Gausss Law

E dS

qn
n

v dV

dS

Surface element vector

Point on surface volume V

Electric flux through closed surface

Maxwells 1st equation

(Coulombs Law)

J (V )

0
r
v J (V ) 3 dV
4
r

0
J (V )
B
v
4
r

= Current density in volume dV

B 0

Biot-Savart Law

J (V ) = Current density

Maxwells 2nd equation

Amperes Law

B dI I ;
0

=Magnetic vector

In differential form it becomes

jD
B 0 (J
)
dt

d m
E dI dt

Maxwells 3rd equation

Faradays Law.

m = magnetic flux

In differential form it becomes:

dB
xE
dt

Maxwells 4th equation

Maxwells four equations relate charge density, current density, and field quantities
at a point in space via their space and time derivatives.

kz =

k z= propagation number or wave-number;# of waves/unit length

v
v

v
l= =
n (w / 2p )

kz =

2p

Wave travelling in z direction

A(z.t) = Ce-i(kzz-wt )

Phase velocity
Setting t = 0
For z = o
The phase factor is:
For plane wave

f=

Constant;

A(z.t) = Ce

-ikz z

wt

A(z.t) = Ce

f = kz z - w
E = E0 e

-i(ikz z-wt )

dj = 0

kz dz = w dt

dz w
Vphase = = = v
dt kz

Maxwells equations suggest:

Electrical measurement of

Gave a value of v = 299,784

v=

1
(m 0e 0 )

1/2

1
(m 0e 0 )

1/2

10 km/s
(1/10,000) precision

Speed of light, c = 299,792,457.4

Group velocity

1.1 m/s

dw
vgroup =
dk

Coherence

E1 E10 e i ( k z z 1t )

E2 E20 e i ( k z z 2t )

E1 , E2 Maximum field amplitude;

1 , 2 Angular frequencies; k , k
1

vectors

E E1 E2 E10 e i ( k z z 1t ) E20 e i ( k z z 2t )
I E ( E10 ) 2 ( E20 ) 2 2 E10 E20 (e i ( k z z 1t ) e i ( k z z 2t ) )
2

( E10 ) 2 ( E20 ) 2 2 E10 E20 cos I 1 I 2 2 E10 E20 cos

([k1 k 2 ]z [1 2 ]t )

I I 1 I 2 2 E10 E20

I I1 I 2

coherent
incoherent

Coherence length

2
lc ( )

lt

s s

s/r

Coherence length;

Spatial coherence

when

lc

large