Characterize the Atoms

On the basis of the work of Dalton, GayLussac, Avogadro, and others, chemistry was
beginning to make sense. The concept of
atoms was clearly a good idea. (p44, 1)
Scientists began to wonder about the nature
of the atom.
What is an atom made of, and how do the
atoms of the various elements differ?

Cathode-Ray Tube Experiment

Cathode-ray tube
J. J. Thomson

Deflection of Cathode Rays

pp44-45

Results from Cathode-Ray Tube Exp.

p44, 2-5
Postulated the existence of electrons using
cathode-ray tubes.
Determined the charge-to-mass ratio of an
e
8
electron. ( = 1.76 10 C/g )
m
The atom must also contain positive particles
that balance exactly the negative charge
carried by particles that we now call electrons.

Plum Pudding Model of the Atom

p45, Figure 1.13

Millikans Oil-Drop Experiment

p45, Figure 1.14

Millikans Oil-Drop Experiment

Mass of an Electron
e
8
1.758 820 10 C/g
m
19
e 1.602 176 10 C
1.602 176 10 19 C
m
8
1.758 820 10 C/g
9.109 382 10 28 g 9.1110 31 kg

Results from Oil-Drop Experiment

pp44-45
(Performed experiments involving charged
oil drops.)
Determined the magnitude of the charge on a
single electron.
Calculated the mass of the electron.

Rutherford Scattering Experiment

p46, Figure 1.16

Ernest Rutherford

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Plum Pudding Model of the Atom

p46, Figure 1.17

Expect result (incorrect)

Actual result

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Results from Scattering Experiment

p46, r2
Explained the nuclear atom.
Atom has a dense center of positive charge
called the nucleus.
Electrons travel around the nucleus at a
relatively large distance.

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