EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT TO HEART BEAT

Daphnia sp.

By :
Name
Student ID
Entourage
Group
Assistant

: Fatahalani Rizkika
: B1K014017
: VII
:2
: Lucky Pratama Suharto

PRACTICUM REPORT OF ANIMAL PHISIOLOGY I

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER

EDUCATION
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO

2015

I.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background.
Daphnia sp. Is animal Crustaceae that included in fillum Arthropod, class
Crustacea, Subclass Estomostraca, ordo Phycopoda, Sub ordo Cladocera Family
Daphnidae, Genus Daphnia, Species Daphnia sp. These animals can be found in
lice water, which is one of the building blocks for, living in fresh water , for
example in the lake (Pankey, 2009). According to Waterman (1990), the
distribution segment the body Daphnia almost not seen. The head united, with
form down to the body part under seen clearly through curves that it is clear. In
some of the species most members of the body is covered by carapace, with six
pairs of legs vague that in abdominal cavity. The part of the body that most visible
are the eyes, antenna and one pairs seta. In several kind of Daphnia, the part of
carapace transparent and appear with clear through microscope part in the body.
Some Daphnia eat crustacean and small rotifer, but most of them are filter
feeder, eating algae uniselular and various other detritus organic include protist
and bacteria. Daphnia also eat some sort of yeast, but only in the environment
such as control like laboratory. The Growth can be controlled with reservation
giving leaven. Food particles that suspended solids then formed into bolus that
will come down through cavity digestion to full and through anus was placed on
the tip cavity digestive system. A pair feet first and second used to form cash
small when issue food particles that are not able to be absorbed. Daphnia organs
to swim was supported by second antenna more big size. The Movement antenna
is very influential to the movement against the current (Waterman, 1960).
Reproductive Mechanism Daphnia is parthenogenesis. One or more young
individu are treated with attached to body of the parent. Daphnia that new born
must replace the succession skin (molting) several times before grow so adults
around one week after born. Life cycle Daphnia sp. The eggs, children, youth and
adults. Growing size happen shortly after eggs hatch in their room incubation.
Daphnia sp. adults measuring 2.5 mm, the first child of 0.8 mm produced by
parthenogenesis. Daphnia sp. Begin to produce its first-time at the age 4-6 days .
And the days that can achieve 12 days . Every one or two days, Daphnia sp. will

birth to 29 lambs, individuals who has been newly hatched in anatomy same with
individual adults. This reproductive process will continue if the condition
environment support the growth. If the condition is not an ideal solution will be
produced by individual sexual reproductive (Waterman, 1960).
Daphnia bull smaller size than female. At the individual, there is an extra
organ in the abdominal to embrace female from behind and open carapacae
female, and then spermateca check-in and to fertilize the egg. A fertilized egg will
then protected layer called ephipium to prevent threat from ideal condition for
environment until they hatch (Mokoginta, 2003).
Genus Daphnia has become a model taxon is often used in several
experiments. Daphnia not just like animal crustacean, the chromosome is very
small and have the exososkeletal that is very small. Heart shaped Daphnia a sack
saddle is located in the thorax airbags but the dorsum. Heart is tied to the wall
with sinus pericardii agency some logamenta. Vascular System from Daphnia
sp. is open, the heart pumps blood to all parts of the body and sucking through
holes back that is equipped with valva. Three pairs hole that is equipped with
valva called ostia, make it possible for blood came back from round
sinus. Daphnia sp, also has five pairs of legs like sheets leaves. The Movement
feet cause the water flow of water that brings these particles foods and oxygen.
His heart is in dorsal, heart sounds quickly and has a pair ovaria on the right and
left, the digestive tract in thorax. These Organisms known by the general public is
water fleas, but in fact it is these organisms, including in zooplankton
(Radiopoetro,1977).
During this time using Daphnia sp. Because That is a small crustaceans,
cheap, easy to be taken and transparent. This was making it easier for
observation beat his heart under the microscope (Corotto et al,2010).
1.2 Objective
The purpose of practicum the influence of the environment to heart
sounds Daphnia sp is to learn more about the influence temperature
environmental and other chemicals to heart sounds experimental animals
(Daphnia sp).
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD

2.1 Material
The tool that use during this practical is thermometer, pipette drops, cavity
slides, light microscope, stopwatch, hand tally counter, and tissue.
The materials that use in this practicum is Daphnia sp, Alcohol 5%, ice,
and hot water.
2.2 Method
The methods used in practicum are :
1. Daphnia placed on cavity slides using pipette drops and normal
temperature measured.
2. Daphnia seen in a

microscope

and

counted

sound

heart

using hand tally counter for 15 seconds and multiply 4 so obtainable

sounds heart perminute. The results are written, and documented.
3. Restore Daphnia into glass beaker.
4. Daphnia included in cavity slides and put on hot water until 5 seconds,
then the temperature hot water was measured and the no 2 is repeated.
5. Daphnia placed on cavity slides and then put cavity slide on ice in the last
5 seconds later the temperature cold water was measured and the no. 2 is
repeated.
6. Daphnia put cavity slides give solution Alcohol 5% one drops, and the no.
2 is repeated.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1.1. Result

Table 1. Observation The Influence Of Environment Heart Beat of Daphnia

sp.
Treatment (pulse/min)
Normal
Hot
T
G
r
o
u
p

em
per
atu
re
(oC
)

H
B

2
7

2
9

3
4

2
7

2
04

3
4

1. Heart

5
%
5
%
5
%

1
40

1
9

Note :

2
48

5
%

Picture Microscopic Dhapnia

1
24

hol
C
o
n
c
e
n
tr
at
i
o
n
5
%

2
44

2
20

H
B

68

20

Alco

T
em
per
atu
re
(oC
)

92

D
J/
mi
n

60

T
em
per
atur
e
(oC)

76

Cold

H
B

2
0
4
2
9
2
5
2
6
8
2
6
0

2. Foot
3. Antenna
4. Egg

3.1.2. Discussion
Practicum result in normal temperature in group 1 with the temperature 27
o

C shows heart beat of Daphnia 176/minute, 2nd group with the temperature 29oC

shows heart beat Daphnia 260/minute, group 3 with the temperature 28 oC shows
heart beat Daphnia 52/minute, group 4 with the temperature 31oC show heart beat
of daphnia 120/minute, and group 5 with the temperature 27 oC shows heart beat
Daphnia 204/minute. This was not in accordance with the statement Barnes
(1993), that heart beat Dhapnia has a speed of approximately 120 times per
minute in normal condition . This speed increases or decreases depending on
condition that influence. Heart beat will be faster in the day, population density
low, the very first time, The increase was mature sexual metabolic rate and the
giving stimulation in different variations conditions. In this situation may be at the
time observation organisms experiencing stress or a less optimal.
Treatment of Daphnia with changing hot water with average heart rate
of 192 heart beat/minute with the temperature 48 oC for group 1 , 268 heart
beat/minute with the temperature 57 oC in group 2 , 64 heart beat/minute with the
temperature 48 oC for group 3 , 40 heart beat/minute with the temperature 53 oC
for group 4, 248 heart beat/minute with the temperature for group 5. According to
Waterman (1960), on the environment with the temperature was increasing
metabolism in the body and respiration rate increased and impact on the increase
heart sbeat of daphnia.
The situation with literature where at the time temperatures down and
metabolic rate down and cause oxygen intake speed revelation (Waterman, 1960).
On experiments with cold water heart sounds price daphnia group 1 is 220 heart

beat/minute with the temperature 57 oC, 2nd group which is 244 heart beat/minute
with the temperature 13 oC, group 3 40 heart beat/minute with the temperature 19
o

C, group 4 in 140 heart sounds/minute with the temperature 22 oC and group 5

124 heart beat/minute with the temperature 19 oC, so that in accordance with
literature that was presented before.
According to Waterman (1960), said that the compounds toxic causes all
network system the body in Daphnia disorders and alcohol is toxic substances for
Daphnia. Alcohol that causes all network system in the body Daphnia,
vulnerability to conform to the environment that has changed. Alcohol will
stimulate nerves sympathetic to work of the heart to be encouraged and become
more quickly. Observation heart beat Daphnia treatment with additional alcohol to
raise average heart beat per minute of 204 heart beat normal group 1, 292 from
normal heart beat 2nd group, 52 from normal heart beat group 3, 68 from normal
heart beat group 4, and 260 from normal heart beat group 5.
According to Soetrisno (1981), factors that affect heart beat Dhapnia are as
follows:
1.

Light, In the dark light, heart beat Daphnia sp., happend decrease while in

conditions of light heart beat Daphnia sp. will increase.

2. Temperature, heart beat of Daphnia sp. will be more

when the

temperature increased. To the environment by high temperatures will

increase in the body metabolism and respiration rate increased and impact
on the increase heart beat Daphnia.
3. Drugs (chemical compounds), chemicals cause such heart beat Daphnia
sp. to high or increased.
These factors that influenced physiological heart is a chemical substances,
the influence temperature and beasar small animals. With changed high
temperatures and those frequencies heart would change, if the temperature
increase, heart will go up so also in contrast. Frequency change heart resulted by
the chemicals that took place in the cell. Small Animals have a high speed
metaabolisme (Soetrisno, 1981).
According

to

Pennak (1853),

working

mechanism

heart Daphnia sp. Relation to directly with the needs his weight oxygen per unit
in animals adults. Daphnia sp. were strongly influenced by environmental

conditions on the temperature 220-310 C and pH 6.5 -7.4 which this organism
development larvae to adults in four days (Djarijah, 1995).

IV.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results and discussion can be taken conclusion that:

1. Average heart beat Dhapnia my group at normal temperature as many 260
heart beat/minute, the hot is 268 heart beat/minute, the cold temperature is 244
heart beat/minute, and in the influence of alcohol 5% is 292 heart beat/min.
2. Heart Sounds daphnia influenced by high temperatures, chemicals, size and
age, light, activities and big or small animals.

REFERENCE LIST
Barnes, R. D. 1963. Invertebrata Zoology. W. B. Saunders Company Philadelphia,
London.
Corotto, F et al., 2010. Making the Most of the Daphnia Heart Rate Lab:
Optimizing the Use of Ethanol, Nicotine & Caffeine. Journal of American
Biology teacher. 72 (3) : 177-179.
Djarijah, A.S. 1995. Pakan Alami Ikan. Kanisius, Yogyakarta.
Mokoginta I. 2003. Budidaya Daphnia. Direktorat Menengah Kejuruan .
Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan dasar dan Menengah. Departemen
Pendidikan Nasional.
Pangkey, H. 2009. Daphnia dan Penggunaannya. Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan.
(3): 33-36.
Pennak, R.W. 1953. Fresh Water Invertebrata. The Ronal Company, New York.
Radiopoetro. 1977. Zoologi Umum. Erlangga, Jakarta.
Soetrisno. 1981.
Purwokerto.

Diktat Fisiologi Hewan.

Fakultas Peternakan. Unsoed

Waterman, H. T. 1960. The Physiology of Crustaceae. Academy Press, New York.

Yuwono, E. 2001. Fisiologi Hewan. Fakultas Biologi Unsoed, Purwokerto.