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Topic 2 Chemistry
Topic 2 Chemistry
AtomicStructure
2.1.1Statethepositionofprotons,neutronsandelectronsintheatom
Theelectroniscirclingaroundthenucleiinashellandhasanegativecharge
Theprotonispartofthenucleiandhasapositivecharge
Theneutronisalsopartofthenucleiandhasaneutralcharge
2.1.2Statetherelativemassesandchargesofprotons,neutronsandelectrons
RelativeMass
RelativeCharge
Proton
+1
Neutron
Electron
1/1840
2.1.3Definethetermsmassnumber(A)atomicnumber(Z)andisotopesofanelement
Massnumber=Numberofprotons+thenumberofneutronsinanatom
AtomicNumber=Thenumberofprotonsinanatom
Isotopes=Isotopesareatomsofanelementwiththesameatomicnumberbutdifferent
massnumber
2.1.4Symbolsforisotopes
IfyouaremissinganelectronitwillcreateanegativechargeontheIsotope
IfyouaregainingaelectronitwillcreateapositivechargeontheIsotope
2.1.5Protons/Neutron/electronsinatoms/ionsfrommass/atomicnumberandcharge
2.1.6Comparethepropertiesoftheisotopesofanelement
Alltheisotopesofanatomhavethesamechemicalpropertiesanddifferentphysical
properties.
2.1.7Discusstheusesofradioisotopes
Cobalt60isusedtotreatcancer
Iodine125and131isusedtoimagethepersoninternalstructure
Carbon14isusedtodateanythingwithcarboninitforupto60000thousandyears
2.2.1Describeandexplaintheoperationofamassspectrometer
TheheaviertheatomtheharderitisforittoturnthereforeNa+withmoremasswillturn
lessthanLi+alsothenumberofelectronpulledintheionizationstepwillalsoincreasethe
derivationofLi+.Fromthisweconcludethatthederivationoftheatominamass
spectrometeristhe=Mass/Chargeor m/z
2.2.2DescribehowthemassspectrometercandetermineRAMusingthe12Cscale
Thisassessmentstatementiscompletelyuseless
2.2.3CalculatenonintegerRAMandabundanceofisotopesfromgivendata
ExampleRubidiumhas2isotopes,Rb85andRb87.Usingthedatafromtheperiodic
tablefindtheabundanceofeachisotope.
Rb85
Rb87
Abundance
x=76.5%
y=1x=10.765=23.5%
2.3.1DescribetheElectromagneticSpectrum
RedOrangeYellowGreenBlueViolet
RedhasaHighWavelength>Violethasalowwavelength
RedhasaLowEnergy>ViolethasaHighEnergy
RedhasalowFrequency>ViolethasHighFrequency
2.3.2ContinuousvsLineSpectra
Continuoushasallthelinefrequencies
LineSpectrahasselectedfrequenciesNogreen!
2.3.3Explainhowlinesintheemissionspectrumofhydrogenarerelatedtoelectron
energylevels
TheenergylevelsofHydrogenasseenontheimageabovearecalledn1,n2,n3,n4,n5etc
andifyougotoinfinityyouhaverippedthatelectronapart,creatinganion.Whenitjumps
fromanenergyleveltoanotheritcreatesalineaspectraandtheyhavetheiruniqueline
spectraofeachatomastheyhavedifferentlengthinenergylevelscreatingdifferentlights.
Bigjumpmeans=BigEnergy.
2.3.4DeducetheelectronarrangementforatomsandionsuptoZ=20(uptocalcium)
Icouldn'tbebotheredtodothisonesoIleftRichardThornleyTable!