Lecture 1

Digital Design Fundamentals

Shaharyar Mahmood
Logic Representation
 The most fundamental piece of information
in digital design is a binary digit or bit.
 The bit can be set to a logic one or zero
level.
 Typically Logic 1 5VDC
 Logic 0 is 0VDC
 Newer digital hardware technologies
represent logic signals with 3.3 VDC for
logic one and 0 VDC for logic zero.
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Binary Math
 Decimal: Digits from 0 to 9. On left we
have 100, 101, 102, etc. On right we have
10-1, 10-2.
 Binary: Only 0 and 1. On Left we have 20,
21, 22. On Right: 2-1, 2-2.
 (31.75)10 = (11111.11)2.

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Two’s Complement
 (31)10 = (00011111)2
 (-31)10
 Represent the number’s magnitude with the
specified No. of bits: (00011111)2
 Bit-by-bit inversion: (11100000)2
 Add one (increment): (11100001)2
 Second method: From Right to left all the
bits are same till first One and rest of the
bits are inverted.
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Addition/Subtraction
 (00100111)2 + (00000110)2 = (00101101)2
 In the 2’s complement system, subtraction
is performed as addition. (a-b) is changed
to (a+(-b)).
 7-3 = 7+(-3) becomes (0111)2 + (1101)2 =
(0100)2
 Hardware is less complex: removes the
need to develop separate hardware that
subtracts.
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Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal (also base 16, or hex) is
numeral system with base 16.
 0-9 represent 0-9 while A-F represent
values from 10-15.
 2AF3=(2x163)+(10x162)+(15x16)+3=10995.
 Each hexadecimal digit represents four binary
digits also called a nibble.
 0101111010111010100102=5EB5216

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ASCII Code

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Gray Code

Application: 3-bit shaft position encoder

Advantage: Removes possibility of error
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 Combinational and Sequential
Circuits
 An ideal combinational circuit (one without
propagation delays) immediately provides
a change in its output when a change in its
input(s) occurs. E.g. Full adder.
 A sequential circuit provides an output
based on its current input(s) and current
state. e.g elevator controller, vending
machine

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Combinational and Sequential Circuits

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Basic Combinational Circuit Functions
(SSI)

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MSI Combinational circuits

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Basic Sequential Circuit Functions Flip
Flops

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MSI Sequential Circuits

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Digital Design Solutions
 Programmable Gate Arrays e.g FPGAs.
 Microprocessors
 Digital Signal Processors (DSPs).
 Microcontrollers.
 Mixed mode: Microcontroller and FPGA.

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