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Concrete Technology: Prepared By:-Prof. Anuj Chandiwala
Concrete Technology: Prepared By:-Prof. Anuj Chandiwala
Concrete Technology: Prepared By:-Prof. Anuj Chandiwala
PORTLAND CEMENT
Limestone + shale/clay + heat = clinker + CKD + exit gas
Material temperatures exceed 2700 F
Pulverized clinker + gypsum = Portland cement
Cement is powder so fine that one pound contains 150 billion grains
PORTLAND CEMENT
Calcareous component
Argillaceous Component
Lime stone
Clay
Shale
Chalk
Calcareous marl
Coral limestone
Marl
Marble
Marly clay
Lime- sand
Tuff, ash
Shell deposits
Phyllite, slate
Lime sludge
glass
PORTLAND CEMENT
The kiln is a continuous stream process vessel in Which feed and fuel are held in
dynamic balance.
5 distinct process functions are performed in the kiln:
Dry Preheat Calcine Sinter Cool
CEMENT KILNS
High temperature
Long residence time
Natural alkaline Environment
CKD is only by-product of the
process
Thermal stability
Critical parameters: fuel, feed, kiln speed, gas flow Kiln temperatures.
KILN FUELS
A typical wet kiln burns about 400# of fuel to make a ton of clinker (5.0
mmBtu/ton of clinker) Fuels can be any combustible hydrocarbon such as:
Coal, coke, natural gas, used motor oil, wood, tires, Cellulose others.
MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT
COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE
CEMENT
The mixture of cement and water is called paste.
The function of paste is to bund sand aggregate particles by the chemical process of
hydration. It also fills the void between sand and aggregate particles.
The strength of concrete depends upon the properties of cement, sand and
aggregates.
AGGREGATE
The aggregates occupy about 75% of the volume of concrete and here their influence on various
properties of concrete is considerable.
Properties of aggregates greatly affect the properties of concrete such as workability, strength,
durability and economy.
To know more about the concrete it is very essential to know about the aggregate.
It is cheaper then cement and impart greater volume stability and durability to concrete.
It is used primarily for the purpose of providing bulk to the concrete.
To increase the density of concrete the aggregate is frequently used in two or more sizes.
WATER
It has been estimated that for C3S and C2S compounds, on an average 23% of water by
weight of cement is required for chemical reaction.
This 23% of water chemically combines with cement and therefore, it is called bound
Water.
A certain quality of water is imbibed within gel- pores. This water is known as gel water.
ADMIXTURE
Admixture is defined as a material other than the basic ingredients of concrete cement,
aggregates and water, added to the concrete mix immediately before or during mixing to
modify some properties of concrete in the fresh or hardened state.
They should not adversely affect any property of concrete.
Admixture are no substitute for good concreting practice.
The use of admixtures like accelerators, retarders, air- entraining agents, pozzolanic
materials, water proofing admixtures etc. is being practiced by Indian construction industry
since long back.
It is generally added in a relatively small quantity ranging from 0.005 to 2% by weight of
cement.
AIR
The air voids in the mass of concrete can be classified in two groups.
Entrapped air
Entrained air
Entrapped air
Entrained air
It is the voids present in the concrete due It is the intentionally incorporated minute
to insufficient compaction.
spherical bubbles.
The size of voids may range from 10 to The size of air bubbles may range from 5 to 80
1000 microns or more.
microns.
The voids are not uniformally distributed The air bubble are uniformally distributed
throughout the concrete mass
STRENGTH MECHANISM
When water is added to cement, ingredients of cement react chemically with water and
form various complicated chemical compounds. The chemical reaction that take place
between cement and water is referred as hydration of cement.
Anhydrous cement does not bind fine and coarse aggregate. It acquires adhesive
property only when mixed with water.
The hydration of cement may happen in two ways. The one is through solution
mechanism, in which the cement compounds dissolve in water to produce a super
saturated solution from which different hydrated products get precipitated. The second
theory is that water attack cement compounds in the solid state converting them into
hydrated products.