The Masculoskeletal system

The musculoskeletal system

provides form, stability, and
movement to the human
body. It consists of the body's
bones (which make up the
skeletonbones, muscles,
tendons, ligaments, joints,
cartilage, and other
connective tissue. The term
"connective tissue" is used to
describe the tissue that
supports and binds tissues
and organs together. Its chief
components are collagen and
elastic fibers, which are
composed of different
proteins.
The musculoskeletal system
undergoes many changes as
people age.
Tendons are tough bands of
connective tissue made up
mostly of a rigid protein
called collagen. Tendons
firmly attach each end of a muscle to a bone. They are often located within sheaths, which are
lubricated to allow the tendons to move without friction.
Bursae are small fluid-filled sacs that can lie under a tendon, cushioning the tendon and
protecting it from injury. Bursae also provide extra cushioning to adjacent structures that
otherwise might rub against each other, causing wear and tearfor example, between a bone and
a ligament or a bony prominence and overlying skin (such as in the elbow, kneecap, or shoulder
area).
Ligaments are tough fibrous cords composed of connective tissue that contains both collagen
and elastic fibers. The elastic fibers allow the ligaments to stretch to some extent. Ligaments
surround joints and bind them together. They help strengthen and stabilize joints, permitting

movement only in certain directions. Ligaments also connect one bone to another (such as inside
the knee).
Joints are the junction between two or more bones. Some joints do not normally move, such as
those located between the plates of the skull. Other joints allow a large and complex range of
motion. The configuration of a joint determines the degree and direction of possible motion.
1.
a)
b)
c)

Read the text and answer the following questions.

What are the parts of masculoskeletal system?
What is connective tissue made of?
Describe what are tendons, bursae, ligaments and joints?

2. Match the words with their definitions

a) Skeleton
1. Body tissue
b) Muscle
2. articulation
c) Tendon
3. A group of similar connected cells
d) Ligament
4. filament
e) Joint
5. the bones of a human
f) Cartilage
6. a closely enveloping part or structure
g) Tissue
7. Organic compound
h) Fiber
8. tissue connecting joints
i) Protein
9. Connective tissue that joins bones to muscle
j) Sheath
10. Connective fiber
3. Use the words from the first column of exercise 2 and fill in the blanks.
The doctor said there was some damage to the
.
The disease caused the patient's muscle
to deteriorate.
are manufactured from amino acids.
Doctors have to know all the different bones in the human
.
and
also assist in movement.
Cardiac
function like other body tisssues.
Greg's heart
was weakening in his old age.
T he
surrounding the nerves acts as an electrical insulator.
Peter injured a finger
when he tried to catch the ball.
Grammar- Passive voice
ACTIVE VOICE
Present Simple He delivers the letters.
Past Simple He delivered the letters.
Future Simple He will deliver the letters.
Present Continuous He is delivering the letters.
Past Continuous He was delivering the letters.
Going to He is going to deliver the letters.
Present Perfect He has delivered the letters.
Past Perfect He had delivered the letters.

PASSIVE VOICE
The letters are delivered.
The letters were delivered.
The letters will be delivered.
The letters are being delivered.
The letters were being delivered.
The letters are going to be delivered.
The letters have been delivered.
The letters had been delivered.

Infinitive He has to deliver the letters.

Modals He must deliver the letters.

4.

The letters have to be delivered.

The letters must be delivered.

Rewrite the sentences into passive voice.

1) Grandfather is going to tell the children a story.

2) People make jam from fruit.
3) They will open the new sports centre soon.
4) Andrew hasn't cut the grass yet.
5) Her mother woke Alice up at seven o'clock.
6) The boys walk the dog every day.
7) Sue asked the waiter to bring some water.
8) Her parents may not believe her excuse.
9) An expert has valued the painting.
10) The hotel provides hot water 24 hours a day.
5. Read the phrasal verb of make and fill in the blanks

make sthgup

invent, lie about sthg

Josie made up a story about why we were

late.

make up

forgive each other

We were angry last night, but we made up at

breakfast.

make sbyup

apply cosmetics to

My sisters made me up for my graduation

party.

Chase

The police MADE AFTER the stolen car.

Make after

Make
away with

Steal

The thieves MADE AWAY WITH the

painting.

Make for

Head in a certain
direction

We MADE FOR home when it started

raining.

Make for

Produce a result or
situation

The low quality of the service MADE FOR a

lot of dissatisfaction.

Make into

Change something into

something else

Many churches have been MADE INTO flats

in recent years.
wrong

Make it up

Try to compensate for

doing something

He tried to MAKE IT UP to her, but she

wouldn't speak to him.

Make of

Understand or have an
opinion

What do you MAKE OF your new boss?

Make off

Leave somewhere in a
hurry

They MADE OFF when they heard the

police siren.

Make off with

Steal and get away

Thieves MADE OFF WITH over a million

dollars in the robbery.

Make out

Pretend

He MADE OUT that he was ill so that he

didn't have to go to school

Make out

Kiss and pet

They were MAKING OUT at the party last

night.

Make over

Change appearance

The beauty salon gave her a MAKEOVER

before the party.

Make
towards

Head in the direction

We MADE TOWARDS the centre

1. We went to the Modern Art Gallery but I honestly didn't know what to

pictures. Just seemed very strange to me!

2. What a strange painting! I can't

3. An Italian

what it's supposed to be.

with the Mona Lisa painting from the Louvre, Paris in 1911.

half the

4. We had a terrible row about money last night, but we eventually

and are fine

again now.
5. First she said she was the new head of her department, then we discovered she
was
the whole tale.

6. After the train got delayed, we managed to

20 minutes and still caught the plane

on time.
7. If you get lost,

8. John

the nearest police station and ask directions there.

he was injured just so he wouldn't have to play soccer for the afternoon.

Sources: http://www.usingenglish.com/
http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/phrasal-verbs/4pv22-make.php