A Model of the Pantograph Arc

Impedance for 50 Hz Catenary Voltage

PIERRE-VINCENT VERSCHRAEGEN

Master of Science Thesis

Stockholm, Sweden 2010

A Model of the Pantograph Arc

Impedance for 50 Hz Catenary Voltage

PIERRE-VINCENT VERSCHRAEGEN

Examensarbete
March 2010
XR-EE-ETK 2010:002

KTH Skolan for Elektro- och systemteknik

Electromagnetic Engineering Lab

Abstract
The sliding contact between catenary and pantograph has to transfer a large
amount of current and power to the locomotive reliably. Sometimes detachment and attachment occur between the contact wire and the pantograph.
This is related to the speed of the train as well as the lifting force of the
pantograph. It leads to the creation of arcs whose visibility is also increased
by the current level and their probability of appearance by the presence of
a layer of ice (under harsh winter conditions) that could be formed on the
bottom of the contact wire, which creates a separation between pantograph
and catenary.
The first goal of the work is to create a model of the arc impedance,
based on previously done experimental investigations. The model aims to
simulate arc voltages (output) from experimental arc currents (input) which
differentiate from each other by the RMS value, the voltage level, the power
factor or the speed of the train. A strong link between the arc current
waveform characteristics and the corresponding arc voltage has been brought
to light, leading to very good simulations: for each arc period, the voltage is
strongly related to the extreme value of the current over the same period.
Once the model has been built and validated, it has been found that the
simulated arc voltages were quite similar to the experimental voltages, and
thus that the main part of the information about the arc phenomenon is
contained in the arc current itself. The transient overvoltages as well as the
average values are well modeled and approximated.
Then, the modeled arc voltages have been studied in order to see how
the impedance model behaves when the arc currents have different characteristics. Both thermal and dielectric reignitions (breakdowns) are correctly
recreated, and the presence of a net DC voltage component (originating from
transients and asymmetrically distorted waveforms) was also confirmed for
all the test runs.
Finally, an electric circuit model is elaborated. Starting from a simple
frequency analysis, an RLC circuit has been simulated and the encouraging
results lead the way to a further study.
iii

Acknowledgements
I want to thank Prof. Rajeev Thottappillil at Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan
for support and for helping me to understand the project. He has been
guiding me and setting goals for this work, especially through the EMC
group meetings.
Furthermore I am really thankful to Dr. Daniel M
ansson, my supervisor
at KTH for his friendship and the perfect collaboration on this thesis. He
has always been available to answer my questions and to help me to reach
the objectives. The discussions and thoughts we shared have benefited me
enormously.
I would like to express my special thanks to Dr. Thorsten Sch
utte for first
having made me join the railway club and then helping me with his supreme
knowledge in Railways. Progressing under his consistent encouragement,
explanations and his will to find solutions has been a fantastic experience.
Special thanks go to Dr. Dierk Bormann, whose support is at the heart
of this work. I am very grateful for the answers he brought me that were
always precise and relevant, and for the discussions we had which helped me
to understand the pantograph arcing phenomena to a greater extent.
I thank Surajit Midya for his advice throughout my thesis. His practical
points of view gave a better understanding of the problem, and his PhD
thesis was a wonderful source for my own study.
I would also like to thank Mr. Georg Bohlin and Prof. Mats Backstrom
for their encouragement and interest in my work.
Friendship and help from the PhD students in the EMC group were also
a great benefit.
Lastly, deepest appreciation to my family and my friends, from Sweden
and from France, for the wonderful time spent together.

List of Abbreviations
AC

Alternating Current

CZC

Current Zero Crossing

DC

Direct Current

EMC

Electromagnetic Compatibility

EMI

Electromagnetic Interference

ERTMS

European Rail Traffic Management System

EU

European Union

GSM-R

Global System for Mobile communications-Railways

HF

High Frequency

Hz

Hertz

IEC

International Electrotechnical Commission

mH

Milli Henry

MW

Mega Watt

RMS

Root Mean Square

TGV

Train `a Grande Vitesse

TRV

Transient Recovery Voltage

VA

Volt-Ampere

VAr

Volt-Ampere Reactive

vii

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