APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

HYPROTECH
Tel) 02-3453-3144
Fax) 02-3453-9772
E-Mail) gcyeo@aeat.co.kr
or gcyeo@software.aeat.com

- 193 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

.
.
1.
2
.
1. Double Pipe Type
2. Shell & Tube Type
3. Plate and Frame Type
4. Plate Fin Type
5. Air Cooled Type
6. Cooling Tower Type
7. Furnace Type
. Shell & Tube
1.
2.

Mechanism

. Thermal Rating
1. Thermal Rating
2.
3. Thermal Rating
4.
5.
6.
.

Program
1. HTFS ( Heat Transfer Fluid Service)
2. HTRI ( Heat Transfer Research Inc.)
3. STX/ACX
4. THERMECH
5. B-JAC

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

- 194 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

.
(Heat Exchanger)
(Equipment)

(Process Fluid)
,

(Chemical Plant)

(Refinery Plant)

,
.

,
.

, 2
, 3

Shell & Tube

, 5

Thermal Design

, 6
. 7

Shell & Tube Type

.

HTFS.TASC

Tube

Shell &

.
1.

(Conductive Heat Transfer),

(Convective Heat Transfer),

(Radiative Heat Transfer)

,
(Phase Change)

Transfer)

.
.

Tool

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

(Mass
,

,
Tools

Pilot
.

- 195 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

COLD

HOT
1.1

(Conductive Heat Transfer)

(Solid),

(Static Fluid)
.

Flux

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

Heat

w
yw

Thot

(Thot Tcold )
Tcold

Thermal
Conductivity

Thermal Conductivity
Material

Unit (W/m K)

Stainless Steel

15

Copper

390

Aluminium

208

Carbon Steel

50

Gases

0.02 0.3

Liquids

0.03 0.7

Ploystyrene Foam

0.03

Pipe Lagging

0.092

1.2

yw

(Convective Heat Transfer)

,

(Boundary Layer)

Heat Flux

- 196 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

Film
/

.
(Stream Heat Transfer Coefficient)

h(Film Coefficient)

Bulk Fluid
.
q

(Tbulk Tw )

Reality
Tbulk

q (Tbulk Tw )
Tw

= f(

) = f(Re, Pr)

Film Model

Re = V D / ,
Inertial Force(V2) / Viscous Force(V / D)

Pr = Cp / k ,
Diffusivity of Momentum(/) / Diffusivity of Heat (k/Cp)
(Stream Heat Transfer Coefficient)

Fluid

(W/m2K)

State

Water

Single Phase

Water

Boiling < 5 Bar

Steam

Condensing 1 Bar

Organic

Single Phase 0.5 2.5 cp

750 1500

Organic

Boiling 0.5 2.5 cp

1000 3500

Organic

Condensing 0.5 2.5 cp

1500 4000

Gas

1 Bar

80 125

Gas

10 Bar

250 400

1.3

5000 7500
3000 10000

(Radiative Heat Transfer)

.
.

- 197 -

10000 15000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

= (T4 - T04)

Q / A

Stephan's constant, 5.67 x 108 W/(m2 K4)

(Furnace)
.

2.
2.1

( U ; Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient)

,
.
.

dQ
= U ( T hot - T cold )
dA
Q = UATLM

Q = mCp(Tin - Tout)

Property
,

U
(Turbulent Flow)

U
1

=
=

cold
1
cold

yw
w

+rcold +

1
hot

yw
w

+rhot +

Clean
1
hot

Fouling

Thot

Clean

Clean

- 198 -

Tcold

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

Fouling

Calculated
Service

.
.

LMTD(Logarithmic

Mean Temperature Difference ; TLM)

Heat Flux

TLM

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

.
-

(
Counter-Current Flow

TLM

T1 t2 T2 t1
T t
ln 1 2
T2 t1

t2

T2

t1
Enthalpy

(
(

T1

Temp

1
=
H

H1
H2
+
+)
TLM1 T LM2
H

TLM
H

Enthalpy

- Non Counter-Current Flow

T1
Temp

T2

T = FT TLM

t2

t1

FT(F-Factor)

,
.
LMTD

Pilot

Rigorous

2.2 Fouling factor

.

- 199 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

Fouling Layer

- Sedimentation
- Crystallization / Inverse Solubility
- Corrosion
- Polymerization
- Thermal Degradation
- Biological
Fouling Layer
Fouling Factor

Cleaning

Fouling

Flow
,

Fluid Stream

r, m2K/W
0.0001

Treated Cooling Water below 50

0.0002

Treated Cooling Water above 50

0.0003

Steam (Oil Free)

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

Distribution

Fouling Factor

Sea Water below 50

Untreated Water

.
.

Fluid Stream
Fuel Oil
Crude Oil

0.0005 Refrigerant Liquid

r, m2K/W
0.0008
0.0003
0.0010
0.0002

0.0008

Compressed Air

0.0003

0.0001

Natural Gas

0.0002

- 200 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

.
1. Double Pipe Type
Shell & Tube Type
.
,

Extended Fin

(Longitudinal Fin)

6m

Double Pipe
.
-

Counter-Current Flow

Service

- Modular

(Hair-Fin

Tube

Pipe

2. Shell & Tube Type

85%
,

Heat Exchanger Manufacturers Association)

Thermal Design

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

TEMA(Tubular
Detail

Mechanical Design

- 201 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

3. Plate and Frame Type

Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
.
.

,
.

Shell & Tube

.

- Thermal Efficiency
-

- Maintenance

.
.(Cleaning

- Fouling
- Leakage
-

.
.
.

- 202 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

4. Plate Fin Type

Air Separation,
Cryogenic, LNG, LPG,
Ethylene, Ammonia
, Plate
& Frame

Plate & Frame Type

Plate Fin Type

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

Stream
.

- 203 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

Stainless Steel

- Fouling

Cleaning

5. Air Cooled Type

Tube

Tube
. Tube

Fan

Fin Tube

Fan

.
Forced Draft

Induced Draft Type

Forced Draft Type

Induced Draft Type

Top
Motor/Fan
Fan

Tube Bundle

Bundle Inlet

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

Cooling

Turbulent
Bundle Inlet

- 204 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

6. Cooling Tower Type

,
.
Cooling Tower
(Cooling Water, Air)
Cooling Water

Cooling Water

.
- Packing
-

Shell
(

- Induced

Loss

Forced Driven Fan

Air

.
.

7. Furnace Type

.
Radiant Section
Convection Section

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

. Radiant Section

, Convection Section

Heat Flux

Radiant Section
.

SOx, NOx
.

- 205 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

SUMMARY COMPARISON OF HEAT EXCHANGER TYPES

Type

Air cooled

Maximum

Temp.

Fluid

Pressure,

Range

Limitation

bar(abs)

Process Side
Process Side
Ambient to Few
500
600

Brazed Plate 16

Double Pipe

Plate &
Frame

Plate Fin
Printed
Circuit

Must be
-195 200 Compatible
w/ Braze

Shell : 300
-100 600 Few
Tube : 1400
Limited by
-25 175 Gasket,
Normal : 25
not for
Special
Special : 40
-40 200 Normal for
Gases
90
Al : -200 Low fouling
But Size
150
Many Limits
Dependent SS : 600 w/ Al
1000

Range for
Single
2

Unit, m

Minimum T
Temperature Approach

Maximum
Efficiency

0.8

1 10

0.95

0.25 200

0.9

1 2500

0.95

1 10000
(Including
Fin Area)

0.1

0.98

0.1

0.98

10 1000

0.9

1 10000
(Type
Dependent)

0.95

1000

Thot,out - Tcold,out).

- 206 -

T*,

10

Counter-current
(

Minimum

5 350
(Based on
Bare Tube
OD)

-200 800 Low Fouling 1

-25 600
Shell &
Shell : 300 Lower w/
Few
Tube
Tube : 1400 Special
Steels
Welded Plate Differential Depends on Few
Covers
30 60
Type and
Some Types
Range of
Total w/
Material
Need Clean
Types
Shell : 300 -200 650 Fluids

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

Size

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

. Shell & Tube

Shell & Tube Type
,

TEMA (Tubular Exchanger

Manufacturers Association)
1968

. TEMA

Shell & Tube

ASME Pressure

Vessel Code

1988

Shell & Tube

Head, Shell, Rear 3

.

, TEMA

Double Pipe

.
Kern
,

6
,
Tight

Vibration
Vibration Checking

. Kern

Tube Side

Shell

Side

1.
1.1 Shell
Shell
Shell

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

E Shell

Horizontal Thermosyphone

G
K Shell

. E Shell

Reboiler
J

, Shell

F Shell
.

- 207 -

H
X Shell

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

TEMA

Front Head

A Type(Dirty

)
Type

B Type(Clean

Fluid

, B Type

. C

N Type

C Type

Shell

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

Fluid

. D Type
.

Rear Head

Fixed tube Sheet(L, M, N)

Floating Tube Sheet(P, S, T, W)

- 208 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

35 Bar)

Shell

Expansion Joint

Fixed Tube Sheet

Bundle

U Tube

Shell
- 6 12

Standard Pipe

- 14 24

Standard Pipe

(ID

19mm

)
- 24

50mm
3000mm

, Shell

1.2 Tube
Tube
Size(0.25 2)

, Tube

Pitch

Tube

1.25 1.5

.
Pipe

Tube

Tube

Pipe
(

)
BWG

Tube

Schedule No.

8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20

Tube
Tube

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

6m, 12m

Pass
F-Factor(FT)

Tube

.
Tube

- 209 -

Pattern

Pattern

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

45o, 90o

Shell
.

30o, 60o

Tube
30o, 60o

Shell

Triangular - 30o

Square - 90o

Rotated Triangular - 60o

Rotated Square - 45o

1-1/4 31.750 16, 14, 12, 10

in.
0.312
0.375
0.500
0.531
0.625
0.656
0.688
0.781
0.812
0.875
0.938
1.000
1.062
1.125
1.250
1.312
1.375
1.562

mm
7.938
9.525
12.700
13.494
15.875
16.669
17.462
19.844
20.638
22.225
23.813
25.400
26.988
28.575
31.750
33.338
34.925
39.688

Pitch
Ratio
1.250
1.500
1.330
1.420
1.250
1.310
1.380
1.250
1.300
1.400
1.250
1.330
1.420
1.500
1.250
1.312
1.375
1.250

1-1/2 38.100 16, 14, 12, 10

2 50.800 13, 11

1.875 47.625
2.500 63.500

1.250
1.250

OD
in.

BWG

mm

1/4

6.350 27, 24, 22

3/8

9.525 22, 20, 18

1/2 12.700 20, 18

5/8 15.875 20, 18, 16

3/4 19.050

20, 18, 16,

14, 12

1 25.400 18, 16, 14, 12

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

Pitch

- 210 -

BWG
24

0.559

22

0.711

20

0.889

18

1.245

16

1.651

14

2.108

12

2.769

10

3.404

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

1.3 Baffle
Baffle

Cross Baffle

Longitudinal Baffle
Shell

.
F, G, H Shell
Baffle

Single Segment, Double

Segment, Triple Segment, Rod Baffle,

Single segment

Disc-Doughnut, Helical/Spiral
.

Cross Flow

, Shell

Double segment
h

Baffle Cut (%) = h/Ds x 100

Tube
Baffle

Shell

Window Region

Ds

Ds

NTIW(No Tube In Window)

.
Baffle
Nozzle
.

Shell Side Condenser

Vertical

Bypass
Baffle Cut

Spacing

Horizontal
15%(NTIW

10%) 45%

50mm 1500mm(Tube

Baffle

1.4
Shell

Inlet Nozzle

Momentum

Impingement Plate

Vapor Belt

Velocity Head(v2)

.
lb/ft s

Tube

500 lb/ft s

1500

.
Sealing Strip

Shell

Shell Clearance
, Dummy Tube

Pass

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

Pass Partition
Bypass

Tube
.

- 211 -

Tube
Shell

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

1 : Cross Flow

2 : Bypass
1

1 3

3 : Inline Pass Partition

4 : Window Flow

5 : Tube/Baffle Leakage

6 : Shell/Baffle Leakage

2.

Mechanism
Mechanism
.

2.1 Vertical Tube

Boiling

Vertical Thermosyphone Reboiler

.

Column

Static Head

Static Head
.

Vapor Fraction

Liquid
Surface

Return

0.2(0.1 0.5)

Two-phase

Condensate

Temperature, T

Steam

Ts

Liquid

2.2 Horizontal Tube

Liquid bulk
temperature
Distance z

Boiling
Mechanism

Region

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

Wall temperature
Tw

- 212 -

, Boiling

Flow

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

Tube

Wet

2.3 Horizontal Shell

Boiling

Horizontal Thermosyphone
,

Kettle Reboiler

Mechanism

.
Pool Boiling

Single phase vapour

Steam

Weir

Tube Bundle

Separation
Region

Liquid level

Circulation
Support Plates
Condensate

2.4 Shell

Tube bundle

Condensing
Process Fluid

Shear Force
Gravity Flow

Gravity

. Horizontal
Baffle

Horizontal
Notch

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

.
.

- 213 -

Vertical

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

2.5 Falling Film Evaporator

Falling Film Evaporator

,
.

Wall

- Residence Time

- Static Head

.(

- Liquid

Distribution

.
Film Breakdown

- Counter-Current Flow
-

Flooding

Multi-Component Effect

Reboiler

.
Kettle

Vertical
Horizontal
Thermosyphone Thermosyphone
Good
Good

Dirty Fluid

Poor

Hight Limited

Good

Poor

Good

Piping

Good

Good

Poor

Good

Poor

Good

Vacuum

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

- 214 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

. Thermal Rating

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

1. Thermal Rating
Thermal Rating
,

U, P,
.

(2

- Shell Diameter
- Tube OD,

- Tube

Pass Partition

- Baffle Data(

, Cut %, Longitudinal Baffle)

- Sealing Strip, Dummy Tube

- Nozzle

Impingement Plate

2.

.
.

.
,

Stress

Stress

.
Tube

,
,

- 215 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

, Lifting, Service Capability

, Tube

3. Thermal Rating

- Heat Duty
- Fluid
-

(Density, Specific Heat Capacity, Viscosity, Thermal

Conductivity, Surface Tension)

- Fouling Factor
-

Heat Flux

- Shell Diameter
- Tube Dimension
-

Code

Standard

4.
Shell
Tube Bundle(Fixed Tube Sheet, Floating Head, U Tube Bundle)

(Tube

Shell
Thermal Expansion
Tolerance

- 216 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

5.

Rule

- Fixed Tube Sheet

- Floating Head/Sheet :
Leak
- U-Tube/Bundle

:
Bending

Erosion

.
- Kettle Type

: Tube Bundle
.

- Double Pipe

- Pipe/Open Coil

.
,
.

- Plate and Frame

- Spiral

: Turbulence
Corrosion

: Cooling Water

: Fouling

Tube Side
Tube Side
Tube Side

- Capital Cost : High Alloy

Tube Side

- Operating Cost :

Shell Side

Tube Side
Shell Side
Dirty, Fouling Material
High Volumetric Fluid
High Temp./Press.
Clean/Non-Fouling Material
Corrosive/Flammable/Poisonous Fluid
Required Expansive Material

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

- 217 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

6.
Overall Heat Transfer Rate
Individual Heat Transfer Coefficients/Resistances
Fluid Velocity
Pressure Drop
Area Ratio Between Required and Actual
Vibration and Demage Analysis
Metal Temperature of Shell and Tube
Surface Temperature of the Tube
Circulation Rate/Velocity Head for Thermosyphone Reboiler

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

- 218 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

Program

,
.

HTFS

Module, HTRI Module, STX/ACX, THERMECH, B-JAC

.
1. HTFS ( Heat Transfer Fluid Service)
HTFS

AEAT(Atomic Energy Authority Technology Plc.)

1967

.
.
Software

AEAT

Hyprotech

Simulator

Process
.

1.1
HTRI

HTRI

Plate Fin

.
1.2
Membership

Module

License

. Membership

HTFS

License
,

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

. Membership
.

License

Licensing

HTFS.TASC

(HTFS.MECHX)
Option

Option

1500
.

- 219 -

Component

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

- HTFS.TASC

Shell & Tube Type Heat Exchanger Design, Rating and

Simulation Package including Thermosyphone.

- HTFS.ACOL

Air Cooled (Crossflow) Type Heat Exchanger Design

and Simulation Package.

- HTFS.MUSE

Plate Fin Type Heat Exchanger Design and Simulation

Package including Thermosyphone.

HTFS.FIHR

Fired Heater and Furnaces Type Heat Exchanger

Simulation and Rating package.

- HTFS.APLE

Plate Type Heat Exchanger Design, Rating and

Simulation Package

- HTFS.PIPE

Hydraulic Calculation Package for the Unbranched

Pipeline Network.

- HTFS.MECHX Mechanical Design Package for the Shell & Tube

Type Heat Exchanger.

2. HTRI ( Heat Transfer Research Inc.)

HTRI
1962

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

11

.
HTFS
HTFS Module

HTFS

HTRI
.

2.1
Shell & Tube, Air Cooled, Plate Type
.
.
2.2
HTFS

Membership

- 220 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

.
- CST

Shell & Tube Type Heat Exchanger Design, Rating and

Simulation Package including Thermosyphone.(ST, RTF, RKH
)

- ACE

Air Cooled (Cross-Flow) Type Heat Exchanger Design and

Simulation Package.

FH

Fired Heater and Furnaces Type Heat Exchanger Simulation and

Rating package.

- PHE

Plate Type Heat Exchanger Design, Rating and Simulation

Package.

3. STX/ACX
HTC(Heat Transfer Consultants)
HTFS
HTFS
STX

1976

Module

Shell & Tube Type, ACX

Air Cooled Type

HTFS, HTRI Module

4. THERMECH
Lumus

(Lumus Heat Transfer Systems, LTHS)

Tube

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

Shell &

HTFS.TASC
.

Thermosyphone

TEMA

Shell & Tube

.
Code

- 221 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

5. B-JAC
B-JAC

(B-JAC Computer Service)

1970

ASPEN
.
TEMA

Shell & Tube

Air Cooled, Fired Heater

.

- 222 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

HTFS.TASC
.

HTFS.TASC

Mode(

Design

), Checking Mode(
Rating

), Simulation Mode(
Output

Input

Mode

Kettle Type

- HTFS.TASC

Thermosyphone, Evaporator,
HTFS.TASC

TEMA

Shell & Tube

Windows

, OLE(Object

Linking and Embedding)

.

HTRI

HYSYS

CST Module

File

Simulator
Program

ASCII

- TEMA Specification Sheet

-

Input/Output

Setting Plan

- Costing Package

Mechanical Design Tool

1500

Option

Component

.
Option

.
HTFS.TASC

Shell &

Tube Type

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

- Heater/Cooler
- General Shell & Tube(Condenser, Reboiler)
- Vertical & Horizontal Thermosyphone
- Kettle Type Reboiler
- Falling Film Evaporator
- Double Pipe / Multiple Hairpin
MEK Distillation Column
.

- 223 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

2001

Product

MEK

Purification

Property

Data

HYSYS
Simulation

HYSYS

HTFS.TASC

OLE

Condenser

Data

HTFS.TASC

Property

HTFS.TASC
Design Mode

Module
.

Minimum Area
(Default)

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

HTFS.TASC

Option

Minimum Cost
Minimum Cost

.
Minimum Cost

Base
Tuning

- 224 -

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008

/ / 2016-03-10 14:32

- 225 -