Sadraj

Predgovor ........................................................... 1
Sadraj................................................................ 3
Uvod.................................................................... 7
Oznake u knjizi ...................................................................10
Pohvale ...............................................................................11

1 Tipovi podataka ...............................................13

1.1

Logiki tip podatka (istina TRUE i la FALSE)............13

1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3

1.2

Negiranje (NOT) ........................................................................... 13

Funkcija ili (OR)............................................................................ 14
Funkcija i (AND) ........................................................................... 14

Brojevi .................................................................................15

1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.2.6
1.2.7
1.2.8
1.2.9
1.2.10
1.2.11

1.3

Usporeivanje brojeva (=, <, <=, >, >=)...................................... 16

Zbrajanje (+, SUM) ...................................................................... 17
Mnoenje (*, PRODUCT) ............................................................. 18
Oduzimanje (-).............................................................................. 19
Dijeljenje (/, QUOTIENT).............................................................. 19
Ostatak pri cjelobrojnom dijeljenju (REMAINDER).................... 20
Cjelobrojna vrijednost broja (INT)............................................... 21
Zaokruivanje broja (ROUND)..................................................... 22
Apsolutna vrijednost broja (ABS) ............................................... 22
Korijen broja (SQRT).................................................................... 23
NUMBER? .................................................................................... 24

Rijei ...................................................................................24

1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.3.7
1.3.8
1.3.9
1.3.10

Spajanje rijei (WORD)................................................................ 24

WORD?......................................................................................... 25
COUNT.......................................................................................... 26
FIRST ............................................................................................ 26
BUTFIRST (BF).............................................................................. 26
LAST ............................................................................................. 27
BUTLAST (BL) ............................................................................... 27
BUTMEMBER (BM) ...................................................................... 28
FPUT ............................................................................................. 28
LPUT ............................................................................................. 29

LOGO za napredne
1.3.11
1.3.12
1.3.13
1.3.14

1.4

Liste .................................................................................... 33

1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.4.5
1.4.6
1.4.7

1.5

LIST............................................................................................... 35
Spajanje liste (SENTENCE, SE)................................................... 36
TYPE, PR....................................................................................... 37
SHOW ........................................................................................... 39
LIST?............................................................................................. 39
Ostale funkcije za rad s listama ................................................. 39
Izvravanje liste (RUN i EVAL)..................................................... 41

Nizovi .................................................................................. 42

1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
1.5.5
1.5.6
1.5.7
1.5.8
1.5.9
1.5.10
1.5.11

1.6

ITEM ............................................................................................. 29
CHAR i ASCII ................................................................................ 30
Usporeivanje rijei. Leksikografski ureaj .............................. 31
Brojevi kao rijei .......................................................................... 32

Kreiranje niza (ARRAY)................................................................ 42

ARRAY? ........................................................................................ 43
Pretvaranje niza u listu (LISTARRAY) ....................................... 44
Ispis sadraja niza....................................................................... 45
Postavljanje vrijednosti nekom elementu niza (ASET) ............. 45
Postavljanje vrijednosti svih elemenata niza (FILLARRAY) ...... 45
itanje vrijednosti nekog elementa niza (AGET) ....................... 46
Koliko niz ima elemenata (ARRAYDIMS) ................................... 47
Niz kojemu su elementi brojevi od 0 do 255 (BYTEARRAY)..... 47
Polja (Dvodimenzionalni nizovi).................................................. 48
Tro- i viedimenzionalni nizovi.................................................... 50

ASCII tablica ....................................................................... 51

2 Ah, ta matematika........................................53
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4

2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3

2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4

Kutovi ................................................................................. 53
Zbrajanje kutova ......................................................................... 53
Oduzimanje kutova (kombinacijom LT RT) ................................ 54
Puni kut. Unutarnji i vanjski kutovi ............................................ 54
Isprueni kut i suplementarni kutovi ......................................... 55

Trokut ................................................................................. 56
Jednakostranini trokut .............................................................. 56
Jednakokrani trokut .................................................................. 57
Pravokutni trokut......................................................................... 57

etverokut.......................................................................... 58
Zbroj kutova u etverokutu......................................................... 58
Paralelogram ............................................................................... 58
Pravokutnik.................................................................................. 59
Romb............................................................................................ 59

Sadraj
2.3.5
2.3.6

2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2

2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2.5.5
2.5.6
2.5.7
2.5.8
2.5.9

5
Kvadrat ........................................................................................ 59
Trapez. ......................................................................................... 60

n-terokut .............................................................................60
Pravilni n -terokut ........................................................................ 61
Krunica....................................................................................... 62

Koordinatni sustav.............................................................62
Koordinate kornjae (XCOR, YCOR, GETXY)............................... 63
Promjena pozicije kornjae (SETXY, SETX, SETY) ..................... 63
Crtanje toke (DOT) ..................................................................... 64
Odreivanje boje neke toke (DOTCOLOR) ............................... 65
U kojem smjeru gleda kornjaa? (HEADING) ............................ 65
Promjena smjera kornjae (SETH, SETHEADING)..................... 65
Koji je smjer prema nekoj poziciji? (TOWARDS)........................ 66
Polovite duine. Dijeljenje duine u omjeru. ........................... 67
Teite trokuta............................................................................. 68

3 Procedure, funkcije i lokalne varijable...........69

3.1
3.1.1

Procedure ...........................................................................70
Kreiranje procedure (TOEND).................................................. 70

3.2

Lokalne varijable (LOCAL) .................................................75

3.3

Procedure s parametrima .................................................77

3.4

Stog*...................................................................................81

3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3

Koliko raunalo moe pamtiti? .................................................. 89

Lokalne varijable i stog............................................................... 90
Parametri i stog ........................................................................... 93

3.5

Prekidanje izvravanja procedure (STOP i TOPLEVEL)....96

3.6

Funkcije (OP) ......................................................................98

3.6.1
3.6.2

Izraunavanje parametara.* ....................................................100

Izrazi. Zagrade. Prioritet operatora.* .......................................102

3.7

Rekurzije.......................................................................... 103

3.8

Zadaci .............................................................................. 104

3.9

Ponavljanje...................................................................... 108

4 Tijek programa .............................................. 111

4.1

IF THEN ELSE ...................................................... 111

LOGO za napredne
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3

IF THEN ..............................................................................111
IF THEN ELSE .................................................................113
TEST, IFTRUE, IFFALSE..............................................................118

4.2

GO LABEL .....................................................................119

4.3

REPEAT.............................................................................123

4.4

WHILE ...............................................................................137

4.5

FOR ...................................................................................140

4.5.1

4.6

FOR sa uveanjem razliitim od jedan ....................................146

Zadaci za vjebu ..............................................................148

5 Rekurzije ....................................................... 159

5.1

Zadaci...............................................................................179

6 Zadaci............................................................ 197
6.1

Euklidov algoritam (razlomci) .........................................197

6.2

Kutovi ...............................................................................200

6.3

Koordinatna grafika ........................................................211

6.4

Dubina slike (trea dimenzija)........................................233

6.5

Ispunjavanje zatvorene povrine bojom (FILL)..............238

6.6

Zadaci s brojevima ..........................................................241

6.6.1
6.6.2
6.6.3

Prosti brojevi..............................................................................242
Eratostenovo sito ......................................................................244
Veliki brojevi ..............................................................................246

6.7

Sortiranje..........................................................................252

6.8

ifriranje (Kriptografija)...................................................254

6.9

Razliiti zadaci .................................................................257

7 Savjeti za natjecatelje.................................. 269

Zahvala.......................................................... 271