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Johor Darul Takzim (Johor Bahru) : Flag of Johor Coats of Army of Johor
Johor Darul Takzim (Johor Bahru) : Flag of Johor Coats of Army of Johor
Flag Of Johor
Coats Of Army Of Johor
Johor is a Malaysian state, located in the southern portion of Peninsular
Malaysia. It is one of the most developed states in Malaysia. The state
capital city and royal city of Johor is Johor Bahru, formerly known as
Tanjung Puteri (Malay for Princess's Cape) and Muar respectively. The old
state capital is Johor Lama. Johor is surrounded by Pahang to the north,
Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest, and the Straits of Johor to
the south which separates Johor and the Republic of Singapore. The state
also shares a maritime border with the Riau Archipelago from the east and
Riau mainland on the west by the South China Sea and the Strait of
Malacca respectively, both of Indonesian territories.
Johor is also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Ta'zim, or "Abode of
Dignity", and as Johore in English. The name "Johor" originated from the
Arabic word Jauhar, 'gem/jewel'. Malays tend to name a place after natural
objects in great abundance or having visual dominance. Before the name
Johor was adopted, the area south of the Muar River to Singapore Island
was known as Ujong Tanah or 'land's end' in Malay, due to its location at
the end of the Malay Peninsula. Coincidentally, Johor is the most southern
point of the Asian continental mainland. In the early 16th century, the
Sultanate of Johor was founded by the Alauddin Riayat Shah II, the son of
Mahmud Shah, the last Sultan of Malacca who fled from the invading
Portuguese in Malacca. Johor sultanate was one of the two successor
states of the Melaka Empire. Upon Malacca's defeat by the Portuguese in
1511, Alauddin Riayat Shah II established a monarchy in Johor which
posed a threat to the Portuguese. The Sultanate of Perak was the other
successor state of Malacca and was established by Mahmud Shah's other
son, Muzaffar Shah I. During Johor's peak the whole of Pahang and the
present day Indonesian territories of the Riau Archipelago and part of
Sumatra Island were under Johor's rule. A series of succession struggles
were interspersed with strategic alliances struck with regional clans and
foreign powers, which maintained Johor's political and economic hold in
the Straits. In competition with the Acehnese of northern Sumatra and the
port-kingdom of Malacca under Portuguese rule, Johor engaged in
prolonged warfare with their rivals, often striking alliances with friendly
Malay states and with the Dutch. In 1641, Johor in co-operation with the
Dutch succeeded in capturing Malacca. By 1660, Johor had become a
flourishing entrept, although weakening and splintering of the empire in
the late seventeenth and eighteenth century reduced its sovereignty. In
the 18th century, the Bugis of Sulawesi and the Minangkabau of Sumatra
controlled the political powers in the Johor-Riau Empire. However, in the
early 19th century, Malay and Bugis rivalry commanded the scene. In
1819, the Johor-Riau Empire was divided up into the mainland Johor,
controlled by the Temenggong, and the Sultanate of Riau-Lingga,
controlled by the Bugis. In 1855, under the terms of a treaty between the
British in Singapore and Sultan Ali of Johor, control of the state was
formally ceded to Dato' Temenggong Daing Ibrahim, with the exception of
the Kesang area (Muar), which was handed over in 1877. Temenggong
Ibrahim opened up Bandar Tanjung Puteri (later to become Johor's
present-day capital) in south Johor as a major town. Temenggong Ibrahim
was succeeded by his son, Dato' Temenggong Abu Bakar, who later took
the title Seri Maharaja Johor by Queen Victoria of England. In 1886, he was
formally crowned the Sultan of Johor. Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor (1864
1895) implemented a state constitution, developed a British-style
administration and constructed the Istana Besar, the official residence of
the Sultan. For his achievements, Sultan Abu Bakar is known by the title
"Father of Modern Johor". The increased demand for black pepper and
gambier in the nineteenth century lead to the opening up of farmlands to
the influx of Chinese immigrants, which created Johor's initial economic
base. The Kangchu system was put in place with the first settlement of
Kangkar Tebrau established in 1844. The decline of the Kangchu economy
at the end of the 19th century coincided with the opening of the railway
line connecting Johor Bahru and the Federated Malay States in 1909 and
the emergence of rubber plantations throughout the state. Under the
British Resident system, Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Abu Bakar's successor,
was forced to accept a British adviser in 1904. D.G. Campbell was
dispatched as the first British adviser to Johor. From the 1910s to the
1940s, Johor emerged as Malaya's top rubber producing state, a position it
has held until recently. Johor was also until recently the largest oil palm
producer in Malaysia. During World War II, Johor Bahru became the last
city on the Malay Peninsula to fall to the Japanese. Allied Forces,
Australian, Malayan and Indian forces held out for four days in what was
known as the Battle of Gemas, the General Yamashita Tomoyuki had his
headquarters on top of Bukit Serene and coordinated the downfall of
Singapore. Johor gave birth to the Malay opposition which derailed the
Malayan Union plan. Malays under Dato' Onn Jaafar's leadership formed
the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in Johor on 11 May 1946.
(UMNO is currently the main component party of Malaysia's ruling Barisan
Nasional coalition.) In 1948, Johor joined the Federation of Malaya, which
gained Independence in 1957.
As of 2010 Census the population of Johor is 58.2% Muslim, 29.6%
Buddhist, 6.6% Hindu, 3.3% Christian, 1.3% Taoist or Chinese religion
adherent, 1.4% follower of other religions, and 0.7% non-religious
Bendera Johor
Lambang Tentera Johor
Johor adalah negeri di Malaysia, yang terletak di bahagian selatan
Semenanjung Malaysia. Ia adalah salah sebuah negeri yang paling maju di
Malaysia. Bandar ibu negeri dan bandar diraja Johor adalah Johor Bahru,
sebelum ini dikenali sebagai Tanjung Puteri masing-masing (untuk Melayu
Princess ini Cape) dan Muar. Ibu negeri lama adalah Johor Lama. Johor
dikelilingi oleh Pahang di utara, Melaka dan Negeri Sembilan di barat laut,
dan Selat Johor di Selatan dan yang memisahkan Johor dan Republik
Singapura. Negeri ini juga berkongsi sempadan maritim dengan
Kepulauan Riau dari tanah besar Timur dan Riau di sebelah barat dengan
Laut China Selatan dan masing-masing Selat Melaka, kedua-dua wilayah
Indonesia.
Johor juga dikenali dengan gelaran Bahasa Arab, Darul Ta'zim, atau
"Abode of Dignity", dan sebagai Johor dalam bahasa Inggeris. Nama
"Johor" berasal daripada perkataan Arab Jauhar, 'permata / permata'.
Melayu cenderung untuk menamakan tempat selepas objek semula jadi
sangat besar atau yang mempunyai penguasaan visual. Sebelum nama
Johor yang telah diterima, kawasan selatan Sungai Muar ke Pulau
Singapura dikenali sebagai Ujong Tanah atau 'penghujung tanah' dalam