Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sximata Topiou
Sximata Topiou
..
:
:
ISBN: 978-960-603-195-3
Copyright , 2015
Creative Commons -
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9, 15780
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,
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, .6.14.
6 .
...
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1:
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
2:
:
:
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
,
2.4.
2.5.
,
2.6.
3:
3.1.
3.2.
, ,
4:
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
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18
4.5.
5:
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
:
5.7.
, -
5.8.
:
6:
6.1.
.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
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6.5.
6.6.
,
,
6.7.
:
La Villette
6.8.
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6.9.
7:
7.1.
:
,
7.3.
7.3.1. :
7.3.2. .
-
-
7.3.3.
7.4.
7.5.
7.6.
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7.7.
7.2.
8:
8.1.
8.1.1.
8.1.2. Ethica ordine topologico demonstrat
8.2.
:
8.2.1. ,
8.2.2.
9:
:
,
- -
9.1.
9.1.1.
9.1.2.
9.1.3.
9.2.
10:
10.1.
10.2.
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10.3.
10.4.
10.5.
10.6.
10.7.
10.8.
10.9.
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1938, . 15 Doxiadis, 1972), Vincent Scully, The Earth, the Temple, and the Gods: Greek Sacred
Architecture (Scully, 2013) .
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(2014).
17
- pistmologie gntique, James M ark Baldwin,
Jean Piaget, Centre International pour l'pistmologie Gntique ..
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16
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(1970, . 103-110). .
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. (2005).
D Arcy Thompson,
(1999), G.
Lynn, Animated Form (1991). , .
Architecture and Landscape. The design Experiment of the Great European Gardens and Landscapes
(Steenbergen Reh, 1996, 2003) , 17 , The Dutch
Garden in the Seventeenth Century (Hunt, 1990).
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Brown (1755-1764). , .4.10., Peter
Eisenmann Laurie Olin Claudia Gould, Walkthrough (2006,
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23
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27
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Baroque . Architecture and Landscape.
The design Experiment of the Great European Gardens and Landscapes (Steenbergen Wouter, 1996, .
151-185 2003, . 136-167), Miroirs de lInfini. Le jardin la franaise et la mtaphysique
au XVIIe sicle (Weiss, 1992). G.
Deleuze (1988, 2006), . Cache Terre Meuble Earth Moves
(1983, 1995). Yokohama . The Yokohama Project
(Foreign Office Architects, 2002). Noguchi in Paris: The UNESCO Garden (Trieb, 2003, . 2527).
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Ruby: Groundscapes. The rediscovery of the ground in contemporary architecture (2005). .
Izembart . Le Boudec: Waterscapes. Using palnt systems to treat wastewater (2003).
33
Giants Causeway ,
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40
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2009-2010 ).
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landscape, Lanschaft Landschap,
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(Franceschi, 1997).
46
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. Gilles Deleuze, Le Pli.
Leibniz et le Baroque (1988) . ., . (2006).
. Bernard Cache, Terre, meuble (1983), .
., Earth Moves. The furnishing of Territories (1995). Sofia Vyzoviti, Folding Architecture.
Spatial, structural and organizational diagrams (2003). , Ren
Thom, (1985). , .
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(1999).
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Bernard Cache, Terre Meuble Earth Moves, .8.7. .8.8. .
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Wentworth Thompson , On Growth and Form,
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108
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topologico demonstrate
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109
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Flix Guattari: Ritournelles de Liberte : s, 2015.
109
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... (2009). The non-verbal Expression of Building Design and its
Teaching Importance for the relative Fields of Urban Design and Landscape Design (Moraitis, 2013).
,
, Bernard Cache, Terre Meuble (1983)
Earth Moves (1995) , ,
Grec Lynn, Animate Form (2001).
Parametricism A New Global Style for Architecture and Urban Design, Patrik Schumacher (2008).
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aussi distinctement que nous connaissons les divers mtiers de nos artisans, nous les pourrions employer en mme faon tous les
usages auxquelles ils sont propres, et ainsi nous rendre comme matres et possesseurs de la Nature (Descartes, 1966, . 84).
112
, Jean-Franois Niceron,
, Thaumaturgus Opticus (1646). ( , 2012, . 211,215).
113
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Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture - The Growth of a new Tradition,
1941.
119
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Animation is a term that differs from, but is often confused with, motion. Where motion implies movement and action, animation
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118
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.10.2.:
. Villa Gamberaia, Settignano , 15 .
.10.3.: .
, , Baroque:
. .
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Modernismo Cataln. ,
Victoria Regia,
Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton.
,
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Immanuel Kant, -Schematismus,
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131
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161). . Kant , (Kant, 2005).
132
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(Deleuze, 1990),
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, Marburg Schule.
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(1957), , ,
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,
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.
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134
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Kant.135
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Ren Thom,
. ,
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(Evans, 2005, . 284-286). Gilles Deleuze, Le Pli;
, , ,
Piaget Cassirer,
Fichte, Hegel, .
135
10.9.
, ,
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,
.
11.2. First Step: Organizing forms. First reference to the fundamental concepts of
abstraction and schematization
We shall describe the first stage of approach through a real example of an effort to represent a cultivated piece
of land, a ploughed field on which an olive tree was grown. The author of this essay tried to draw this part of
external landscape reality, by designing parallel lines, the traces of the plough. One or two of those lines were
interrupted by a small circle, the drawing of the section of the olive tree trunk, on the level of the soil.
For this drawing effort the designer was criticized for not presenting natural reality correctly. A more accurate
description should have considered that the plough would not interrupt its movement would not fly over the tree and
then land again on earth to continue its course. A better rendering should insist on the fact that the plough, while
approaching the tree, would continue its movement on curved lines, in order to avoid the trunk and then would gradually
come back again to the traces of straight parallel lines. This second description of ploughing could create a second plan
for the ploughed field, on which drawn lines representing plough traces, were parallel a t first, then curved, avoiding the
small circle representing the section of the trunk, then curved again in the opposite direction, and then, finally, gradually
parallel again (Image E.11.1.).
Seminar presented from academic year 1998-99 till now, as part of the Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program "Architecture
Spatial Design", organized by the School of Architecture of NTUA in the didactic direction of Architecture, Space and Culture.
136
E.11.1.: The white drawing paper, above left. A building drawing, above right, or that of an elementary landscape
formation, a ploughed field with a tree in it, bottom sketches.
What have we just described? An abstract presentation of external reality, corresponding to a part of the
landscape. According to it, what we are interested in were not minor details, as small clods of earth, or a
beetle coming out of the ploughed soil, but principally the relation of the ploughing lines to the tree trunk.
This description was at first drawn abstractly, eliminating every other natural detail, without the elegance of
curvilinear traces. Then we went back to the real field, we accepted that our drawing was not presenting the
image of the ploughed field convincingly and we redrew our image, abstractly again, however introducing the
curvilinear traces this second time.
We moved from reality to its first abstract description. Then, looking back to the real field we decided
that the first design was not satisfactory enough and altered the representation terms, so that we could better
express our design intentions, thus producing a second design representation. Anyway, which were the
abstraction terms that dictated those successive abstract representations? We tried to render the feeling of the
ploughed field, corresponding to the representational signifier of the parallel lines of the drawing as well as
the emphatic reference to the tree, that obliged the first principle, parallel formation of lines to be
transformed to a second one; parallel formation, gradual curving of lines and final return to parallel
formation. The design process was defined by a first principle of abstraction, which was transformed
afterwards, so that it could describe in a coherent way the external landscape reality.
We conclude in consequence that description of reality corresponds to an abstract convention, according to
which most important features are presented and described, whether secondary ones are underestimated and
abstracted. The above process does not only correspond to the representation of the existing reality, but also
to the pre-design of the reality to be constructed. What we design during this second case refers also to a
schematizing image of the desirable future condition, abstract in relation to its final realization; its primary
elements are represented while secondary and unimportant ones are omitted.
We may insist therefore on a design process, capable to approach most important qualities of reality in
a constantly ameliorating sequence. In the latter example what finally appeared as most important was not the
representation of parallel lines but their distortion by a focal point of the composition. Thus we may refer to a
sequence of schematizing forms, or more precisely to a genetic sequence of schematization, through which
we attempt to introduce the best possible stepwise approach of the final, existing or under formation reality
(Moraitis, 2012).
E.11.2.: Renaissance landscape design as analogous to building space composition. Villa Gamberaia, in Settignano of
Tuscany, 15 th century.
The grandiose formal strict geometric patterns seem to coincide, in 17th century, with the first appearance of
differentiated, compositional paradigms of landscape design, originated in landscape painting, in Dutch
landscape painting initially (Alpers, 1983). This painting approach is related to nature-like description, which
attempts to discover compositional qualities in nature and reproduce them in painting. Certainly, the result is
not nature untouched by civilization. In a more precise way it constitutes an interpretation of nature, a pictorial
reconstruction of it, supported by abstracted forms, by schematization effects, which remain latent,
undiscerned at first perception, however indispensable for enforcing the expressive quality of the picture.
The previous example concerns a painting expression of natural landscape or of natural and urban
landscape in certain cases, composed through rules of design organization, indicating two basic design
directions. That of the two-dimensional design mode of expression, based on the correlation between sizes
and colors, and that of the three-dimensional depth expression, being specifically important in the case of
composition of forms on an extended field, as those concerning landscape extension.
Those two compositional principles may be applied in painting; however they may be equally used in
architectural design, since they refer to a general, space organizing attempt. It is therefore easy to explain that
during 18th century, when those principles were implemented to the natural-like design of the British
landscape art, professional landscapers usually had to possess extensive architectural or painting education,
while in addition they chose to characterize their activity as landscape architecture.
We have already entered the period of nature-imitating design and we can gradually move, through
Romanticism, to the interest for the non-designed natural landscape. Non-designed, but at the same time
recognized and reconstructed through abstraction and schematization procedures, since perception already
refers to a first constitutive fermentation, to the reconstruction of outside reality through terms of social
normative patterns and intention of control.
.11.4.: Intervention in the territory of the Third Square area, in Keramikos, Athens. Space formation through perimetric
building and plantation forms at the same time. School of Architecture Engineering NTUA, 8th semester course
Architecture of outdoor Public Spaces in an Urban and Natural Landscape. Acad. year 2008 -2009. Students:
Livathinos N., Triantafillou . Professors: . Mavridou, . Mari, . Moraitis.
schematization procedure. We may also derive two minor, specific principles applicable not only in history
didactics, but also in landscape design studios for students of architecture or architects.
We firstly refer to the principle of design organization of landscape elements, mainly vegetal, as
analogous to the design of building elements. In this case we do not insist on the final formalization of the
natural features of landscape. What we seek is an in-between design condition of formalism or schematization,
in which herbal objects are not treated in terms of geometric order concerning their final form. What is
important is its relative design position in the overall landscape design structure. It is to this compositional
mode of expression that we refer to, when we point out that we can use plantation in a compositional
manner, in a structural organizational way. For sure we may follow a similar strategy of schematization in
the case of ground or water design elements.
The second design organizational principle of landscape elements concerns their application in
two-dimensional compositional terms, as used for example in painting synthesis or as used in the design of
architectural faades, with the additional effort to enhance the feeling of depth. Obviously, the previous
compositional proposals may also be implemented in cases of three-dimensional design, in models or in a
three-dimensional electronic design.
.11.5.: Urban landscape intervention in Klathmonos Square area ; use of plantation as formative element of outdoor
space organization. School of Architecture Engineering NTUA, 8 th semester course Architecture of outdoor Public
Spaces in Urban and Natural Landscape. Acad. year 2012 -2013. Students: . Lambrou, A. Drivas, . Lekou.
Professors: . Bellavilas, . Moraitis.
According to the previous principles, we can understand the effort made by gardeners and landscape
architects in United States, during 1930s, when they looked for compositional prototypes of abstract
geometrical schemes in modern building architecture or in abstract painting. 137 According to this reference,
landscape design, architectural design and painting representation may be associated in compositional
terms, and therefore mutually-defined.
Let us repeat the aforementioned; mutually-defined in composition terms. Thus we may describe a
metaphor of expression, from building architecture or painting to the field of natural elements composition,
but we may also describe the reverse transference. That of the natural world paradigms implemented to the
area of artifacts. Therefore, during the period of the rise and prevalence of romantic trends, we clearly note an
imitation of natural examples in the design of objects and building constructional parts or in building forms.
Not only in the decorative examples of Art Nouveau, of Jugendstil or Modernismo Cataln, but also in
examples of more substantial structural reference, such as the one mentioned in the hypothetic association
between the organic structure of the giant water lily Victoria Regia, with the static metallic structure of
Crystal Palace, by Joseph Paxton. However in all those cases, we do not just notice the transmission of natural
forms into object or building forms, but more precisely the transmission of natural forms schematizations in
the schematization of artistic representation or of structural design. Therefore, when we refer to design or
compositional associations between building architecture, painting and landscape architecture, we always
refer to associations amongst different domains of schematizations. To the impact of schematization produced
in one of the previous design areas, exerted on the schematization produced to the rest of them. Thus,
contemporary interest in environmental-landscape topics, in other words developing ecological sensitivity, but
also development of the technology of computer-aided design, permitting handy design schematization of
natural forms, as well as the interest of important scientific areas in landscape forms, may explain the impact
of schematizations derived from the natural reality, on the schematization implemented in the construction of
objects, buildings or urban complexes.
.11.6.: Landscape Intervention in the area of Acherontas sources, in Ipiros, Greece. School of Architecture NTUA.
Diploma Thesis, February 2011. Students: . Kafantaris, V. Koliaki, D. Sagonas. Professors: . Tzitzas, . Moraitis. In
the proposition drawings, the composition of plantation is approached in two -dimensional design terms, with a
simultaneous attempt of expressing landscape depth. The drawings were realized in relation to the painting manners
used by English landscape architects of 18 th century.
137
In the text-manifest Freedom in the Garden, presented in 1938, by landscape architect James C. Rose (Rose, 1938).
According to this particular theory, the scheme refers to an activity of intellectual over-definition of
the real. The scheme contributes to the generalized equivalent of all partial, similar embodiment. It attributes
to representations a background of intellectual validity, subjecting representation and through it objects to
concepts. Scheme constitutes an intellectual means, an intellectual intermediate element, that presents itself as
necessary for the association between experience and concepts and reversely indispensable for the rational
validation of the construction of forms and through them for the construction of objects. Therefore, the
empirical perception of a dish may appear uniform to the sense of circularity and roundness, as described by
Kant.138 Conversely in order to fabricate a plate, a threshing floor, a circular plaza, I ought to refer to the
suggestions of the abstract shape.
The transition in both directions of my intellectual reference becomes possible through the mediation
of a representational form, which is called circle and which constitutes a scheme, in this case a geometric
scheme. Similarly, the empirical perception of countless different trees may be generalized by a rule
according to which the imagination can generally outline the form without being limited in some exclusively
particular form offered by my experience, or in some powerful image I can represent specifically.139
What principally interests us, in the aforementioned description, is not mainly the exploration of its
philosophical depth, as the possibility of its correlation with the regulatory representation methods which can
be implemented through design. The previous declaration tends to transfer us from the concept of scheme as a
singular, unique form, to the process of formation which exceeds static performance and indicates
representation methods especially those concerning the regulatory arrangement of experience.
In this sense, if Kantian theory of formation ascribes an intellectual process which stands beyond the
historic and gnoseology limits of Critical Philosophy140 , if it refers to a process capable of describing the
intellect in general, then it can be extended beyond static Euclidian patterns. Using a convenient theory
example, we may claim that Jean Piagets dynamic structural approach is directed towards this very concept,
by replacing the static term schematism with the term schmatisation, thus insisting on the dynamic
character of the intellectual process. In this sense we believe that the Kantian proposal of schematism,
enlarged as a schematization condition can also be applied in control areas which refer to terms of change, as
for example in the domain of topological geometry.
Going back to the landscape architecture example and to its historical determination based on exemplary
regulatory representations, let us comment the immediate reference of Kantian aesthetics to garden
architecture. According to this reference garden art has to be connected to design principles. In painting,
sculpture and in all plastic arts in general, the Critique of the Power of Judgment remarks, as well as in
architecture and in architecture of gardens, up to the extent to which they are fine arts, the essential quality has
to do with design:141 to which the principle of elegance does not consist in whatever is pleasant to the sense,
but to what is appealing through its form (Kant 2005, p. 99).
We insist on the previous quotation. Architecture, just like garden architecture, may be considered an
art and possess aesthetic quality, only in the case that its design, its construction surpasses experimental
approach through its intellectual formation and its graphic elaboration. After all, the term form refers, in the
following text, not to the totality of characteristics, but to a substantial, abstract background, which sustains
other additional, appealing or obstructive side attributes, such as color. Therefore, the term form appears
in this case as synonymous to the substantial, colorless, skeletal, almost immaterial sketch. Then, this sketch
approaches the Kantian form of the Critique of the Pure Reason. It is not even the painting representation of
landscape, but its abstract, regulatory background. Thus it can support a painting landscape; it can also support
a landscape architecture proposal, as it approaches a regulatory method of representation, capable of bearing
the weight of many different patterns of expression related to landscape perception. In the frame of the
Critical Philosophy we may call this representational condition transzedental (Pelegrinis, 2004, p. 599-601),
In his fundamental work Critique of the Pure Reason. The empiric concept of a plate, he notes, is uniform to the pure
geometrical concept of the circle, since the circularity, which is understood in the first, become approachable to supervision in the
second (Kant, 1979, vol. , 137, 176). Our translation.
139
Immanuel Kants original example refers to the concept and form of the dog (ibid. vol. , 141, 181). See also Kants reference
to schematization, in his work Critique of the Power of Judgment (Kant, 2005).
140
Piaget attributes to schemes possibilities of change, of mutual assimilation and precession towards a new organized totality
(Richmond, 1970, p. 110). Our translation.
141
Bold lettering of the word design is an editing decision of the initial text.
138
since it surpasses the boundaries of current shared experience. Related to mind categories and to basic forms
of perception, it permits the organization of the polymorphic material of senses into uniform intellectual
forms.
Therefore, Kantian theory of Schematism indicates formative methods of representation that may be
used in design application, and moreover in landscape architecture design. We may accept this last statement
as a general comment concerning gnoseology theory, while ascribing to it a particular historic value. At the
general level of the theory of cognition, the previous statement underlines the fact that place controlling
techniques are related to normative methods of representation, to design using this term either to indicate
graphic models, or in a wider sense in order to describe programmatic procedures of pre-vision. As a
particular historic comment, the previous statement notes that Critical Philosophy, as offered by Immanuel
Kant, historically coincides with the maturity of Western societies and their need for regulatory control,
additionally accepting the relation of this need to particular techniques of representation, applied in plastic
arts, as well as in architecture and landscape architecture.
constitutes the impartible expression of meaning. By this last phrase the problem of time priority is raised.
What comes first? Landscape schematization, structural organization or its symbolic, semantic expression?
In effect, by repeating the exemplary suggestion for the indivisible formation of the sign,142 we may not but
accept that each landscape schematization, under theoretical, expressive or constructive terms, a ttributes
immediately social meanings, while, in an opposite direction, the development of symbolic references urges to
the choice of schematization.
If we accept perspective as a way to schematize the natural procedure of sight, therefore the naturally given
field, or the natural place, and if we accept in addition that perspective possesses a symbolic quality, then we
may also agree that the analysis of perception, as attempted by Erwin Panofsky, a descendant of the newKantian direction in Marburg Schule, Marburg School of philosophy becomes extremely interesting.
Erwin Panofsky presents Perspective as a Symbolic Form (1975), while Ernest Cassirer, in his three
volume work The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms (1957), chooses to mention, in the introduction of his second
volume, the Kantian schematization. However Cassirer is also connected to Marburg Schule and to the newKantian direction of philosophy, proving that his consideration of symbolic forms and of their schematic
articulation, refer directly to the original introducer of the theory of Schematism, to Immanuel Kant
himself.143
142
The view that in every "signifier", in every perceptual image, definitely corresponds a "signified", a meaning, constitutes a basic
principle of Semiology or Semiotics. Ferdinand de Saussure explains that they have often compared this unity with two faces with the
unity of man who is constituted by body and soul ... One could think more correctly a chemical composition. Water, for example, is
the hydrogen and oxygen compound, if we take each of those elements separately, then none of them has the properties of water (de
Saussure, 1979, p. 139). Similarly we may use the parallelism between the sign and a sheet of paper, comparing the signifier or the
signified with its two inseparable pages. If we could cut back the sheet to its thickness, we should have again two sheets of paper, two
pages for each of them. We should gain two new signs, and each would have its own signifier and signified. In no case can we have
perceptual reality freed from meanings, neither meaning not related to its perceptual referendum.
143
It is worth adding that the theory of Schematism offers an extremely fertile sequence of impacts, which is not limited to the
previous association with the theories of Piaget or Cassirer, but grows in a wide number of theoretical proposals from Fichte and
Hegel, to the member of the School of Frankfurt.
important cultural intuitions, representative ideologies, artistic expressive tendencies, as well as scientific
approaches, rise.
The previous overall presumptions, the previous background which allows knowledge to emerge,
Michel Foucault (Foucault, 1966, 1986) characterizes it with the term epistemic, a term which we have
already referred to. With this term it is not the scientific regard that is been described, but a broader cultural
atmosphere from which knowledge derives. Therefore, it is not only the general environmental sensitivity of
the developed countries population that favors nowadays landscape intuition. Neither is it only environmental
scientific approaches that guide our care. Even topological mathematics seems landscape oriented, by
choosing natural bas-relief transformation as perceptive equivalent of geometrical surfaces under
transformation. However, the study of the morphogenesis explored by this mathematical theory refers to a
final structural stability. Stabilit structurelle et Morphogense (Thom, 1972), Structural stability and
Morphogenesis, is the title of a well-known book by Ren Thom, known for his interference with topology
and catastrophe theory. It obviously concerns the final structural stability of an algebraic approach, capable of
ensuring the description of changes, capable of schematizing the terms of change.
The topological-landscape approach traverses, as a broader field intuition, multiple areas of
contemporary theory. Psychoanalysis, for example, by developing an older local, however static description
of the psychic processes, moves to a topological description, through Jacques Lacans proposals, in order to
demonstrate the terms of their continuity and change (Evans, 2005, p. 284-286). In the field of philosophical
theory Gilles Deleuze, in his work Le Pli; Leibniz et le Baroque (1988), The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque
(1993), also expresses a topological interest, without however insisting on the landscape object. His student
and collaborate, Bernard Cache, will successfully attempt the same approach, by connecting the topological
formation of the pleat with the electronic design of landscape, in his own book titled Earth Moves or Terre
Meuble (1983,1995). Thus he will be found in the center of a broader movement regarding landscape design,
buildings design, urban organizations or even industrial objects design, having obvious influences from the
schematization of the natural ground, in all four previously mentioned cases. Even more specifically he will
be related to obvious influences in all four composition domains with earth formations indicating
transformational processes of movement.
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E.6.34.
, Piet Mondrian, . PD - 4/10/15.
http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/full.php?ID=84697
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Mondrian#/media/File:Piet_Mondrian,_190810,_Evening;_Red_Tree_(Avond;_De_rode_boom),_oil_ on_canvas,_70_x_99_cm,_Gemeentemuseum_Den_Haag.jpg
http://www.wikiart.org/en/piet-mondrian/study-for-blue-apple-tree-series#supersized-artistPaintings-186039
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Piet_Mondriaan_ -_Arbre.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Tree#/media/File:Piet_Mondrian,_1911,_Gray_Tree_%28De_grijze_boom%29,_oil_
on_canvas,_79.7_x_109.1_cm,_ Gemeentemuseum_Den_Haag,_Netherlands.jpg
http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/full.php?ID=65349
http://www.chinaoilpainting.com/china%20oil%20painting/picture-50207-Eucalyptus%20tree-Piet%20Mondrian.html
http://surrelart.blogspot.it/2012/05/piet-mondrians-abstract-trees-art.html
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Mondrian_Compositie_bomen_II.jpg
http://www.fineart-china.com/htmlimg/image-53108.ht ml
http://www.fineart-china.com/htmlimg/image-53109.ht ml
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paintings_by_Piet_Mondrian#/media/File:Compositio n_No_IV,_by_Piet
_Mondriaan.jpg
http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/full.php?ID=180279
.6.35. Piet Mondrian, . PD - 15/12/2015.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Mondrian_Co mpositie_10.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Mondriaan_Compositie_in_lijn.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Mondrian_Co mpositie_in_kleur_A.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Piet_mondrian%2C_composizione_con_griglia_4_%28losanga%
29%2C_1919.JPG
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Mondrian_Composition__Light_Color_Planes_with_Grey_Lines.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Mondrian_Rastercompositie_9.jpg
http://www.archdaily.com/92321/ad-classics-parc-de-la-villette-bernardtschumi/5037f5b228ba0d599b000691-ad-classics-parc-de-la-villette-bernard-tschumi-axon
.6.37.
OMA
Parc
de
la
Villette.
11/12/2015.
https://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2009/10/24/another-rem/#comments
E.6.38. Parc de la Villette
OMA. 11/12/2015.
http://www.oasejournal.nl/en/Issues/94/TheCompetitionEntryForParcDeLaVillette
.6.39. naf
. 11/12/2015.
http://oma.eu/projects/parc-de-la-villette
https://fibernews.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/oma2.jpg
https://fibernews.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/oma11.jpg
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http://www.oiio.gr/athens2/Athens2/athensstaff.html.
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.8.1. Baruch Spinoza, Ethica ordine geometrico. PD - 15/12/2015.
demonstratahttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Spinoza_ Ethica_Pars1_Prop1.jpg
http://www.ranker.com/pics/L248889/jacques-lacan-books-and-stories-and-written-works-u3
E.8.4. Mobius. http://paulbourke.net/geometry/mobius/
http://www.phillwebb.net/History/Twentieth/Continental/(Post)Structuralisms/Deleuzean/Deleuze/Deleuze.ht m
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_buste
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E.8.7. Bernard Cache. 15/12/2015.
http://ikkm-weimar.de/fellows/ehemalige-fello ws/bernard-cache/
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15/12/2015.
http://killercell.blogspot.gr/2011/03/dancing-with-stingrays.html
9 :
.9.1. , emerald necklace, Frederick Law Olmsted. PD -
15/12/2015.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Olmsted_historic_map_Boston.png
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