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DEFINISI
Rodon, Raul.2011.Altered Mental Status:in the Urgent Care Patient.Journal of Urgent Care Medicine
Xiao,et all.2012.Evaluation and treatment of Altered Mental Status Patients in the emergency departement:life on the fast lane.wordl J Emerg Med, Vol 3 no 4
Han,Jin.2014.Altered Mental Status in Older Emergency Patients.Clin Geriatr Med, Feb(29):101-136
EPIDEMIOLOGI
(Rodon, 2011), AMS dapat terjadi
pada semua golongan usia
Rodon, Raul.2011.Altered Mental Status:in the Urgent Care Patient.Journal of Urgent Care Medicine
MANIFESTASI KLINIS
Xiao,et all.2012.Evaluation and treatment of Altered Mental Status Patients in the emergency departement:life on the fast lane.wordl J Emerg Med, Vol 3 no 4
FAKTOR RISIKO
ETIOLOGI
A (alkohol, ammonia,
alzheimer)
I (infection,
intoxication)
U (uremia)
E (endocrine,
electrolyte,
encephalopathy)
O (opiates, overdose,
oxygen)
T (tumor, trauma)
I (insulin)
P (poisioning,
psychosis)
S (stroke, seizure,
syncope, shock, SAH)
ETIOLOGI (2)
P: Psychiatric, porphyria
I: Infection (inflammatory-see vasculitis above)
D: Drugs, including withdrawal (anticholinergics, TCA;s, SSRIs,
BZDs, barbiturates, alcohol)
ETIOLOGY
TOXIC/METABOLIC
STRUKTURAL
Febris:
Trauma
Kepala :
Perdarahan
intrakranial
Trauma NonKepala :
Perdarahan
intracerebral
Perdarahan
subaraknoid
Stroke brainstem
Stroke cerebellar
Tumor cerebral
Abses serebral
Meningitis
Ensefalitis
Serebral malaria
Bakteremia
Septicemia
UTI pada lansia
Heat stroke
Tyroid crisis
Afebris:
Keracunan (overdosis obat:
opioid, BZD, barbiturat,
ketamin,ekstasi; intoksikasi
alkohol, Wernickes
ensepalopati,
karbonmonoksida)
Metabolik (hipoglikemi,
hipoperfusi serebral,
hiperkarbia, koma
diabetikum, myxoedema
coma, hipotermia,
dehidrasi, electrolyte and
acid-base abnormalities)
Organ failure
(uremia,hepatic, respirasi,
cardiac)
nd
PATOFISIOLOGI
Kesadaran normal dipengaruhi oleh arousal dan kognisi.
Rodon, Raul.2011.Altered Mental Status:in the Urgent Care Patient.Journal of Urgent Care Medicine
5
Reticular System Brainstem
Diencephalo
n
123 5 7
Cortical
Visual
17 18 19
Cortical Auditory
41 42 22
123 5 7
Visual
Cortical
17 18 19
Smell Cortical
28 35 25 34
CONCIOUSNESS
OUT PUT
INPUT
INTEGRATION
Stimulation
The 5 Sense
Visual
Auditory
Smell
Taste
Skin
AROUSAL
Degree of Counciousness
Reaction
Spesific
Open eyes
Speech
Movement
Autonom
ARAS
AWARENESS
Quality of Counciousness
PATOFISIOLOGI
Depresi
Kedua serebral hemisfer
Tidak berfungsinya RAS (Reticular
Activating System)
Misalnya :Stroke,
Seizure atau
Trauma ke regio ini
Rodon, Raul.2011.Altered Mental Status:in the Urgent Care Patient.Journal of Urgent Care Medicine
mengancam nyawa
Kondisi yang mengancam nyawa
INITIAL ASSESSMENT
ANAMNESA
Rodon, Raul.2011.Altered Mental Status:in the Urgent Care Patient.Journal of Urgent Care Medicine
DIAGNOSA
S
A
M
P
L
E
Vital
Sign
Suhu;
tekanan
darah;
pernapasa
n; Sat O2
Neurologis
Exam
Kesadara
n
GCS
Nervus
kranialis;
sensoris,
motorik,
reflek
fisiologis,
patologis
Mencari
kemungk
inan
trauma
Mental
status
exam
PEMERIKSAAN
FISIK
Keadaan umum
MENTAL STATUS
EXAMINATION
PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG
Test glukosa darah
Test Laboratorium dasar, terdiri :
Xiao,et all.2012.Evaluation and treatment of Altered Mental Status Patients in the emergency departement:life on the fast lane.wordl J Emerg Med, Vol 3 no 4
TATALAKSANA
Penyebab Struktural
Trauma
Kepala :
Perdarahan
intrakranial
Penyebab
Toksik/Metabolik
Afebris:
Trauma NonKepala :
Perdarahan
intracerebral
Perdarahan
subaraknoid
Stroke brainstem
Stroke cerebellar
Tumor cerebral
Febris:
Abses serebral
TATALAKSANA
TATALAKSANA
Penyebab structural
Berikan suplemen Oksigen untuk
aliran lambat
Lakukan CT scan kepala
Turunkan tekanan intracranial
Penyebab toksik-metabolik
Lakukan Gastric Lavage
Gunakanbahanarangaktif(
meningitis, pertimbangkan
pungsi lumbal lebih
dini(setelah CT scan kepala).
Mulai pemberian antibiotik
berdasarkan data empiris
Xiao,et all.2012.Evaluation and treatment of Altered Mental Status Patients in the emergency departement:life on the fast lane.wordl J Emerg Med, Vol 3 no 4
LAPORAN KASUS
IDENTITAS PASIEN
Nama
Ny. SF
Umur
41 tahun
Jenis Kelamin
Wanita
Agama
Islam
Alamat
Ds Kraksan wetan
Probolinggo
Tanggal
9 Februari 2016
Pemeriksaan
No RM
1127xxxx
PRIMARY SURVEY
: paten
C : TD 160/100
PRIMARY INTERVENSION
:-
:-
44
ANAMNESA (HETEROANAMNESA)
Keluhan utama : penurunan kesadaran
Riwayat Penyakit Sekarang:
SECONDARY SURVEY
Nadi :
100x/menit
reguler, lemah
RR: 32
x/m
GCS: 211
TD: 160/100
Head
Neck
Chest
Wall
Heart
Lung
Abdomen
Extremiti
Tax: 36,4 C
S S v v Rh
SS vv
SS vv
- Wh - - - - - -
Flat, BU (+) normal, soefl, liver span 7 cm, nyeri tekan ulu hati (-)
traubes space timpani, shifting dullness (-), undulasi (-)
Warm edema -/-
Status Neurologis
N. Cranialis Deffect
Sensoris Deffect
Refleks Fisiologis
+2/+2 APR +2/+2
Refleks Patologis
Refleks Primitif
Refleks Otonom
: dbn
: (-)
: BPR +2/+2 TPR +2/+2 KPR
: (-)
: (-)
: terpasang urine catheter
HASIL PEMERIKSAAN
LABORATORIUM
Laboratory
Result
Normal Value
Unit
11,5
11,4-15,1
g/dL
Leucocyte
15. 710
4.700-11.300
/L
Thrombocyte
266.000
142.000-420.000
/L
MCV
74,10
80-93
fL
MCH
25,00
27-31
Pg
MCHC
33,70
32-36
g/dL
0,0/0,1/94,9/3,9/1,1
0-4/0-1/51-67/25-33/2-5
SGOT
21
0-32
U/L
SGPT
20
0-32
U/L
3,5-5,5
g/dL
198
<200
mg/dL
123,40
16,6-48,5
mg/dL
6,69
<1,2
mg/dL
PPT
10,30 detik
9,3 11,4
APTT
25, 60 detik
24,5 32,8
0,99
0,8 1,30
Hb
Differential count
Albumin
RBS
Ureum
Creatinine
INR
ELECTROLYTE SERUM
Na
K
Cl
Asam Laktat
140
3,20
107
-
136-145
3,5-5,0
98-106
Darah Vena : 0,52,2
Darah Arteri :
0,5-1,6
mmol/L
mmol/L
mmol/L
mmol/L
7,36
7,35-7,45
pCO2
35,8
35-45
mmHg
pO2
66,4
80-100
mmHg
HCO3
20,2
21-45
mmol/L
BE
-5,6
(-3) ( +3)
mmol/L
92,1%
>95
O2
saturation
CT-SCAN
DIAGNOSA KERJA
dd metabolic encephalopathy
2. Azotemia Renal ec AKI
3. Leukositosis
PLANNING DIAGNOSIS
CT Scan kepala
CXR
ECG
Lab : DL, SE, GDA, Ur/Cr, SGOT/SGPT
Konsul IPD
TATALAKSANA
PLANNING MONITORING
GCS
Vital signs
Subjective
TERIMA KASIH