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Flare Example1
Flare Example1
INPUT DATA
Material Flowing In Stack =
Flow Rate, W =
Average Molecular Weight =
Flowing Temperature, T =
Heat Of Combustion, Hc =
Specific Heat Ratio, k = Cp/Cv =
Flowing Pressure At The Flare Tip, P =
Design Mach Number For Flare =
Design Wind Velocity, U =
Fraction Of Heat Radiated, F =
Fraction Of Heat Intensity Transmitted, Tau =
Max Allowable Radiation, K, at Dist R =
Distance, R, To Max Allowable Radiation =
Lower Explosive Limit, CL, =
Ambient Air Temperature, Ta =
Relative Humidity =
RESULTS
Req'd By
HC VAPOUR
100,000
46.1
760
21,500
1.1
14.7
0.2
20
0.3
1
2,000
150
0.021
520
50.0%
0
50
100
150
200
250
Deg R
BTU/lb
Psia
Mach_No
mph
BTU/hr/sf
Ft.
Mole Frac
Deg F
All 3
All 3
All 3
All 3
All 3
All 3
All 3
API , B&S
API , B&S
API , B&S
All 3
All 3
B&S
B&S
Simple Appr
API
BRAUN
B&S
1.50
1.50
1.50
72.31
30.65
109.45
0.00
89.84
26.14
40.83
30.38
86.86
Diameter of Flare, d, =
Center of Flame (Xc,Yc) Co-ordinates
Xc Co-ordinate from Tip
(Ft.)
Yc Co-ordinate from Tip
(Ft.)
Flare Stack Height, H,
(Ft.)
Distance From Base Of Flare
lb/hr
(Ft.)
BTU/hr/sf
2,065
2,550
2,517
2,000
1,428
1,002
Page
RADIATION
BTU/hr/sf
10,365
7,076
3,626
2,000
1,229
821
BTU/hr/sf
3,330
3,711
2,976
2,000
1,313
893
300
350
400
450
500
718
531
404
316
253
585
436
337
268
218
DISCUSSION OF METHODS:
The three methods are similar though there are a few key differences. The
Braun method is for still air only, while the Brzustowski and Sommers (B&S)
method is for use in a wind field only. The API method can be used with or
without wind. Both the API and B&S methods take into account the bend in the
flame due to wind velocity. All three methods determine stack diameter to give
an exit velocity that is a fraction of the sonic velocity.
The length of the flame is calculated in the API report as a log-log function
of heat release while in the Braun method the flame length is directly related
to stack diameter. In all methods the point that the radiation emits from is the
centre of the flame however, the calculation of this centre is different in each
case. API uses an arithmetic average of the flame length which is then added to
the stack height. The Braun method uses a geometric average of the stack
height and the stack height plus the flame length. The third method (B&S) uses
a two parameter correlation to determine the centre of the flame. These
parameters are a lower explosive limit concentration parameter and a
parameter for jet thrust and wind speed. The distances found from the
correlation are then added to the stack height.
The radiant heat reaching the ground is dependent on the fraction of the
heat generated that is radiated. Both API and B&S use a fixed factor. Braun uses
a correlation for the emissivity of the gas as a function of molecular weight.
This emissivity is then used as the fraction radiated.
DOW DESIGN PRINCIPLES:
See LPP 14.2
Flare stack height should be based on a maximum heat intensity of 3000
exceeds 1500 Btu/hr sq ft (including solar radiation of 400 Btu/hr sq ft).
LPP14.2 recommends the use of API 521.
Page
634
469
360
283
229
page 88
page 89
page 58
page 85
2.15E+09
171.2
BTU/hr
FT
29.33
1.76
0.0831
334.3
949.64
189.90
0.1545
0.84
144.62
0.36
sf
ft.
0.2
2.24
1.50
FT/SEC
sf
lb/cf
cf/s
ft./s
ft./s
Define as U
For Fig 7
61.30
Design basis
Specified Dist Fr base Of Flare Stack, R =
Specified Max Allow Radiation, K, at R =
Fraction Of Heat Intensity Transmitted, Tau =
Fraction Of Heat Radiated, F =
Heat Liberated, Q = (W)(Hc) =
Plot on Fig 7
0.1545
0.1545
0.1545
0.1545
150
2,000
1
0.30
2.15E+09
Page
Page 87
Ft.
BTU/hr/sf
BTU/hr
160.20
77.69
140.10
FT
FT
FT
109.45
FT
Page
Page
D^2
Q
FT^2
BTU/HR SQFT
24857
2065
20126
2550
20395
2517
25664
2000
35933
1428
51202
1002
71471
718
96740
531
127009
404
162278
316
202547
253
EQUATION 3
EQUATION 2
EQUATION 1
1.50 FT
DESIGN BASIS:
DISTANCE FROM FLARE STACK
150
MAX RADIATION AT D
2000 BTU/HR SQFT
FOR DIAGRAM GO TO CELL AK143
RADIANT HEAT=(0.048*HEAT_COMB*FLOW*SQRT(MW)/(4*PI*(D^2 + H*(H+120*DIA))
EQUATION 16
WHERE D IS DISTANCE TO RADIATION
H IS STACK HEIGHT
REARRANGE AND SOLVE FOR STACK HEIGHT
EQUATION BECOMES A QUADRATIC
A=
1
B= 179.67440729 EQUIVALENT TO FLAME LENGTH
C= -5379.8414923
QUADRATIC SOLUTION
26.14
STACK HEIGHT
26.14
Q
BTU/HR SQFT
10365
7076
3626
2000
1229
821
585
436
337
Page
OR
FT
-205.81
450
500
Page
268
218
C.3
p-88
p-89
1.50
FT
p-89
949.64
189.93
FPS
FPS
LOG CLBAR
Log base 10
-0.66284892
0.2173
Log base 10
LOG DJR
1.735907564
54.4
THE THREE PARAMETER LOG-LOG-LOG GRAPHS FOR FLAME CENTRE AS A HORZONTAL DISTANCE XC
AND A VERTICAL DISTANCE YC HAVE BE CORRELATED
From Fig C-2A, Page 90
LOG10 Xc =
Xc =
1.6110
40.83
ft.
vs 58 eg
LOG10 Yc =
Yc =
1.4826
30.38
ft.
vs 100 eg
C.3.4
Design Basis
Specified Dist Fr Base Of Flare Stack, R =
Specified Max Allow Radiation at R =
Fraction Of Heat Intensity Transmitted, Tau =
Fraction Of Heat Radiated, F =
150
2,000
1.00
0.3
Page
Ft.
BTU/hr/sf
B&S Rec use estimate
2.15E+09
50.0%
160.20
BTU/hr
FT
R' = R - Xc =
H' = [ (D)^2 - (R')^2 ]^0.5 =
Height of Stack = H' - Yc = H =
Tau Estimate, p-94, Eqn (C-1)
109.17
117.24
FT
FT
86.86
FT
0.80
Page
Page
D^2
Q
FT^2
BTU/HR SQFT
15413
3330
13830
3711
17247
2976
25664
2000
39081
1313
57497
893
80914
634
109331
469
142748
360
181165
283
224582
229
RECOMMENDED MACH NUMBERS ARE 0.2 FOR CONTINUOUS FLARES AND 0.5 FOR EMERGENCY. (0.7 IS THE MA
Y=
X=
H' = 140
30.65
72.31
D=
Page
160 FT.
150 ft.
Page
U / Uj
BTU/hr
Flame L
5.00E+07
4.00E+08
7.00E+08
6.00E+10
30
80
100
800
2.15E+09
Slope m
Constant b
Calc'd Flame L
30.03
78.60
101.84
798.71
171.16
EXP(Const b)
0.84
0.84 LINEST =
0.462729938 -4.8008544 0.0082227185
0.36
0.36 Correlation Of Fig 7, Page 39, Approximate Flame Distortion
SUM DELTA X / L (1)
3.089306209
0 SUM DELTA Y /L (1)
SUM
SUM
SUM
SUM
SUM
DELTA
DELTA
DELTA
DELTA
DELTA
X
X
X
X
X
/L
/L
/L
/L
/L
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
1.526372211
0 SUM
0.845128886
0 SUM
0.844910939 0.844910939 SUM
0.952089306
0 SUM
0.844910939 SUM
U / Uj
DELTA
DELTA
DELTA
DELTA
DELTA
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
/L (1)
/L (1)
/L (1)
/L (1)
/L
dX/L
0
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.043
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Page
0
0.5
0.539638889
0.579277778
0.618916667
0.6427
0.666574567
0.695436131
0.719838236
0.7409763
0
0.009
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.045
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09 0.759621395
0.1
0.7763
0.114 0.797041818
0.2
0.8804328
0.3
0.9227763
0.4
0.944844
Page
0.09
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Page
0.9590175
0.961
0.963
0.965
0.967
0.969
0.971
0.973
0.975
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
LAME LENGTH
Page
Page
NTAL DISTANCE XC
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Fla m e L e n g t h , L , f t .
Plot on Fig 6A
2.15E+09
2.15E+09
171.2
171.2
1000
100
10
171.1646575
1
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.00E+10
1.00E+11
He at Re le as e , BTU/hr
U=
-2.43252813
1
0.800002
0.78258046
0.71638288
0.66152882
0.595860868
0.5696238
0.538746166
0.510721422
0.485316718
dX/L or dY/L
0.070333032
0 >0.009, <=0.045
0.358156192 0.35815619 >0.045, <=0.4
0.296799938
0 >0.4, <=1.0
0.128879061
0 >1.0
0.35815619
0.025
0.5
0.043
0.6427
7.92777778 0.30180556
1.2
1
0.8
dX/
L
0.6
0.4
0.2
Page
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.5
0.6427
0.8
dX/
L
0.6
0.4
0.462309557
0.4414878
0.3142008
0.2489898
0.2045808
0.174969625
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Page
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.150004552
0.129315371
0.112712464
0.100006213
0.091007
0.08633
0.08183
0.07733
0.07283
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
x3
y3
0.04 0.6057971
x
x2
y2
0.012
0.76
0.15
0
-5.5072464 0.82608696
x1
0
0.05
-20
0.76
0
y1
1
0
1
0
1
0.01
0.800 Section 1
0.012
0.760
0.013 0.75449275
0.015 0.74347826
0.02 0.71594203 Section 2
y
0.04
0.05
0.075
0.1
0.125
0.15
0.175
0.2
0.225
0.25
0.275
0.3
0.325
0.35
0.375
0.4
Page
0.6057971 0.60359753
0.57 0.5696238
0.49 0.49770571
0.445 0.4414878
0.4 0.39769582
0.365
0.335
0.315
0.295
0.275
0.265
0.25
0.235
0.225
0.21
0.205
0.36346005
0.33631528
0.3142008
0.29546043
0.2788425
0.26349984
0.2489898
0.23527425
0.22271955
0.2120966
0.2045808
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.66086957
0.6057971
0.5696238
0.53874617
0.51072142
0.48531672
Page
0.09 0.46230956
0.1 0.4414878
0.2 0.3142008
0.3 0.2489898
0.4 0.2045808
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Sketch
Figure C-1
dX
Yc
Xc
D
H
R'
R
Page 61
Sketch
Page 86
dY
Page 62
Fig. 6A
1000
171.2
100
Fig 6A
Data Pt.
10
1
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
Heat Release, BTU / hr
Page 63
1.00E+10
1.00E+11
Fig. 6A
1
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
Heat Release, BTU / hr
Page 64
1.00E+10
1.00E+11
Fig 7
Fig. 7 - Approximate Flame Distortion Due To Lateral Wind On Jet Velocity From Flare Stack
Ratio dY / L or dX / L
1.2
0.8
dY / L
dX / L
0.6
Data Pt.
Data Pt.
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Ratio U/ Uj
Page 65
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
0.2
Fig 7
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Ratio U/ Uj
0.9
Page 66
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Table 3
Table 3
No.
1
Maximum Design Flare Radiation Levels Including Solar Radiation (250 - 330 BTU/hr/sf).
Permissible Design Level (K)
BTU/hr/sf BTU/hr/sf
wo Solar
Solar
4,700
300
BTU/hr/sf
Total
5,000
kW/m2
Total
Conditions
15.77
2,700
300
3,000
9.46
1,700
300
2,000
6.31
1,200
300
1,500
4.73
200
300
500
1.58
Page 67
Table 3
page 36
Page 68