Epinephrine

Seema Maqboul
Pioneers Baccalaureate School-Nablus, Palestine
March 13, 2016

ABSTRACT
In this paper I will talk about the drug: Epinephrine, the
name of the drug, the chemical structure, the chemical
makeup, and purpose of the drug, presence in the world,
.and the presence in Palestine
INTRODUCTION
The discovery of Epinephrine
The active principle of suprenal extract that produces its
pressor effects was isolated by the joint research of John
Abel in 1899 and Jokichi Takamine in 1901. Within three
years Elliott, working in Langley's laboratory, suggested
that this active principle, referred to by British
physiologists as "adrenaline" and named "Adrenalin" by
Takamine, was released from sympathetic nerve terminals
to act on smooth muscle cells.
1

However, it was not until 1946 that von Euler showed that
demythelated adrenaline (noradrenaline) rather than
adrenaline is a sympathetic transmitter. The possibility
that this sympathetic transmitter could also act on nerve
terminals was not developed until 1971.
Research on autoreceptors culminated in the identification
of adrenergic receptors on nerve terminals different to
those on muscle cells. This paper assesses the
contributions that established the idea of the adrenergic
autoreceptor, 100 years after the discovery of adrenaline. 1

DISCUSSION
Different names of the drug
1- Epipen
2- Arenalin
3-Epinpen 2-pak
4-Epinpen Jr
5- Adrenalinclick
6- Adrenalin Chloradie
7- Anvi-Q
8- Twinject
Dosage Form: injection
Chemical Makeup
C9H13N03

Purpose of this drug

1
http://hardluckasthma.blogspot.com/2012/01/history-of-asthma-rescuemedicine.html

Epinephrine: is a chemical that narrows blood vessels and

opens airways in the lungs.
These effects can reverse severe low blood pressure,
wheezing, severe skin itching, hives, and other symptoms
of an allergic reaction.
Epinephrine injection is used to treat severe allergic
reactions (anaphylaxis) to insect stings or bites, foods,
drugs, and other allergens. Epinephrine is also used to
treat exercise-induced anaphylaxis.
Epinephrine auto-injectors may be kept on hand for selfinjection by a person with a history of a severe allergic
reaction.
Epinephrine injection may also be used for purposes not
listed in this medication guide.

Side effects
Abnormal or decreased touch sensation
arm, back, or jaw pain
bleeding, blistering, burning, coldness,
discoloration of the skin, feeling of pressure,
hives, infection, inflammation, itching, lumps,
numbness, pain, rash, redness, scarring,
soreness, stinging, swelling, tenderness,
tingling, ulceration, or warmth at the injection
site
blurred vision
chest pain or discomfort
chest tightness or heaviness
dizziness
fainting
fast, irregular, pounding, or racing heartbeat or
pulse
fear or nervousness
headache
nausea or vomiting
paleness of the skin
3

 pounding in the ears

restlessness
shakiness in the legs, arms, hands, or feet
slow or fast heartbeat
stroke
sweating
trembling or shaking of the hands or feet
troubled breathing
unusual tiredness or weakness
Symptoms of overdose
Agitation
coldness of the skin
coma
confusion
decreased urine output
depression
drowsiness
hostility
irritability
lethargy
lightheadedness, dizziness, or fainting
muscle twitching
pounding, slow heartbeat
rapid weight gain
rapid, deep breathing
seizures
stomach cramps
stupor
swelling of the face, ankles, or hands
To make sure epinephrine injection is safe for your
body, tell your doctor if you have:
heart disease or high blood pressure;
asthma
Parkinson's disease
depression or mental illness
a thyroid disorder

 Diabetes (you may need to adjust your dose of

insulin or other diabetes medication after using
epinephrine injection).23
Epinephrine: Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Pregnancy: Epinephrine has been assigned to
pregnancy category C by the FDA. Animal studies
have revealed evidence of teratogenicity when
epinephrine was given in doses approximately 25
times the usual recommended human dose (on a per
kg basis). There are no reports of teratogenicity in
humans. There are no controlled data in human

pregnancy. Epinephrine is only recommended for use

during pregnancy when benefit outweighs risk.
Breastfeeding: There are no data on the excretion of
epinephrine into human milk. The manufacturer states
that epinephrine is excreted into human milk. The
manufacturer recommends that due to the potential for
4
.serious adverse effects in nursing infants, a decision
METHODS
http://www.drugs.com/sfx/epinephrine-side-effects.html 2

During the making of this model I

used
3

http://www.worldallergy.org/public/allergic_diseases_center/anaphylaxis/an
aphylaxis.php

Candy

Pick teeth stick

http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/epinephrine.html 4

Cork is the shape of a ball

5

Water colors

ACKNOWLEDGMENETS
I want to thank Miss. Meha my Chemistry teacher I want to
.thank Mss. Meha's brother for his help
.LITERATURE CITED