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MD 021 - Management and Operations
MD 021 - Management and Operations
Inventory Management
Introduction
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model
Economic Production Quantity Model
Quantity Discounts Model
Reorder Point (Q System)
Shortages and Service Levels
Single Period Model
Types of Inventory
Cycle inventory
Safety stock
Anticipation inventory
Pipeline inventory
When to order?
Whole lots
Item independence
Q
(H)
2
D
(S)
Q
Q
D
( H ) (S )
2
Q
Q
D
( H) (S)
2
Q
dC
0
dQ
TBOEOQ
EOQ
2 DS
H
EOQ
D
dC H
D
2 (S )
dQ
2 Q
Q
pd
( p d ) Q(
)
p
p
I max
D
Q pd
D
( H ) (S ) (
)( H ) ( S )
2
Q
2
p
Q
2DS
H
p
pd
10
Quantity Discounts
Q
D
( H ) ( S ) PD
2
Q
11
Quantity Discounts
Two-Step Procedure
12
Step 2.
EOQ45.00
EOQ50.00
C76
C100
13
14
Reorder Point
Demand pattern
Known and
constant
Known and
constant
Variable, normally
distributed,
known
Variable, normally
distributed,
known
Known and
constant
ROP
ROP = 0
ROP =
d LT
ROP =
d LT z dLT
ROP =
d LT z LT d
Variable, normally
distributed,
known
unknown
ROP =
d LT zd LT
dLT
Uncertain, discrete
probability
distribution
LT
15
D
Q
E(N )
E ( z ) dLT
1
D
Q
16
Q System Example
You are reviewing the companys current inventory policies for its
continuous review system (Q system), and began by checking out
the current policies for a sample of items. The characteristics of
one item are:
Average demand = 10 units/wk (assume 52 weeks per year)
Ordering and setup cost (S) = $45/order
Holding cost (H) = $12/unit/year
Average lead time (L) = 3 weeks
Standard deviation of demand during lead time = 17 units
Service-level = 70%
a) What is the EOQ for this item?
17
Probability
0.30
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
R
0
50
100
150
200
250
Cycle-Service
Level (%)
18
Cs
C s Ce
19
20