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Shrimp Technology - V2 PDF
Shrimp Technology - V2 PDF
Shrimp Technology - V2 PDF
MC LC
NHNG CNG NGH NUI TM HIU QU ........................................................................................ 3
NH NGHA: ..................................................................................................................................... 3
S LC V CC CNG NGH ANG P DNG TRONG XLN: .......................................................... 3
TNG QUAN .......................................................................................................................................... 4
1) Nui tm theo cng ngh Biofloc ............................................................................................... 4
2) Nui tm siu thm canh trong nh knh ................................................................................... 4
3) Nui tm bng ch phm sinh hc ............................................................................................. 6
4) Nui tm sinh thi ....................................................................................................................... 6
5) Nui tm trn ct ........................................................................................................................ 8
6) Nui tm Raceway siu thm canh khng thay nc ................................................................ 9
I. K THUT NUI TM THEO CNG NGH BIOFLOC ......................................................................... 13
I.1. Thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng ca biofloc .......................................................................... 13
I.2. H thng biofloc c vai tr nh th no? ................................................................................. 14
I.3. Nhng loi thch hp nui trong h thng biofloc ................................................................... 15
I.4. Cc loi h thng biofloc c bn ............................................................................................... 15
I.5. Khuy trn v sc kh ................................................................................................................ 16
I.6. nh hng ca t l cho n v s chuyn i t nc xanh sang biofloc ............................... 17
I.7. ng thi ca ammonia ............................................................................................................ 18
I.8. Chin lc qun l kim sot ammonia trong h thng biofloc ......................................... 20
II. K THUT NUI TM SIU THM CANH TRONG NH KNH .......................................................... 21
II.1. M hnh ca Tp on Vit c (ta lc ti p Vnh Lc, x Vnh Thnh, huyn Ha Bnh, Bc
Liu) ........................................................................................................................................... 21
II.2. Cng ty TNHH MTV Hi Nguyn (x Vnh Trch ng, TP.Bc Liu, tnh Bc Liu) ................. 24
II.3. Kt lun v vic p dng cng ngh nui tm siu thm canh trong nh knh ....................... 26
II.3.1. nh gi v phng php p dng ti Vit-c ................................................................. 26
II.3.2. nh gi v phng php p dng ti CT TNHH MTV Hi Nguyn .................................. 27
III. KT LUN CHUNG ........................................................................................................................... 27
Cng ngh XLN theo CNH c p dng mt cch rng ri v em li hiu qu cnh
tranh rt ln v gi thnh v cht lng ca sn phm n t cc nc tin tin nh Nht
Bn, M, c, Phn khc ny chim t trng thng mi khng ln, nhng t l li nhun
rt cao v cht lng n nh.
Vit Nam v Thi Lan l hai nc c t trng xut khu tm ln, tuy nhin cht lng v
gi thnh nm trong phn khc tm trung v thp. Mc p dng CNH ti cc th
trng ny cn rt mi v t trong nhng doanh nghip c tim nng mnh, u t bi
bn v thng em li thnh cng, sc cnh tranh ln cho doanh nghip.
TH-XLN, hin mi ch p dng ti cc nc tin tin, cn ti th trng Vit Nam v Thi
Lan, th ch p dng mt cch ri rc tng cng on x l (nhp ng b t ngc ngoi),
gim gi thnh u t, nn cha tht s em li kt qu tt nht. y chnh l mt th
trng rt tim nng cho n v cung cp cc h thng thit b cng ngh ny.
TNG QUAN
Sn lng tm nui nm 2014 ca Vit Nam tng mnh ch yu do nhiu a
phng chuyn i phn ln din tch nui tm s sang tm th chn trng (TTCT),
ng thi tng din tch nui thm canh, bn thm canh vi nhiu quy trnh cng
ngh mi, nng sut v hiu qu cao.
Cc phng php em li s chuyn bin trong nm 2014 c nghi nhn bi
tp ch Thy sn Vit Nam bao gm:
ng xu ca mi trng, d kim sot, chm sc qun l thun tin v cho nng sut
cao.
Vit Nam, nui tm sinh thi din ra theo m hnh "tm - rng tch bit"
hoc "tm - rng kt hp". Nui tm sinh thi kt hp vi rng ngp mn mang li
nhiu li ch rt ln. V mt x hi, nui tm sinh thi em li s hi ha gia li ch
c nhn v li tch tp th (cng ng); cuc sng ngi dn ven bin c ci thin
V mt mi trng, nui tm sinh thi gip duy tr a dng sinh hc, phng h ,
hn ch xm nhp mn v thch ng bin i kh hu.
Tm sinh thi c nui trong rng sn xut hoc rng phng h. T l rng
trn 50%, mt th tm thp, 2 - 3 con/m2. Din tch ao (vung) nui khng gii
hn, 2 - 10 ha/vung. Vung nui c xy dng c b bao vng chc, m bo gi
c nc v cn c thm ao ng dng tm ging vi din tch 200 - 500 m2/ao,
su 0,6 - 0,8 m.
Trc khi th tm ra ao, cn phi ng dng tm trong ao ng dng tm
ging hn ch tht thot tm. Trong vung nui c cc trng rng xen k cc
mng nui tm. Trng rng ngp nc l ni c tr l tng cho tm; tn rng che
mt n nh nhit v gim thoi ha t.
Li th ca m hnh nui tm sinh thi l gim c chi ph u t thc n v
thuc phng tr bnh, ch phm sinh hc do tm ch yu s dng thc n t nhin,
phn hu c hoc vi sinh c kim sot. c bit, khng dng ha cht, thuc khng
sinh trong sn xut; m bo cht lng tm sch. Ngoi ra, l cy ri xung va l
ngun phn xanh rt tt va l thc n cho tm, thng qua pht trin thc n t
nhin.
Bn cnh nhng u im k trn, m hnh cng gp mt s tr ngi, nh s
tch t qu mc ca l cy rng lm nhim nc, thiu xy, thiu nh sng, v lu
di gim thc n t nhin Trng rng s b bi lng v cao dn, cy rng chm ln.
5) Nui tm trn ct
Nui tm trn ct c coi l m hnh nui tm hiu qu, nht l ti cc tnh
ven bin min Trung. T khi TTCT c di nhp vo Vit Nam, nhiu vng t ct
trng thnh vng nui, farm nui chuyn canh TTCT. Cc a phng c ngh nui
tm trn ct (nh H Tnh, Qung Bnh, Tha Thin - Hu...) tn dng ti a din
tch t hoang, gp phn xa i, gim ngho, to vic lm cho dn c ven bin, gim
p lc khai thc hi sn ven b. Nui tm trn ct nng sut bnh qun 8 - 10 tn/ha.
in hnh c Cng ty CP c Thng, x Bo Ninh, ng Hi, Qung Bnh nng sut
t trn 30 tn/ha.
u im ca nui tm trn ct: kh nng m rng din tch ln; ci to ao, thu
hoch d dng, nhanh chng, do ao c lt bt hoc b tng hon ton; c bit,
c th th nui vi mt cao, ch ng c ma v. Tuy nhin, i hi chi ph ban
u cao v phi c k thut nui tt.
Khng th ph nhn nhng li ch t vic nui tm trn ct, tuy nhin, ngh
nui ny cng pht sinh nhiu h ly xu i vi mi trng t v nc, nht l nui
tm t pht.
Nui tm trn ct nh hng ti rng phng h, lm gim ngun nc ngm,
gy ra s nhim mn. Lng cht thi (bn) v nc thi t nui tm trn ct nh
hng xu n mi trng sinh thi. Vic lm ao, p b v m ng i li u phi
o xi t ct lm nh hng n mc gn kt, to iu kin cho hin tng ct
bay, bo ct. V vy, vic pht trin nui tm trn ct cn i i vi bo v rng phng
h. Nhiu ni vic nui tm trn ct cn ph v cnh quan du lch t nhin.
nui tm trn ct hiu qu, cc a phng cn quy hoch tt vng nui, p
dng nhiu quy trnh nui khc nhau.
vannamei u nin trng lng 3,14 g dng khng virut Taura do H Thng Ci thin
Tm ti Islamorada, Florida, M cung cp c th vi mt 390 con/m3.
Cho tm n cng loi thc n s dng h thng khc. Thc n c cho
bng tay vo ban ngy v bng bng chuyn t ng vo ban m. Cc thng s cht
lng nc c duy tr trong phm vi bnh thng vi gi tr trung bnh v nhit
nc l 29,8C, mn l 28,5 ppt, pH l 7,1 v hm lng oxy ha tan (DO) l 5,8
mg/L. Cht rn c th lng c o hng ngy.
Tm c thu hoch t chu thu hoch s dng mt my bm chuyn c
thng phm. T l sng tt vi mc trung bnh l 83%. Tm tng trng trung bnh
mc 1,46 g/tun v trng lng cui cng trung bnh t 25,2g. Cc h s chuyn i
thc n trung bnh l 1,77, trong khi sn lng tm trung bnh ca thc nghim ny
t 8,4 kg/m3.
Cc quan im
Cc s liu sn xut t nm nay rt ng khch l ( sn xut trn 3,588 kg) v
hc hi c mt s bi hc gi tr. Cc my ht bt kch c nh hn chun hin
c s dng c hai h thng nui raceway v quan st thy mt s tm cht trong
cc giai on c lng cht rn nhiu khi cc nhit cao v cc mc hm lng
oxy ha tan (DO) trung bnh. n gin nhng hiu qu, cc b lng c lp t
kim sot cc cht rn v cung cp oxy b sung cho n khi t l cht gim dn.
Trong 62 ngy u tin ca v sn xut, phng php thng kh p dng trong
h thng raceway mi th tch 100m3 c th cung cp 6,5 kg/m3 tm dng mt my
bm cng sut 2 hp khng c my thi kh. Mt phn tch kinh t s b cho thy
h thng ny hiu qu hn v mt nhu cu nng lng v nhn cng so vi h thng
Venturi trc y.
Thc nghim knh nui raceway trc y chng mnh rng vic s dng
tm ging t mt dng tng trng nhanh gim ng k thi gian v nui v s
gim thm cc chi ph nui v c kh nng tng v nui mi nm. Trong cc thc
nghim tng lai, cc tc gi hy vng kt hp vic s dng cc dng tm tng trng
nhanh vi hiu sut ca cc h thng nui raceways mi t c kt qu tt hn
na.
Hnh: Cch thu hoch th cng knh nui raceway trc y c thay th bng
mt h thng t ng s dng mt chu thu hoch, my bm chuyn c v thit b
tho nc.
12
Biofloc trong h thng nc xanh (greenwater biofloc system) thng c kch thc
ln, vo khong 50 - 200 micron, v rt d lng xung trong nc tnh.
Cht lng dinh dng ca biofloc rt tt cho tm c nui, nhng chng rt
bin ng. Hm lng protein kh trong biofloc chim khong 25-50%, phn ln nm
trong khong 30-45%. Cht bo chim t 0.5-15%, thng thng nm trong khong
1-5%.
C mt vi bo co mu thun nhau v s hin din ca acid amin thit yu
trong biofloc l methionine v lysine. Biofloc l mt ngun vitamin v khong cht rt
tt, c bit l phosphorus. Biofloc cng c tc dng ging nh l ch phm sinh hc
(probiotic).
Biofloc kh c th dng thay th bt c hoc bt u nnh trong thc n
thy sn. Cht lng dinh dng ca biofloc kh rt tt, nhiu th nghim cho thy
c th thay th n 30% protein trong thc n tm. Tuy nhin, biofloc kh khng th
thay th ngun protein t ng vt hay thc vt v khng th cung cp s lng
ln biofloc kh cho sn xut thc n. Hn na, chi ph sn xut ra vt cht kh ca
biofloc cng l mt cu hi ln.
Bng 1: Thun li v kh khn ca h thng biofloc so vi ao nui bn thm canh v h thng nui
tun hon (RAS). Du check ch nhng thun li v kh khn ca h thng biofloc so vi cc h
thng nui khc.
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Nghin cu trn tm cho thy rng, nc nui c cha cc nhn t kch thch
tng trng nh vi khun v cc protein t ng vt trong biofloc c th lm gia tng
nng sut. Floc nh l mt ngun thc n b sung cung cp cho tm c bn cnh thc
n vin.
Li ch ca biofloc l chuyn ha cht dinh dng t cht thi hu c thnh
ngun protein ca c hoc tm. Khong 20-30% nitrogen trong thc n c ng
ha (hp thu) bi tm c, khong 70-80% nitrogen trong cht thi ra mi trng.
Trong h thng biofloc, phn ln lng nitrogen ny c vi sinh vt s dng v n
l thnh phn chnh ca cc ht biofloc.
Nghin cu trn tm v c r phi cho thy rng mi n v tng trng c ngun
gc t thc n, protein t vi khun trong biofloc ng gp t 0.25-0.5 n v. Ni
cch khc, s tng trng ca c r phi v tm c s ng gp ti 20-30% t protein
ca vi sinh vt trong h thng biofloc. Li ch ny c phn nh thng qua vic ci
thin h s chuyn i thc n FCR - mt ch s quan trng trong nhng d on tt
nht cho li nhun v tnh bn vng v mt kinh t m h thng biofloc mang li. Tuy
nhin, gi tr dinh dng ng gp bi biofloc trong nhng h thng nui thm canh
cao b gii hn do p lc tng lng thc n bn ngoi thc y tng trng ca
tm c.
Hnh 2: Ch s mu sc ca qun th vi khun (Microbial Community Color Index MCCI) cho thy s
chuyn ha t to chim u th sang vi khun chim u th trong h thng nui khi gia tng t l
cho n. S chuyn ha t to sang vi khun xy ra khi t l cho n thc n t 300-500 kg/ha/ngy,
cho thy ch s MCCI t 1-1.2 (S liu t D.E. Brune & K. Kirk).
17
a. S tiu th ca to
Trong h thng biofloc c tip xc vi nh sng mt tri, to s nhanh chng
pht trin v "n hoa" do ngun dinh dng di do t thc n. Dinh dng t phn
hy cc hp cht hu c (bao gm xc to cht, phn tm c, v thc n tha) s
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nng lng cng tng ln duy tr trng thi l lng ca cht rn trong ao. ng
thi cc hot ng loi b, x l cht rn tch t trong ao cng phi c trin
khai thc hin.
B sung carbon lin tc l cn thit kim sot ammonia vi cch tip cn ny.
Nu mun dng b sung carbon, phi thc hin qu trnh ny mt cch t t ging
nh cai sa cho em b vy. Dng b sung carbon t ngt trc khi qu trnh nitrate
ha din ra s lm cho cht lng nc khng n nh v c kh nng lm gia tng
t bin hm lng ammonia hoc nitrite gy c cho tm. Sau khi dng b sung
carbon, qu trnh kim sot ammonia s chuyn sang qu trnh nitrate ha trong h
thng nui siu thm canh s dng cng ngh biofloc.
b. Thc y qu trnh nitrate ha
Ngc li vi phng php dng vi khun d dng kim sot ammonia, cch
tip cn ny khng cn cung cp carbohydrate hoc xem xt t l C:N thm vo h
thng. Cch tip cn ny s dng vi khun nitrate ha kim sot ammonia. Mt
h thng biofloc c khuy trn tt v khng b sung carbohydrate c xu hng
kim sot ammonia theo c ch t nhin ny.
Mt trong nhng bt li ca phng php tip cn ny l lm gim kim do
qu trnh nitrate ha. C ba qu trnh kim sot ammonia trong cng ngh biofloc
u lm gim kim, nhng qu trnh nitrate ha l gy gim kim nhiu nht.
Qu trnh phn nitrate ha c th s dng phc hi s sc gm kim, nhng
n lm tng chi ph sn xut. Bn vi l bin php thch hp qun l h thng
biofloc s dng cch tip cn ny kim sot hm lng ammonia.
21
Sau thi gian nghin cu th nghim thnh cng, Cng ty C phn Vit c Bc
Liu chnh thc t chc l th tm ging giai on 1 vi 5 khu nh knh, tng s 90 ao
nui. c bit, chng trnh nui tm siu thm canh trong nh knh x Vnh
Thnh (huyn Ha Bnh) ca Cng ty C phn Vit c c tng din tch 50ha. Trong
23
II.2. Cng ty TNHH MTV Hi Nguyn (x Vnh Trch ng, TP.Bc Liu, tnh Bc
Liu)
Anh inh V Hi (39 tui, ng p Bin ng B, x Vnh Trch ng, TP.Bc Liu,
tnh Bc Liu) p dng thnh cng m hnh nui tm th chn trng siu thm
canh trong nh knh.
24
II.3. Kt lun v vic p dng cng ngh nui tm siu thm canh trong nh knh
Sau khi trch dn cc bi vit v vic p dng cng ngh nui tm siu thm canh
trong nh knh ti hai n v i u cng ngh ny ti Vit Nam hin nay. T nhng
nh gi ca Ch u t, cng nh nhng cn b c trch nhim i vi cc m hnh
trn, nhn chung l s s nh gi coa v hiu qu tng qut, t cht lng sn phm,
s n nh ca cng vic sn xut kinh doanh, tnh cnh tranh trn th trng quc
t,..., ng fthi cng ghi nhn s u t trung bnh khi p dng cng ngh ny l 10
t ng / ha canh tc.
II.3.1. nh gi v phng php p dng ti Vit-c
Trong phn II.1, t nhng thng tin t i v cng ngh thm canh c p dng
ti Tp on Vit-c, ta c th nhn xt rng Vit-c p dng nhiu phng php
CNC ng b, t khu con ging, thit k h thng tng qut, quy trnh chn nui, c
th:
-
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