommends solutions to global issues
Security Councilmainly responsible for
peace-keeping
International Court of Justicehandles
international legal disputes
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Section 3: The United Nations

Six Divisions

(continued)

Economic and Social Councildedicated to

improving lives; conducts studies on world
populations
Trusteeship Councilhelped non-selfgoverning colonies; suspended in 1994
Secretariatmanages day-to-day activities
and provides services
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Section 3: The United Nations

The Economic and Social Council

Improves the lives of the worlds people
Studies health, human rights, education, narcotics, and
world population
Ensures the UN works together with specialized agencies

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Section 3: The United Nations

Functions of the specialized agencies:

Work to improve the lives of the worlds
people
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
helps countries grow better food and
increase production
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO)extends
educational opportunities
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Section 3: The United Nations

Functions of the specialized agencies:

(continued)

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

promotes exchange of weather reports
World Bankmakes loans and gives economic
and technical advice
International Telecommunications Union
(ITU)promotes electronic communication
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SECTION 3

Question: Why was the United Nations formed, and what

are its six divisions?
General
Assembly
The
United Nations
was formed
Trusteeship

Council

to promote peaceful coexistence

and cooperation among nations,
maintain peace, and support
human rights.

International

Court of Justice

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Security
Council

Secretariat

Economic and
Social Council

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Chapter23WrapUp
1. Whatisthepurposeofforeignpolicy?
2. WhatforeignpolicypowersdoesCongresshave?
3. WhywasNATOcreated,andwhatisthe
PartnershipforPeaceprogram?
4. WhydoestheUnitedStatesgiveforeignaidto
othercountries,andwhatformsdoesittake?
5. WhatisthepurposeoftheUnitedNations,and
whatareitssixdivisions?
6. Whataretheargumentsforandagainsta
permanentUNarmy?
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