Solar Turbines Penis Pook el aota Ll Dry Gas Face Seals for Solar® Gas Compressors Gas Compressor Engineering, Solar Turbines Incorporated CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SCOPE. 4 DRY GAS SEAL PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION. 2 SEAL FUNCTION DURING DIFFERENT OPERATING MODES, 3 DRY GAS SEAL DESIGN 3 DRY GAS SEAL DESIGN LIMITATIONS 6 UTILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR DRY GAS SEALS 7 SEPARATION SEAL DESIGN. 8 UTILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR SEPARATION SEALS. 10 PACKAGE SYSTEM LIMITS 12 SEAL GAS SYSTEMS. ial APPLICATION CHECKLIST. 18 SPECIAL TOPICS a ‘SOLAR'S INVOLVEMENT AND EXPERIENCE IN DRY SEALS. 2 INTRODUCTION Gas compressor shaft end seals and their attendant systems prevent the uncontrolled escape of process gas along the compressor shalt. Historically, oil seals were employed for this purpose. The complexity of oll seal systems, the need for an uninterrupted supply of cll at high pressures, and the possiblity of process gas contamination by seal oil has led to the increasing use of dry gas seals. Solar currently offers uni-directional, tandem dry gas seals as its standard on all its gas ‘compressors. In addition to the dry gas seals, a double circumferential separation seal, using air or nitrogen (Nz) as separation gas, is employed to prevent lube oil from entering the face seal and to prevent process gas from entering the lube oil system Table 1 lists the current availabilty of dry seals on various Solar compressors SCOPE ‘This document applies to new equipment gas compressors only. Dry seal technology has improved significantly over the years and the information presented here may not be ap- plicable to some of the older dry seal designs. Please contact Solar for information and uidance on the use of dry seals in older units. This version of PIL. 140 includes information about the newer gas compressors and re- vises some of the terminology used in previous versions to match more closely the ac- cepted usage in the Oil & Gas industry. The data in the tables is based on the best cur- rently available information but may not apply under all operating conditions. PIL 140 Revision 13a 1 16 March 2009 (© 2000 Solar Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 Table 1. Dry Seals Availability by Products Product Status Design C168 z Not available; not planned ‘C160, C167 Planned ‘One design through after market C166, C160K ‘lve ‘One design through after market C1665, C160R ‘Active 2designs: Standard/High-Pressure c1ev ‘ative ‘2desians: Standard/High Pressure 628 Planned ‘One design through after market ‘©304, C308 Active: ‘One design through after market 39, C39E ‘Active 2 designs: Standard/Migh-Pressure C331 ‘Active ‘One design C401, C402, Active ‘One design (6404, C406 Active: ‘One desion C45 Aatve. ‘One design 505 ‘Active ‘One design (post-2006 projects) (6505U Active (One desion cat Active: (One design cat ‘Atve (One desion cat ‘Active (One desion e607 ‘Active ‘One design through aftermarket ca ‘Active ‘One design (C85 ‘Ative ‘One design, DRY GAS SEAL PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION Dry face seals consist primarily of a stationary ring that is attached to the housing and a ‘mating ring that rotates with the compressor shaft. A spring keeps the face of the station- ary ring against the rotating face of the mating ring (Figure 1). Filtered seal gas, from ei- ther an external source or the compressor discharge, is supplied to the face seal, The extremely small gap clearances of face seals mandate clean and dry seal gas in order to avoid contamination, During operation, the groove pattern in the rotating seal face (Figure 2) pumps the seal {gas inward toward the un-groaved portion, or sealing dam, creating a high-pressure area behind the sealing dam, This pressure distribution separates the rotating and static seals, forming a small, controlled gap between 0.0025 and 0.0050 mm (0,0001 and 0.0002 in.) wide. This very narrow gap allows a small leakage flow to pass through. Figure 1. Gas Face Seal Assembly PIL 140 Revision 13a {© 2008 Solar Turbines Incorporated Figure 2. Cross-Sectional View of Rotating Seal Face 16 March 2009Solar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 In the event the faces approach each other, a rapid rise in pressure instantaneously causes separation. This automatic reversal is self-correcting and the gap width stabilizes when the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces equalize. SEAL FUNCTION DURING DIFFERENT OPERATING MODES. No Rotation, Case is Unpressurized ‘The seal faces are held in contact by spring load, No Rotation, Case Is Pressurized The seal faces remain in contact up to a certain pressure differential, At this pressure and, above, the seal faces separate as the pressure overcomes the spring force between the faces. Normally, this lift-off pressure is 689 kPad (100 psid). Seal leakage is the same as fr less than that during rotating conditions. This is the typical occurrence with pressurized equipment prior to start-up, a \ it-an extemal seal gas source is used, the seal gas flow into the compressor case will cause the case pressure to rise unless the compressor loading valve or the suction vate is left open Rotation, Case is Unpressurized The seal faces remain in contact up to lift-off speed, which normally occurs at 150 rpm. Separation is caused by hydrodynamic effect due to the groove configuration in the face of the rotating seal member. This is the typical condition in an unpressurized seal at start- up. Rotation, Case Is Pressurized The seal faces will maintain an equilibrium gap of 0.0025 to 0.0050 mm (0.0001 to 0.0002 in.) depending on the speed and pressure conditions. DRY GAS SEAL DESIGN ‘The dry gas seal assembly is furnished in cartridge form, ready to be installed in the com- pressor end caps. Each seal assembly (Figure 3) has a primary and secondary face seal. + The primary face seal Is exposed to the high-pressure seal gas on one side and ‘atmospheric pressure on the other, the seal gas pressure being slightly higher than the compressor suction pressure. By taking the full pressure drop, this seal provides the main sealing function. Fitered seal gas is injected between the proc- ess gas and the primary seal at a pressure nominally higher than the suction pressure. Most of the seal gas leaks into the compressor through the labyrinths at the stub-shafts into the compressor suction. This portion of the primary seal gas is not lost, but is recycled. The quantity of this recycled gas is quite small (less than 0.1%) when compared to the compressor inlet flow; yet, it provides an important protective barrier for the dry seal {An even smaller portion of the primary seal gas leaks across the face seal to the primary seal vent. This leakage is lost to vent or flare. Both leakage rates, Le., flow through the labyrinth and through the face seal, decrease as a fraction of ‘compressor flow with increasing compressor frame size. PIL 140 Revision 138 3 16 March 2009 (© 2000 Gola Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 JOURNAL SEPARATION SECONDARY SECONDARY PRIMARY PRIMARY LABYRINTH eeanms Seal Smavert See Seaver SEAL Stal WREOR SEPARATION DRIVE DEY Gas SEAL 2 staonay geraemin SEAS 3 receway SE rast Figure 3. Tandem Seal Assembly Without Intermediate-Labyrinth Seal + The secondary face seal acts as a backup to the primary face seal. It is simiiar to the primary seal and becomes active when the primary seal falls. It operates at near zero pressure-differential during normal running conditions. In order to pro- tect the secondary face seal from failure, the secondary vent pressure should never be allowed to exceed the primary vent pressure. Itis not necessary to inject, seal gas ahead of the secondary seal as primary seal gas that leaks through the primary seal has already been fitered, + Dry seals for certain new Solar compressors (see Table 2) also have an interme diate labyrinth seal located between the primary and secondary seals (Figure 4). The function of this intermediate labyrinth is to facilitate the use of a secondary ‘seal gas. Secondary seal gas, usually an inert gas like nitrogen, may be injected between the secondary seal and the intermediate labyrinth. This gas also requires the same cleanliness as the primary seal gas. Some of the secondary seal gas passes through the labyrinth into the primary vent, rendering @ non-combustible mixture in the primary vent. The remainder of the secondary seal gas passes through the secondary face seal into the secondary seal vent. The flow require- ments for intermediate seal gas are provided in Table 2. Table 2. Compressors with Intermediate Labyrinth in Dry Seals ‘Secondary Seal Gas (Na) Supply Required Compressor m/e (gofm) Ber Compressor Ber Seal (C5055 1267.) 63.39) cat 13.664) 68 (42) cst 15.4(85) 77 (48) cor 49.6(12.2) 886.) cas 21.8 (136) 708 (68) PIL 140 Revision 13a 4 16 March 2003 (© 2008 Solar Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 4H Use of this intermediate seal (when available) is entirely optional to the end- user. Supplying secondary seal gas is not mandatory for normal operation even with the intermediate labyrinth "Use of the intermactate seal gas vill inctease the amount of leakage In the pr- mary vent. Henoe, package slams and shutdown satin on the primary vert side may need to be set accordingly. Solar must be notified ifthe end User plans to use this feature. An Intermeslate lab seal system Is also required ‘The dy gas seal assembly (with primary and secondary face seals) is provided to Solar by the seal vendor as a complete and tested assembly for installation in the compressor. DRY GAS SEAL DESIGN LIMITATIONS Diy gas seals operate under a variety of conditions and are compatible with Soler com- pressors, There are however, component and system imitations, Component Limits Table 3 provides component limits for the standard dry gas face seals. In recent years, seals with higher-pressure capabilities have been developed for several compressor models. They are listed in Table 4. Tables 3 and 4 also include case and package system limits for reference. ace Sen ert Se a cen Ol on may sea ca sepanton certo | meat abn Lino spon \ | ina Set ea Ps as a fimin ) a | i J, ; a eae \ ana Seat cance Oy Gas Sa Aesamy Figure 4. Tandem Seal Assembly with Intermediate-Labyrinth seal PIL 140 Revision 13a 5 146 March 2009 (© 2008 Solar Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 Table 3. Design Limits for Standard Configurations ey Gas Seal ito ii ane ETE sage —o. be compressor | Maximum |O-ina| Supply. | “cupay | pymamc_ |oysenarge case | 25 TaeSice | Pressure [Material Temperature at| required por | Leakage per |'Fenu9°| speed | Pressure | BE xPagiosia) | qy | EMteap | compressor | seal | Pee acura) en © () (b,c) _|Nm'Mhe (sefm)|Nm*ihe (sefm) | °C (°F) e & |Min| Max. ) (a wy crak CaaKo| waaTEOH| FR | [wos aoH | — nomen] — seem | vee] ae] BAO IER Sie crv [saucy [ren] sears | —wosssen| —rzas | wren | aas0| esis Gan S1BeS C18Y | 10342 (1500) | FePM < [827 | 2120 7.2(48) | 177 (350) | 23.800] 24 132.(3500) cieav wae (s0 | FePw | 2 | ase7 | ws2i@z0] 72m] res | zes00| 2412 6500) (C304 10342 (1500) | Fem | = | 999 (200 | 1200(745) 8.0(50) | 177 (350) | 16500] 10342(1500) 306, 10342 (1500) | FEPM | © | 99.3 (200) 120.0 (74.5) '8.0(5.0) | 177350) | 15500] 10.342 (1500), casa) [1032 500) | Feu | © [a3 aon | z200Ge22)| 8060 | 177 050) | 18500] 19 700.2000] @ CaBEL fH | 10342 500) | FEE] & [99300] z0W2a| 80G0 | 177.050) ] wes00] wSsI9 25] © e337 10342 (1500) | Feew | & | s3a@on | ws0@26| 8060 | 17750] 16500] 6274200] & ‘cao1,cao2 | 10 42 1500)| FePM | © [ e33,e00)| Zeon] 8060] 121050) | 18500] T1000] (eansn, ca00n [17 ar @son | pire | & | rer @s0)] zeoacve10| 222019] 1775 | 14300 197902000] & 6450) waart eon [Pree | [rar 5 | zara] 1oacteay| 17750) | rao00| 15514 1000] 9 esi canine wre | | [asso] weaeen| — eaten | 77am | remo] var wo] C505U 41.032 (1600) [PTFE 93:3 (200) | 257.2 (159.7) 156 @7) | 177 (350) | 12,500] 10342 (1500)| ~ easy [wens] SE] § [iat sn | sexe ies | ver coy [ re ae | Toso |r one) CaS 15515 (2250) | Pree | @ | 121 (250) | 437.8 (271.8) 129 (60) | 121(250) | _7.500| 11032 (1600) carci ——[asesscosr| ire] [Cisteso"| seao emnm| von tony [17 en | Taso | ae (zs) Saitiy—ooersione [rire] [ata seoaeea.o] Wa toa | 177m | too | a0 ees z= Gartimy ——[rowsston| Pre] [Cistasn | aeraeeen| irr evay| wre | wr | soe (0) Table 4. Design Limits for Optional High Pressure Configurations Deyue Beal Ue cane Se FsstGas Supply Seal gas eee poate ee ene fmperotureat| supply I oisctarae i Semmes Wecoue |esa| "Ecan | gure pr ceatage mer] oeed| re | xPag psia) | () | SCG) eine sor inmeine (sot) “OCR) | ‘PM 2 @ Min} Max 0) (d) wo (yy cisor, cr60v | 20685 (3000) | PTFE |= 135 (275)| 132.1 (62.0) 21.5 (13.4)| 177 (980)| 22,300] 15.513 (2250)| # Sieg C1°™" | 20 685 9000) | PTFE. e 135@75)] 1543 (95.8) 245(13.)| 177 50)] 23,800] 24 132 3500) 8 (eseav 20685 (000) | PTFE |S £| TeSeTH) teas esa] aise) W77RSO) zas00) aeiezesOn| — e336.) 78.816 @700)| Pree |x =| 135@75)| 2862 077-7] __zasc46| 17.650] 16500] 13780 2000)] & emen oy reste G70 | Pree | G|_as@79)| saee@ra| 29540] 1750) 16500] re6r6a700| F cao4s, Cotes [17 57 @s00y| pire |e 8121 aso] 3967 @oen| 275.070] 177 eso] asco] v7 257 soo] Car-H.O(m.n) |[25055(9750| PTFE |# S| 121 @s0| e340.095.0| _209(190)| 177 5m] 14.900] 25.655 @750)| 3750 C51-H, D (mal) | 20 685 (2000) | PTFE |% 421 (250) 520.5 (923.2) 22.3 (13.9)| 177 (350)| 12,000] 20 685 (3000)| 3000 ro6t-H, D (m,n) | 20685 (9000) | PTFE |® 424 (250)| 610.0 (378.8) 22.6 (14.0)| 177 (50)| 10,170] 20 685 (3000)| 3000 PIL 140 Revision 13a 6 116 March 2009 (© 2008 Solar Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 Notes for Tables 3 and 4: to compressor sucton at dynamic condtons (operating, start-up, nd at state concitons (sete-utor pressurized hold). May be overnden By caso pressure lime (0) Supplied gas must bo clean (<2 micron abolut) ander. (0) For temperatures beyond the given ranga, moans to heat of cool seal gas are required ‘Temperature changes betwoen seal gas source and seal gas it to comprossor, such as due to expansion In regulator valves an exposure to mbt condaions, on be sri fant Refer to "Uy Requements for Dry Gos Seale” Dol, (0) The maximum leakage rte detines the acceptable upper tit. Nominal leakage wal bo less. Vale for any single face at maximum speed and maximum pressure. Neral cu bic meter per hour (Ni) s measured at O°C and 1.01328 bar (6) C160KIC168K seals supplied prior to September 1996 re lmted to 8274 kPag (1200 a) suction preceure. Fer upgrade to 103342 kPag (1500 pig), contact Solr (0 Contact Solar # the suction prossure forthe C3371 compressor wih dy gas seals exceeds (9885 KP (1000 psig. (9) Tee C538 C33icomprossors bul before 1993 may have lovepressure seal hat ae lm- ted toa maximum suction pressure of 8278 kPag (1200 ps9) (th For tigher speeds onthe C33 and CES, contact Soa. (For the C48, 2250 psig is avalabl asa custom feature. Contact Solar @ In somo applications, tho caso proscue rating i owes than tho dy gas soal pressure rat- ing. In such instances, the case pressure wll determine the maximum pormssible pies (For Oepressurzation Rate Lim, see Table 7. (m) The C43, C51 and C61 compressors have Me diferent case ratings, low-pressure ver sion (dentdied as L above in Table 3) and two Nigh pressure versione (denied as Hor D in Table). Halts to single commpartmant high pressure version and the 'O Yefre to ‘Dual compartment high-pressure veison. The ary gas seals ate common betwaen the L, Hand D versions ia each a the thee product Ines. Howaver, the requled seal ga fw Fates are Set based on the case presse ating, Le, oepressure or hghvptessule ver™ (0) Incotan applications of the C41, C54 and C61, the high pressure casing (H) may bo used for lower pressure applications, In such projects, ti valid to use the seal gas supply fates mentioned ia Table Sathar than Tabla 4. Contact Seat fr det (0) Values provided or guidance. Refer to the spect projet PAID for more precise values. UTILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR DRY GAS SEALS Dry gas seals require a high-pressure source of dry and clean primary seal gas, Ifthe dry seal Is equipped with an intermediate labyrinth, secondary seal gas (nitrogen) may be provided as an option. NY seal gas must be free of liquids and fitered to 2.0 microns absolute at skid connection, itis the end user's responsibilty to provide the required utities (primary seal gas, sepa- ration seal gas and optionally the secondary seal gas) to the compressor skid, meeting the pressure, temperature and cleanliness requirements, The end user has comprehen- sive knowiedge ofthe process variations and the compressor application and should be proactive In making the decisions necessary for safe seal operation, Primary seal gas Primary seal gas can be obtained from the compressor discharge or supplied by 2 sepa- rate source. Either way, the seal gas must meet specific standards of supply tempera- ture, cleanliness, dryness, and pressure to assure the efficiency and long-term operation PIL 140 Revision 13a 7 16 March 2009 (© 2009 Solar Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 of dry face seals. Seal gas must be provided during start-up, normal operations, shut- down and pressurized hold, and at any time there is process gas in the compressor cas- ing, ‘The seal gas supply to the skid-edge connection, which flows into the on-skid seal gas system, must meet the following requirements: 1. It must be fitered process gas or nitrogen that is clean and dry. The gas should have no particles larger than two microns absolute size or magnetically charged Particles (which will agglomerate). There must be no hydrate or solids formation when expanding to atmospheric pressure. Cleanliness of the seal gas is critical to the seals eafety and life. 2. Itmust be free of liquids and leave no residue. The pressure must be 690 kPa (100 psi) or more above compressor suction pressure but below the pressure rat- ing of the seal system. ts temperature must be such that subsequent throttling to primary vent pressure produces gas that is superheated at least 10°C (18°F) ‘and within the seal gas temperature range listed in Table 3 or 4 SD in appications wnere the pressure rise across the comoressor exceeds 1500 Bee teal tela a eee ep fbove the suction pressure, 4. Thacteuuted ping aoa gesupal yds per corcgaot ae pilin Tee tes 2a Tha oadiad aesluee DUR Rove RRO SR Ighe rer ihe pay oe angele ole Wee ret Ree orth aie Coe tows seis fe Conese Calloby Finest ine cone et eee Te oa gee sippy femurcrents pofed ae bce opersteral aetnaere tater Sie efedive separation ofthe process gao om the primary dy gas seal, per lay rainaitny serine easy oboe may Pr ea ee dhecorianor soar enination occulier else Gs \&D seat gas supply requirements are based on 2 nominal veloc of 6 ms (15) scous to latent seal loccted bataon the ay coal ane the process gee Sid, at nomnal operating pressures ond apoode, fu mentioned eae, the compressor dlcharge fs a potental source for sea gas, How ver using comproseor decherge es the ony soutoe. aves the folowing eosnara {Wen the sormprosoor le pressuzed bu et toaded (euch a8 ering stattup,shuldown, or pressurized hold) the compressor discharge pressure is not sufficient to fiow through the regulators and iter ofthe standard seal gos suppl sytem, Consequently, the dry Sus re Incr contact wi te process gos wale may lead to contamination Nek ther Solar nor any seal supper is feponeble fr contaminated dry sel flues, th Ho ea ss tera cele ses el oT ARS aay Ta St tel ayer sith an anlery ga booster maybe equ This section defines some of the terminology used in relation to dry gas seal leakage rates, Maximum expected dynamic primary seal leakage rates per seal (at the compres- ‘s0r's highest pressure and speed) under dynamic operating conditions are included in Tables 3 and 4. The seal suppliers’ maximum guaranteed leakage rates are usually twice a high as the maximum expected dynamic rates, Normal leakage rates at operating conaitions depend on suction pressure and speed, and are typically less. The static leak- age rate (when the compressor is not running) is lower than the dynamic leakage, Dry gas seal leakage rates are demonstrated at the vendor's factory. Solar's standard factory test to ES 1597, "Production Testing of Gas Compressors,” verifies the mechani cal operation of the seals at ambient pressure and the static leakage up to the rated suc- tion pressure. It does not demonstrate dynamic seal leakage rates. PIL 140 Revision 13a 8 16 March 2009 (© 2008 Solar Turbines incorporatesSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 Secondary Seal Gas When the dry seal assembly is provided with an intermediate labyrinth (see Table 2) be- tween the primary and the secondary seal faces, an inert gas (nitrogen) may be injected info the area between the labyrinth and the secondary seal. The injected gas is referred to as secondary seal gas. Use of the secondary seal gas is not mandatory even ifthe dry ‘seal has an intermediate labyrinth, The secondary seal nitfogen gas must meet the same temperature and cleanliness re- uirements as the primary seal gas. 1. The nitrogen must be clean and dry, with no particles farger than two microns absolute size or magnetically charged pertcles (which will agglomerate). There must be no hydrates or solids formed when expanding to atmospheric pressure The required flow-rates are provided in Table 2 2 Itmust be fee of iquids, and at a temperature of between 10°C and 182°C (S0"F ‘and 350°F), 3. The pressure ahead of the secondary seal must be kept above the secondary vent pressure. The nitrogen supply pressure to the skid edge must be between 517 and 1345 kPag (75 and 196 psig. ‘The secondary seal gas flow is controlled by a flow controller, since secondary seal gas is not mandatory for the operation of the compressor. Monitoring of the secondary seal gs flow and pressures is integra to the seal gas eystem. When secondary seal gas is used, the gas flow-rate through the primary vent increases as the secondary seal gas combines with the primary seal leakage. Hence, care must be taken to design primary vent systems appropriately. Seal Vents ‘Seal gas leaking through the primary and secondary vents is potentially flammable and ‘must be routed safely away from the package. In addition, the secondary seal gas vent pressure must not exceed the primary vent pres- Sure in order to prevent reverse flow across the secondary seal face. “1 Dry gas seals must never be subjected to reverse delta-P. Reverse pressuriza- tion of the dry gas seals will cause seal faire. The primary and secondary seal gas vent backpressure must not exceed 34 kPag (5 psig). The end-user must account for this while connecting piping from other possible sources down- stream of the vent ines SEPARATION SEAL DESIGN The separation seal assembly (Figure 5), which is separate from the dry gas seal assem- bly, is installed between the dry gas seals and the compressor lube oil drain cavity (bear- ings). Separation seals are the most outboard component of the complete seal system, Separation seals, also called buffer seals, barrier seals or circumferential seals by the Industry, prevent bearing lube oll from migrating along the shaft to the dry gas seals. In addition, they prevent seal gas from contaminating the lube oil. ‘Separation seals consist of two segmented, spli-ring type carbon rings, statically held in close tolerance against the shaft surface, Separation gas, usually air or nitrogen (inert 1925), is injected between the carbon rings at a nominal pressure of 138 kPag (20 psig) ‘Some of the separation gas then flows outboard into the bearing rain chamber and vents through the lube oll drain, The remainder flows inboard into the secondary seal ‘vent, mixing with the leakage from the secondary face seal of the dry seal assembly PIL 140 Revision 13a 9 16 March 2009, (© 2009 Solar Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 Information on separation seal limits is provided in Table 5. The separation seal may or may not be provided by the same manufacturer as the dry gas seal supplier, and is se- lected by Solar based upon experience. onside Process Se Figure 5. Typical Separation Seal Assembly UTILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR SEPARATION SEALS ‘Separation seals require a reliable source of air or nitrogen for ensuring separation of the lube oil and the seal gas. Separation seal gas for separation seals must be instrument quality air or nitrogen, and must be provided at all times the lube oll pump is operational (Gtartup, normal operations, shutdown, pressurized hold and post-lube cycle) or the com- pressor is pressurzed to any extent. \4e separation seal gas must contain some moisture. This improves the sealife. 3? The primary function of separation seels are (0 prevent 2) the lube oil from coming in contact with the process gas (or the seal gas supplied to cry seals) ‘and b) the gas from the secondary vent entering the lube oll system. Separation seal gas must be provided at any time the lube oil pump is operational and the bearings are fed with lube oil The separation gas supply to the separation seals must meet the following requirements: 4. Itmust be clean (<3 micron), instrument or shop air per the International Society for Measurement and Control Standard ISA-S7 3-1975 (R1981) “Quality Stan- dard for Instrument Air, with one exception as mentioned below in 2. 2. It must contain some moisture with a dew point above -29°C (-20°F). This will provide lubrication to the inboard carbon rings. Filtered shop air with a moisture ‘separator to remove water droplets is sufficient. If nitrogen is used as the separa- tion seal gas, an off-skid humidifier must be provided to ensure moisture content, (Note: Free water or ol in the separation gas is not permitted.) 3. The supply pressure must be between 517 and 1345 kPag (75 and 195 psig) at the skid-edge connection. PIL 140 Revision 13a 10 16 March 2009 (© 2009 Solar Turbines incorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 4, The supply capacity per compressor shall be provided per Table 5. This will be enough to cover leakage of two cartridges. 5. Temperature between 0°C and 93°C (32°F and 200°F). \’ iis required that PCD air not be used as a sole source of separation gas due to its unavailability during startup, shutdown and pressurized hold conditions. it may be used only during normal operation provided adequate pressure is available and its property cooled with liquid and particles removed. Table 5. Separation Seal Design Limits Separation Seal a. | eee Separation Sea Gas Flow Rate Product pos “CELI Nm*ih (scfm) (B) (o) ee | See Cron C168 200 74169 area creo, crev. civ | 23800 1060) eo) cron. ciev.crow | 2a300 2065 7300) oe rr) 1265 76 i sa 1289 Taga Se 1260 Tea) Sor bs 7) 128 Tae) concen goon Towa 206) C45, 12,000 2 aa 18.0 (11.2) 9.0 (5.6) |) 1200 Tae) 12,500 18.0 (11.2) 2.056) cam wom 2060) = 7a500 amin 1060) = vam ana mee csi r8a0 22 000 71600 cas ‘asm mene neo 8 al 0085 Hs0s (2), The date provided ate not supplier specif. This ensues interchangeably of seperation i om multiple supple, without changing package stings, () Pressure and fowrsate values are up-to-date and tflect actual operation n some cases, they may afer ftom component drawings (bth Solar and vendor versions), (0). Separation sel pressure setings are recommanded based on the compresser fame size and the type of seal design appleablo tthe spree compressor meds (4) Each compressor has two separation seal carkidges. Hence the maximum seperation ‘eal gos flowrate roquired per compressor woul be tic the maximum rates por soa ‘artidg. {) Nominal soparation seal gas fow-rates ae typically half ofthe maximum fow-ates given above. PIL 140 Revision 132 "1 16 March 2009 {© 2009 Solar Turbines IncorporatesSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 (9) The maximum separation gas erates (no the norsinal flowrate) must be used forse Ing ar or ravoger supply tothe seals {g) The maximum lowtte i he acceptable uppet int under the nominal operating diferon- til pressures (8) Fortemportures beyond the gen range, means o hea or cool (Normal eubic meter por hour (Nn) Is measured st 0°C and 1.01325 ba. @ Flow through socondary vert includes: 1) leakage fw through the secondary alsin the ‘ty gas soa! ascombly and 2) loakago few fom the gas side carbon segments of the ‘separation ceae. A considerable proporton of tho sosandary seal vent New is the lakage fromthe soparatin se (Packages shipped pir to 2008 havea fowrswitch fr monitoring secondary ven tow. “This flon-owch rales an alarm vinen the combined suction and decnarge secendary Vent forates excead 6.0 scfm. There is no alarm for seal gee Supply high fwrates in those packages. Rofrto Figure 6 (0) Packages snipped starting in 2009 have ow mrs to merior the suction and discharge ‘side secondary vent flowrate independonty (see Figure 7). In ation, flow meters ‘ensure the separation seal gas fow-rates supped tothe Suction and dischatge separa- tion goals indopendently. In such packages, alarms re raised under folowing ereum- 1 ga are required + High suppty 98s fowerates + High secondary vent flowates- Secandary vent fly High Alaris rises whan netinboard leakage trom reparation seal (secondary vent flew anus haf hese tion s6a1 gas) exceeds scoaplaie lit, 1+ High secondary ses! leakage — this alarm would be raised whon the leakage fom secondary seal (tom dy gas seal systom) forms a significant proportion ofthe sec ondary ven Tow. Noto tha those alms aro raleod independently for the suction and discharge sides PACKAGE SYSTEM LIMITS, The typical package system (piping, valves, instrumentation, etc.) has a maximum allow- able pressure of 10 343 kPag (1500 psig). System pressures up to 20 685 kPag (3000 psig) can be accommodated and must be specifically requested from Solar. Some newer compressors with case pressure ratings greater that 20 685 kPag (3000 psig) are built with package systems rated for those higher pressures. The quoted pressure limits apply to dynamic, pressurized hold or settle-out conditions, SEAL GAS SYSTEMS System Description Typically, Solar provides an on-skid dry seal system that facilitates and monitors neces- sary pressure and flow requirements to the cry gas seals and the separation seals. The fon-skid dry seal system includes a back up fiter system, piping, valves and appropriate ‘sensors to monitor the condition of the seals with alarms and shut downs. A typical dry gas seal system (Figure 6) is designed to: + Provide clean and dry seal gas to the face of the dry seal to prevent contamination and early failure of the seal ‘+ Moritor the leakage past the primary dry seal and alarm or shutdown if abnormal Conditions exist + Provide clean air or nitrogen to the separation seats «Optionally, provide clean nitrogen to the intermediate labyrinth when needed PIL 140 Revision 13a 12 16 March 2009 {© 2009 Solar Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 LEGEND Pea mwovave © srmoesv08 Te Te Enea-CaE 9 sermon esa (1S ve rowonrer Figure 6. Typical Dry Gas Seal System (Prior to 2008) ‘The system consists of coalescing fiters, differential pressure regulators and fiter drains for seal gas and separation air or gas, drain valves, check valves, relief valves, sight glasses, pressure gauges and associated isolation valves, and a drain reservoir. Differential pressure switches or transmitters provide low flow/high flow alarms and shut- down functions. System parameters are monitored using either electronic instrumentation or measuring gauges. PIL 140 Revision 132 (© 2009 Solar Turbines Incorporated B 16 March 2009Solar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 Figure 7. Separation Seal System For Packages Shipped From 2009 ‘The on-skid duplex seal gas coalescing fiters are designed for typical clean transmission pipeline conditions. If larger particle or iquid loads are expected, a larger off-skid fitration system with @ high-pressure external seal gas supply is recommended. Typical seal gas supply flow is 85 to 450 Nm*/h (50 to 260 scim) per compressor body depending on the compressor model and suction prescure. The primary seal gas flow rates are metered by maintaining a constant pressure drop across a flow-limiting orifice in each seal gas supply line to each compressor seal capsule. A pressure differential, typi- cally at 138 to 207 kPag (20 to 30 psi) above the suction pressure, must be maintained Upstream of the orifice in order to ensure positive seal gas flow through the dry seals. This ensures that the dry seal cavity is flushed with clean, dry gas to faciltate operation in a clean environment, Leakage past the primary dry seals is measured by monitoring the pressure drop across the primary vent flow-metering orifice. Pressure switches or transmitters provide high-flow alarm and shutdown functions, When the compressor discharge is used for seal gas, but the compressor is not in opera- tion (for example. at start-up, shutdown, or pressurized hold conditions where there is no pressure ratio across the compressor), there Is no flow of seal gas through the filters, During this type of operation, the gas leakage across the dry seals is raw process gas PIL 140 Revision 13a “4 16 March 2009 (© 2008 Solar Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 {rom inside the compressor case. This is normally not a problem on clean transmission pipeline applications. It may be a problem, however, on new pipelines (until the new line leans up) or on pipelines handling wet and/or dirty gas. Under these conditions, an ex- ternal seal gas supply, meeting pressure, temperature and cleanliness requirements as mentioned earlier is required When external seal gas is used @ shut-off valve at the skid-edge connection Is recom. mended in order to stop the external seal gas supply when the compressor is non- ‘operational and vented. 4? Flow through the secondary vent contains a mixture of leakage from secondary face seal and @ portion of separation gas from Separation seals, is monitored by a flow switch or low meter. If air is used as separation gas, this mixture may be combustible. Instead of air, Nitrogen should be used for separation gas if a potential combustible mix must be avoided. APPLICATION CHECKLIST In order to property evaluate applications where dry gas face seals would be a considera tion and in order to minimize unforeseen operating problems, the information presented con the Application Checkist for Dry Gas Seals (Table 6) should be obtained. Most of the Information can be obtained from the purchaser's general specification sheets. Some pa- rameters, however, such as those under Items 5, 7, and 8 in Table 6, should be dis- cussed with the purchaser for proper evaluation and recommendation, PIL 140 Revision 132 15 16 March 2009 {© 2009 Solar Turbinos IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 Table 6, Application Checklist for Dry Gas Seals 4. Application Data Gas Transmission Wellhead Compression Process Gas Compression Gas Lift and Injection Offshore Compression 2. Gas Data + Thermodynamic Data (gas composi- tion.gravity) + Operating Concitions (Pj, PT), Ta Tana, P60, constantintermitont op- cfation) ‘+ Type and Amount of Contaminants + Corrosive Components (rust, HS) = Presence of Moisture/Liquids (ype, valumamass, frequency) ~ Presence and Description of Par- ticulates (type, size, concentration) ~ Presence of organic compounds {suchas ketones. amines. esters, ‘thers. nitro hydrocarbons, alco- hole 3. Startup Procedure Time Pressurized + Suction Pressure + Pressure Downstream of Discharge Check Vaive at Start + Power Turbine Idle Speed and Dwell Time + Compressor Acceleration Rate and Discharge Pressure versus Time 4. Instatation Detas Piping Arrangement + Chock and Block Valve Locations + Anti-Surge Valve and Bypass Cooler Descriptions + Pipe Sizes and Trapped Volumes. (attainable from layouts and schernat- ics) + Parallel Units, Any + Extreme Suction Pressure, Spe: Discharge Temperature + Minimum Head Operation 5. Shutdown Conditions + Normal Shutdown Sequence ~ Pressure/Time Relationship + Emergency Shutdown Sequence Pressure/Time Relationship + Pressurized Hold Requirements > LenathotTime 6. Inlet Gas Conditioning + Equipment Description = Scrubber * Liguids Removal * Inlet Filtration + Equipment Etfectvonoss = Liguids Carryover + Solids Carryover 7. Avallability of Seal Gas (Face Seals) restart Running Shutdown Pressurized Hold Type of Gas Available Value of Gas, Quantty Restrictions Temperature Restrictions 8, Availability of Separation Alr or Nz + Running + Shutdown + Prossurized Hold + Type of Gas Available + Quantity Restrictions 8. Seal Gas System Requirements Filtration + Regulation Method + Monitoring Method ~ Flows > Pressures © Explosive Limit + Leakage Disposal Methods + Alarms and Shutdowns 10. Specification Requirements* ‘American Petroleum Insitute (API) + National Associaton of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) + Other + Solar's specification generally complies with API and NACE. PIL 140 Revision 13a 16 16 March 2009 (© 2009 Solar Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 SPECIAL TOPICS Pressurized Hold Condition ‘The standard compressor package unit control system includes logic to maintain lube oil fiow to the turbine, gearbox (if applicable) and compressor bearings during periods when the unit is shutdown and case pressure is maintained in the compressor (pressurized hold). This logic protects the power turbine, gearbox, and compressor bearings from damage in case of inadvertent rapid compressor blowdown. Rapid blow down of the compressor case and piping could possibly cause the compressor rotor and power tur- bine to spin as process gas flows through the vent system. Without lubrication, the bear- ings may sustain damage. ‘The package also requires separation seal gas, usually air or nitrogen from the end user's source, during all periods of compressor pressurization and lube ol pump opera- tion, Ni? ir tne control ogic fs moatied to shut down the lube oll pump during a pressur- ized hold condition, separation gas is stil necessary to prevent process gas from migrating into the bearing cavity. Pressurized holds without separation gas an lead to explosive mixtures in the lube system. The condition of pressurized hold is meant to be a temporary condition and should not exceed a few hours without a thorough review of the valve set-up and control system logic by Solar's representatives. This is due to the concerns discussed above as well as the effectiveness of such a condition, Leakage rate for the dry gas seals in a static condi- tion (non-rotating) may be significant and it defeats the purpose of a pressurized hold For a pressurized hold of extended duration, contact Solar to address site-specific as- pects of valves, controls, contamination of dry'seals and possible impact on warranty. ‘Any deviation from Solar’s standard control system logic to shut down the lube oil pump and/or separation gas during 2 pressurized hold condition after the post lube cycle is dis- ‘couraged, Explosive Decompression Dry gas seals contain O-rings or similar gland seals in their internal assembly and hence may be subject to the limitations of depressurization rates due to explosive decompres- sion. Explosive decompression is the term used to describe the action that causes O-ring sur- faces to blister and separate from the O-ring body. O-rings exposed to gas at high pres- sures absorb a small amount of gas into the O-ring material. Under those circumstances, when the gas pressure is rapidly reduced, the surface of the O-ring is separated (or ‘scarted) from the O-ring body (see Figure 8). To prevent explosive decompression dam- age the rate of decompression and the O-ring material must be taken into account Figure 8. Explosive Decompression \’e The Purchaser must inform Solar ifthe process gas contains components that are known (o chemically react with O-rings (Table 6, item 2) PIL 140 Revision 13a 17 46 March 2009 (© 2000 Solar Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 O-ring Materials, FPM A fluorinated hydrocarbon elastomer (Viton). This material can absorb certain or- ganic compounds, such as ketones, amines, esters, ethers, nitro hydrocarbons and some alcohols. These compounds can react chemically with the FPM O-ring and cause it to sswell, which can result in extrusion damage and seal maifunction. If these compounds are present, altemate O-ring materials should be used to avoid such damage. FEPM A fluoroethylene/propylene copolymer (Aflas). This material has a better resis- tance to organic compounds. PTFE Polytetratluoroethylene (Teflon). Provides non-elastomeric pressure actuated seal designs. The performance of PTFE is not affected by the organic compounds. Depressurization Rate ‘The maximum depressurization rate for the dry gas seal depends on compressor suction pressure (P1) or “settie-out” pressure, and compressor discharge temperature (T2). The recommended depressurization rate (Table 7) prevents damage to gland seal (such as (O-rings), within the dry seal, due to explosive decompression. Table 8 shows the type of gland seals within dry gas seals by productine. “¥) the ary seats may not be the limiting factor forthe depressurzaton rate forall gas compressors; some models may require a lower rate due to a) O-rings be- ween the end-caps and the casing or b) dry seal system, Table 7. Depressurization Rate for Dry Gas Seals ‘Suction Pressure | Compressor Depressurization Rate or Settle-out Discharge Pressure Temperature (F2) FPM (a) FEPM (a) PTFE (@) Wag | Pelg |e °F | WPafmin | pellmin | KPalein | pelimin | karin | pelimin se_| 100 | ais7 | 600 | ear | 1200 3 | 200 | 2000 | 200 | «000 | 580 1800 v4_| 300 | 013 | 118 | 1627 | 200 we | 350 | 416 | 60 120 (@)_ Bee Secon “SPECIAL TOPIOS" for description of ong mi ()The maximum dopressurization rate fr venting the compressor may be dapendent not ‘only an the dry gas seals and th dry seal systom, but alo onthe typos of ether seals, ‘8.9, Ovrings between tho casing and end-caps, within the comprassor. End users must ‘heck win Solr. PIL 140 Revision 13a 18 16 March 2009 (© 2009 Solar Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 Table 8, Gland Seals within Dry Gas Seals FEM FEPN Pire Standard Configurations ‘C18GK | C1665, CTBBV, C1SEV, C1SaV | CAOAA, CAOBA, C404, C4085 (c160K (C16OR, C16OV (6505), 6505U (C601 (6304, C306 cat (033, CS3EL, C3IEH, CTE cst (C401, C402, cat C35 High Pressure Configurations (C1685, C168V, O169V (C160R, C160V (033, C33EL, C33EH ‘The gas composition also affects the occurrence of explosive decompression. If the gas. composition indicates significant amounts of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and/or methanol, i is suggested that the depressurization rate of seals having index "FPM" be de-rated from the value shown in Table 7. Estimated gas composition thresholds are as follows: 5% for ‘carbon dioxide, 10% for nitrogen, 1% hydrogen sulfide, and 1% for methanol Monitoring The Health Of Secondary Seals Tandem dry gas seais are built with a secondary seal or backup seal. In case of unex- pected failure of the primary sealing face, the secondary seal functions to contain the process gas while the compressor can be safely shutdown and depressurized. This sco- nario requires that the secondary seals be healthy a all times of normal operation. How- fever, the health of the secondary seals cannot be determined strictly from monitoring the secondary vent flow alone. Solar has a customized package system to monitor the health of the secondary seals. If this option is purchased, specific instructions may be available to the end-users to per- form periodical monitoring of the integrity of the secondary seals. Biely, the procedure involves: + Closing the primary vent while the compressor is pressurized, * Continuing to supply seal gas that will build up pressure between the primary and secondary seals, and ‘+ Ensuring pressure rise in the primary vent within a few minutes, which will con- firm the health of secondary seals. It is essential to note that Solar compressors will shutdown upon primary dry seal failure, as indicated by higher primary vent flow. Solar does not allow running compressors with secondary seals alone System Flushing Procedure For guidance on the procedure for flushing dry gas seal systems, please contact Solar's local field office Comparison with Oil Seal System Conventional oil seal systems have some inherent operational issues, such as leakage of sealing oil into the compressed gas and the contamination of oil with gas. The mechani- cal dry gas faces do not require oil for sealing PIL 140 Revision 13a 19 16 March 2009 (© 2008 Solar Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 ‘There is a perception that when process gas is used for dry gas face seals, the seals completely contain the process gas. This is not true. All commercially available seals al- low some gas to be vented. The amount is small, typically 3.4 to 34 Nm'/h (2 to 20 scfm) per seal, but stl requires disposal. Dry gas seal systems have a lower level of complexity and cost as comparable simple oil ‘seal gystems, but dry gas seals are significantly costlier than oil seals and that may be a consideration for service parts. Solar’s Customer Service Organization handles logistic ‘support and overhaul of dry seal systems, ‘The advantages of dry gas seals on packaging can be summarized as follows: ‘+ Asimple static system ‘Fewer functional components ‘© Elimination of oil contamination + Reduced package weight and space + No parasitic loads for seal oll pump + Anticipated increase in reliability ‘The package items to be eliminated are: + Engine-driven seal oil pump + Auxiliary seal oll pump & motor ‘© Backup seal oll pump & motor © Sealoil filter + Traps, degassing tanks, and vent fan + Package manifolds © Overhead run-down tank The package items to be added are ‘+ Separation air or nitrogen supply (compressor possibly needed) + Air or nitrogen system for separation seals + Clean seal gas supply (fiters and regulators) Dry Seal Advantages ‘+ The diy gas seal system does not require external power source ‘+ Gas/Oil Interface. One of the main reasons for the interest in compressors with dy seals is that there Is no process gas/lube oll interface. For transmission ser- vice, a dry seal system eliminates the addition of oil to the gas in the pipeline. For wellhead or field gas service, it eliminates sour gas carryover into lube oil tanks, cll degradation, and lube oll tank explosive mixture levels. + Pressurized Hold. Pressurized holds of longer time are possible. As environmental limits become stricter, it wil be increasingly advantageous to leave the compres- Sor pressurized instead of blowing to vent at every shutdown. ‘+ Degassing. Degassing flues/tank connections on wet seal units have a 127 mm (5 in.) of water column limit, while dry seal vent connections have a 34.5 kPag (5 psig) limit. This makes it much easier to capture and run leakage gas into a flare system, PIL 140 Revision 13a 20 16 March 2009 (© 2009 Golar Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 + Seal Gas Quantity. The seal gas flow to the dry seal cavities is easier to limit and is less than buffer gas flows on wet seal compressors. The parasitic power re- quirement to compress seal gas is lees with a cry gas seal system Dry Seal Disadvantages ‘© The cost of dry seals is high in comparison to oll seal. + The dry seal cavities must have clean, diy gas to avoid contaminating the seals. NACE Compliance ‘The main components in dry seals are National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) MR-01-75 compliant, and a NACE-compliant seal gas system is available, The seals can use sour gas 2s long as it's clean and dry. Depending on how sour the proc- less gas is, many wet seal compressor applications require a large supply of sweet exter- ral buffer gas for a sour gas application Heavy Seal Gas ‘The dry seals can use heavy gas as long as itis clean, dry and does not form hydrates. The use of heavy gases in a wet seal compressor often requires the use of light external buffer gas. Process gas cannot be used for this extemal buffer gas unless the heavy {gases are stripped (not just particulates and liquids removed) from the gas. Dry seal ap- Plications require that the particulates and liquids be removed. The amount of gas that needs to be treated if dry seals are used is less than that for a wet seal compressor. Emergency Shutdown Many applications, especially those on offshore installations, require that all gas, 2s well, ‘as AC and DC power sources, be secured in the event of an emergency shutdown, Compressors with wet seals require that the auxiliary or backup seal oll pump run unt the compressor case Is depressurized. End users with this application must accept that they will have an active gas line to a pneumatic motor or AG or DC power to an electric ‘motor. Compressors with dry seals can be shut down without these backup pumps, so the end user could shut down all gas, as well as AC and DC power, to the package in an emergency and the compressor seals would still prevent a release of gas into the area Emissions It may be possible to achieve close to zero hydrocarbon emissions from a dry seal com- pressor, if nitrogen is used for the seal gas. The dry seal leakage from the seals would be nitrogen and not natural gas. The case can also be purged and pressurized by nitrogen through the dry seal cavities, which would eliminate gas loss during the compressor purge cycle, Once the compressor cases were purged and pressurized, the only gas loss ‘would occur during compressor depressurization, which could be minimized by maintain ing the compressor in a pressurized hold condition, Nz Blanket It is possible to enable a nitrogen blanket on a dry seal compressor. A wet seal com- pressor can also be put under a nitrogen blanket, but the nitrogen flow rates would be higher. Safety ‘The systems that support the self-acting dry gas face seals and the separation seals in- clude safe guards with pre-engineered settings based upon the compressor model and applications, PIL 140 Revision 13a 2 46 March 2009 (© 2000 Soler Turbines IncorporatedSolar Turbines Incorporated Product Information Letter 140 SOLAR'S INVOLVEMENT AND EXPERIENCE IN DRY SEALS ‘The following is a brief description of Solar’s involvement in dry gas face seals in chrono- logical order: 1979 1980 1984 1986 1986 1987 1988 1988 1990 1993, 1994 1996 1997 2003 2008 Investigated instalation of tandem seals in C16 compressor. Development work ‘was done and a study conducted for a customer's application. Design prepared for installation of tandem seals in C601 compressor. Incorporated single dry seal and citcumferential butfer seal in C33. Introduced as optional standard in C33 compressor. Closed-loop tested dry seals, in.C334 compressor to 6895 kPa (1000 psi) at 20,000 rpm. Delivered €334 compressor to customer, Supported retrofit of C160 compres- sors at customer site Completed tactory testing of C33 compressor with dry gas seals. Completed factory testing of C160K compressor with dry gas seals. Completed factory testing of C601 compressor with dry gas seals. Completed factory testing of C505U compressor with cry gas seals. Completed factory testing of C160RIC166S compressor with dry gas seals, Completed factory testing of C401/C402 compressor with dry gas seals. Completed factory testing of C651/C652 compressor with dry gas seals. Completed factory testing of C404/C406 compressor with dry gas seals. Solar Six Sigma project resulted in increased sealing pressures, higher depres- surization rates and improved seal face materials. ‘Over 1200 units shipped with dry gas seals as of 2008, Solar Turbines Incorporated 19330 Sky Park Court ‘San Diego, CA 92123-5398 CCatorpilr i a rogitoredtradomark of Catorifar nc. Solariea \demarkof Solar Turbines Incorporated. Allother trademarks the intelectual property of thor respective Companies. Specifcations are subject te change wihout notco PIL 140 Revision 13a 22 16 March 2009 {© 2009 Solar Turbines Incorporated