Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gs Capsule March 2016 Part I Part II
Gs Capsule March 2016 Part I Part II
Gs Capsule March 2016 Part I Part II
SCIENCE:
The word science comes from the Latin word scientia
which implies knowledge . The science as subject has
come to mean the systematic, consistent and excellent
study of the physical world including everything than can
be seen, observed or detected in nature by the man and
society and the knowledge that grows out of such study.
usually the science is characterized by the methodologies
and approaches of the hypothesises, postulates,
assumptions, theories and laws based experimental
observations and mathematical conclusions.
The science is broadly categorized into two groupsNatural science and Social science .natural science deals
with the nature or physical world .
Natural science is broadly divided into:
1.Physical science(studies concerned with non-living
matter)
2.Life
science
or
Biological
science(studies
concerned with living matter)
General Science :
1. The temperature at which all substances have zero
thermal energy
- 273 degree celcious.
2. Any substance which when added to a reaction, alters
the rate of the reaction but remains chemically
unchanged at the end of the process is called Catalyst.
3. The study of the inter-relations of animals and plants
with their environment is called-Ecology.
4. Study of insects is called-Entomology.
5. A unit used to express the focal power of optical
lenses-Dioptre.
6. The velocity that a body with less mass must achieve
in order to escape from the gravitational attraction of
a more massive body is called-Escape Velocity.
7. Laughing gas is chemically known as- Nitrous Oxide.
8. The blood vessels carrying blood from the heart to
various parts of the body is called-Artery.
9. The distance travelled by light in one year is called Light year.
10. An organism which derives its nourishment from
another living organism is called-Parasite.
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
| www.careerpower.in
www.careeradda.co.in Page 1
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
Study of Heavenly bodies is called -Astronomy
Study of bacteria and the diseases caused by them is
called - Bacteriology
Science dealing with the origin and development of
mankind is called - Anthropology
Study of cells is called - Cytology
Science dealing with the functions and the diseases of
heart is called - Cardiology
Study of skin is called - Dermatology
Study of Blood Vascular System is called - Angiology
Study of Fungi and fungus diseases is called- Mycology
Study of Tumors is called -Oncology
Study of Liver and its diseases is called - Hepatology
Study of the Nervous system, its functions and its
disorders is called - Neurology
Branch of Biology dealing with the phenomena of
Heredity is called - Genetics
Study of causes of Diseases is called - Etiology
Study of Ears and their diseases is called - Otology
Study of Condition and Structure of Earth is called Geology
Study of Kidneys and its function is called - Nephrology
Study of Birds is called - Ornithology
Study of Fossils is called - Palaeontology
Study of Bones is called - Osteology
Study of Soils is called - Pedology
Branch of science dealing with Urinary system is called Urology
Study of Viruses is called - Virology
Study of resistance of body against infection (immunity) is
called -Immunology
| www.careerpower.in | www.careeradda.co.in Page 4
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
| www.careerpower.in
Chemical
Compounds
Sodium Bicarbonate
Copper Sulphate
Calcium Oxychloride
Chemical
Formula
NaHCO3
CuSO4.5H2O
CaOCL2
Trichloro Methane
Calcium Carbonate
Potassium Hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide
Solid Carbondioxide
Magnesium Sulphate
Calcium Sulphate
Ferrous Sulphate
Deuterium Oxide
Acetic Acid
Sodium Carbonate
Calcium Hydroxide
Potassium
AluminiumSulphate
Calcium Oxide
Calcium Sulphate
CHcl3
CaCo3
KOH
NaOH
CO2
MgSo4
CaSo4
FeSo4
D2 O
CH3COOH
Na2CO3
Ca(OH)2
KALSO4
Ammonium Ferrous
Sulphate
Zinc Sulphate
Methane
Magnesium Oxide
Nitrous Oxide
FeSO4(NH4)2SO
4.6H2O
ZnSo4.7H2O
CH4
MgO
N 2O
CaO
CaSO42H2O
www.careeradda.co.in Page 6
Vermelium:
Sugar:
T.N.T.
Sand
Mercuric Sulphide
Sucrose
Trinitrotoluene
Silicon Oxide
HgS
C12H22O11
C7H5N3O6
SiO2
TYPES OF VITAMINS:
Vitamin
A
Chemical Name
Retinol
Food Sources
Milk, eggs, fish, butter, cheese and
liver.
Legumes, whole grain, nuts.
Egg, milk, cheese, nuts, bread
products.
Meat, fish, pea nuts, whole grain.
B1
B2
Thiamine
Riboflavin
B3
B5
Niacin or Nicotinic
acid
Pantothenic acid
B6
Pyridoxine
B12
C
Cyanocobalamin
Ascorbic acid
Meat, fish.
Oranges, tomatoes, sweet and white
potatoes.
Direct sunlight, fish oils, eggs.
Vegetable oils, olives, tomatoes,
almonds, meat, eggs.
Soyabeans, green leafy vegetables,
dairy products, meat.
D
E
Calciferol
Tocopherol
Phylloquinone or
Naphthoquinone
Vitamins are further divided into two groups(1) Fat soluble vitamins, and
(2) Water soluble vitamins.
Fat soluble vitamins - A, D, E and K.
Water soluble vitamins - Vitamin-B complex (B1, B2,
B3, B5, B6, B12), C and Folic acid.
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
Deficiency Diseases
Night blindness, Skin dryness.
Beri-beri.
Inflammation of tongue, sores in the
corners of the mouth.
skin disease, diarrhoea, depression,
dementia.
Fatigue, muscle cramp.
Pellagra
Anaemia, kidney stones, nausea,
depression.
pale skin, constipation, fatigue.
Scurvy, anaemia, ability to fight
infections decreases.
Rickets, osteomalacia.
Neurological problems, problems of
reproductive system.
Failure to clot blood.
| www.careerpower.in
www.careeradda.co.in Page 7
TYPES OF MINERALS:
Minerals
Calcium
Iron
Food Sources
Milk, cheese and other diary
products, nuts, green leafy
vegetables.
Meat, liver, egg yolk, nuts,
cereals.
Iodine
Iodine-enriched
cheese.
salt,
Phosphorus
Sodium
Salt
Zinc
Potassium
Magnesium
Green
cereals.
vegetables,
milk,
nuts,
Properties
Build and maintain bones and teeth,
control heart beat and blood
pressure.
It is required for transportation of
Oxygen in the blood. Maintains
Haemoglobin level in the blood.
Iodine is the main building block of
thyroid hormone, T3 and T4. It is
essential for proper development of
the body.
It is required in building strong bones
and teeth. It also repair cells. It is a
component of DNA and RNA.
Maintains water balance, blood
pressure and nervous system.
It is important for the function for the
enzymes in the body. It builds
immunity and regulates cholesterol
levels.
It maintains the pH balance of the
blood. It controls the water balance
of the body.
Magnesium builds immunity. It is
important for nerve cell function and
muscle contraction.
Ores
Bauxite, Corundum, felspar, Cryolite,
Kaolin
Stibnite
Barite, Witherite
Greenockite
Chalk, Quicklime, Calcite, Dolomite,
Gypsum, Asbestus
Chromite
Malachite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite,
Cuprite
Quartz, Calaverite, Silvenites
Hematite, Magnetite, Lemonite, Copper
pyrites
Galena
Magnesite, Dolomite, Epsom salt,
Carnalite
Pyrolusite
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
Mercury (Hg)
Potassium (K)
Silver (Ag)
Sodium (Na)
Strontium (Sr)
Tin (Sn)
Zinc (Zn)
Uranium (U)
Tungsten (W)
Nickel (Ni)
Beryllium (Be)
Deficiency Diseases
Weak teeth and bones, poor
development of body.
Anaemia, weak immunity.
Goitre.
Cinnabar
Carnalite, Sylvite, Potash
Argentite
Rock Salt, Trona, Borax
Strontianite, Silestine
Cassiterite
Zincite, Ferulinite , Calamine
Uraninite
Wolframite, Scheelite
Pentlandite, Milarite
Beryl
Alloys:
Alloy
Brass
Bronze
Gun Metal
German Silver
Duralumin
| www.careerpower.in
Components
Copper and Zinc
Copper and Tin
Copper, Zinc and Tin
Copper, Zinc and Nickel
Aluminium, Copper, Magnesium and
Manganese
www.careeradda.co.in Page 8
Magnesium
Nickel Steel
Stainless Steel
Electrum
Solder
Invar
1. In male: 5 to 6
million/cubic mm
2. In female: 4 to 5
million/cubic mm
100 to 120 days
3-4 days
5000-10000/cubic mm
20 seconds
Erythrocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocyte
O
AB
70 kg
37 degree celsius
12-16/minute
31 pairs
Thyroid gland
40 weeks or 9 calendar
months
72 beats per minute
Liver
Gluteus Maximus or Buttock
Muscle
Stapedius
Aorta
Inferior Vena Cava
Sciatic Nerve
Neurons (nerve cells)
25 cm
72 per minute
Eyelids
200-300 gm
Karl Landsteiner
Hb content in body:
pH of Urine:
pH of Blood:
Volume of Semen:
Normal Sperm Count:
Menstrual cycle:
Menopause age:
Blood clotting time:
Weight of Brain:
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
Haemoglobin (Hb):
adult
120/80 mm Hg
Drugs/Medicine
Anaesthetics
Antiflatulent
Antipyretics
Analgesics
Antibiotics
Antihistamines
Antispasmodic
| www.careerpower.in
Use
It is a drug that induces
insensitivity to pain.
It is a drug that reduces intestinal
gas
It is a drug used to lower body
temperature.
It is a drug that is used to prevent
or relieve pain. Eg. Aspirin.
It is a drug that inhibits the growth
of or destroys micro-organisms. Eg.
Penicillin.
It is a drug used to relieve
symptoms of cold and allergies.
It is a drug used to relieve spasm of
www.careeradda.co.in Page 9
Antacid
Diuretics
Laxative
www.careeradda.co.inPage 10
TYPES OF DISEASES
List of Diseases caused by Virus, Bacteria, Protozoa
and Worm:
Disease caused by Viruses:
1. Chicken pox It is caused by Varicella-zoster
virus.
2. Small Pox It is caused by Variola virus.
3. Common Cold -It is caused by Rhinovirus.
4. AIDS (Acquired Immunono Deficiency Syndrome)
- It is caused by Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
5. Measles -It is caused by Measles virus.
6. Mumps -It is caused by Mumps virus.
7. Rabies It is caused by Rabies virus
(Rhabdoviridae family).
8. Dengue fever -It is caused by Dengue virus.
9. Viral encephalitis It is an inflammation of the
brain. It is caused by rabies virus, Herpessimplex,
polio virus, measles virus, and JC virus.
2. Amoebic dysentery
3. Sleeping sickness
4. Kala azar
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
it is a single
| www.careerpower.in
celled
parasite
that
multiplies in red blood
cells of humans.
www.careeradda.co.inPage 11
2. Filariasis
3. Pinworm
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
Gastritis
Hepatitis
Jaundice
Malaria
Meningitis
Myelitis
Neuritis
Otitis
Osteomyelitis
Paralysis
Pyorrhoea
Peritonitis
Pneumonia
Rhinitis
Rheumatism
Tuberculosis
Tonsillitis
Trachoma
| www.careerpower.in
Stomach
Liver
Liver
Spleen
Brain and spinal cord
Spinal cord
Nerves
Ear
Bones
Nerves and limb
Teeth
Abdomen
Lungs
Nose
Joints
Lungs
Tonsils
Eye
www.careeradda.co.inPage 12
SI Units of Measurement:
Quantity
Acceleration
Area
Angular Velocity
Atmospheric
Pressure
Capacitance
Depth of Sea
Density
Electric Current
Electromotive
Force
Electrical
Conductivity
Electric Energy
Electric Power
Electric Charge
Electric Potential
Energy
Force
Frequency
Heat
Impulse
Illuminance
Inductance
Length
Luminous Flux
Luminous Intensity
Mass
Momentum
Magnetic Flux
Magnetic
Flux
Density
Power
Power of Lens
Plane Angle
Radioactivity
Resistance
Specific Heat
Solid Angle
Surface Tension
SI Unit
Meter/second
square
Square meter
Radian/second
Pascal
Symbol
m/s2
farad
Fathom
Kilogram/cubic
meter
Ampere
Volt
F
ftm
kg/m3
m2
Pa
A
V
Speed/Velocity
Temperature
Time
Viscosity
Volume
Weight
Work
Meter/second
Kelvin
Second
Pascal second
Cubic meter
Newton
Joule
m/s
K
s
Pa.s
M3
N
J
DISEASES IN PLANTS
Fungal, Viral and Bacterial diseases in Plants:
Diseases in plants are caused by different agent and
affect its different parts. Most plant diseases are caused
by fungi, bacteria, and viruses. List of some of the
fungal, viral and bacterial diseases are given below:
FUNGAL DISEASES IN PLANTS:
Ohm/metre
Kilowatt hour
Watt
Coulomb
Volt
Joule
Newton
Hertz
Joule
Newton second
Lux
Henry
Meter
Lumen
Candela
Kilogram
Kilogram
meter/second
Weber
Tesla
Watt
Dioptre
Radian
Becquerel
Ohm
Joule per kilogram
kelvin
steradian
Newton/square
meter
www.bankersadda.com
-kWh
W
C
V
J
N
(kg
m/s2)
Hz
J
Ns
lx
H
m
lm
Cd
kg
kg m/s
Wb
T
W
d
rad
Bq
J/(kg.K)
sr
N/m2
| www.sscadda.com
Fungal Disease
Red Rot
Ergot, Green Ear, Smut
Wilt
Tikka
Blast
Foot Rot
Powdery Mildew
Rust
Late Blight
Downy Mildew
White Rust
Viral Disease
Leaf Roll, Mosaic
Bunchy Top
Leaf Curl
Mosaic
Red Leaf
| www.careerpower.in
Bacterial Disease
Blight
Black Arm
Canker
Ring Rot, Brown Rot
www.careeradda.co.inPage 13
Common Name of
Plant/Vegetables/Cereals/Fruits etc. Scientific
Name of Plant
Apple
Pyrusmalus
Bamboo
Bamboosaaridinarifolia
Brinjal
Solanummelongena
Banana
Musa paradisicum
Black Gram
PalsoesMungo
Banyan
Ficusbenghalensis
Black Pepper
Piper nigrum
Clove
Syzygiumaromaticum
Carrot
Daucascarota
Cucumber
Cucumissativas
Capsicum
Capsicum fruitscence
Chiku
Achrassapota
Cotton
Gossypiumherbaceum
Green Gram
Phaseoliesauicus
Guava
Psidium guava
Ginger
Zingiberofficinale
Garlic
Allium sativum
Jack fruit
Artocarpusintegra
Jowar
Sorghum Vulgare
Kadamb
Anthocephalusindicus
Lemon
Citrus limonium
Maize
Zea mays
Mango
Mangiferaindica
Neem
Azadhirachtaindica
Onion
Allium cepa
Orange
Citrus aurantium
Potato
Solanumtubersum
Pomegranate
Punicagranatum
Peacock
Flower Delonixregiarafin
(Gulmohar)
Purple orchid tree Bauhinia purpurea
(Kachnar)
Peepal
Ficusreligiosa Linn.
Pineapple
Ananussativus
Radish
Raphanussativus
Rice
Oryza sativa
Silver Oak
Grevillearobusta
Sandalwood
Santalum album
Spinach
Lactuca sativa
Turmeric
Curcuma longa
Tobacco
Nicotinatobaccum
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
Tulsi
Teak
Tamarind tree
Tomato
Watermelon
Wheat
Ocimum sanctum
Tectonagrandis Linn.
Tamarindusindica
Lycopersicanesculentum
Citrullus vulgaris
TriticumAestivum
Common Name
of Animal
Cat
Cobra
Camel
Cheetah
Chimpanzee
Crocodile
Chameleon
Dog
Deer
Dolphin
Elephant
Frog
Fox
Giraffe
Giant Panda
Goat
Housefly
Hippopotamus
Horse
Hyena
Kangaroo
Lion
Lizard
Mouse
Panther
Pig
Porcupine
Rabbit
Rhinoceros
Scorpion
Sea Horse
Squirrel
Tiger
Zebra
| www.careerpower.in
www.careeradda.co.inPage 14
Carries antigen
Carries antibody
A
B
AB
A
B
A,B
B
A
None
None
A,B
Universal donor
Can receive
blood from
A,O
B,O
Universal
Accepter
Only O
Equipment
Energy Transformed
1.
2.
Dynamo
Candle
3.
Microphone
4.
Loud Speaker
5.
Solar cell
6.
Tube light
7.
Electric Bulb
8.
Battery
9.
Electric motor
10.
Sitar
Edible Part
Fleshy thalamus
Fleshy thalamus
Mesocarp
Entire fruit
Pericarp and placenta
Mesocarp
Endosperm
Pericarp and placenta
Mesocarp and Endocarp
Fruits
Wheat
Cashew nut
Lichi
Gram
Groundnut
Mulberry
Jackfruit
Pineapple
Orange
MEDICINAL DISCOVERIES:
Inventions/Discoveries
Vitamin
Vitamin-A
Vitamin-B
Inventor/Discoveries
F.G.Hopkins, Cosimir Funk
Mc. Collum
Mc.Collum
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
Edible Part
Starchy endosperm
Peduncle and cotyledons
Aril
Cotyledons and embryo
Cotyledons
Entire fruit
Bract, Parianth and seed
Bract, Parianth
Juicy hair
Vitamin-C
Vitamin-D
Streptomycin
Heart Transplantation
Malaria parasite and
treatment
| www.careerpower.in
Holst
Mc. Collum
Selman Waksmann
Christian Bernard
Ronald Ross
www.careeradda.co.inPage 15
Leeuwenhock
Karl Landsteiner
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
| www.careerpower.in
www.careeradda.co.inPage 16
by
the
the
the
shaving glass.
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
| www.careerpower.in
www.careeradda.co.inPage 17
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
Diamagnetic
substance:
Diamagnetic
substances are such substances which when
placed in a magnetic field, acquire feeble
magnetism opposite to the direction of
magnetic field.
Examples : Bismuth, Zinc, Copper, Silver, Gold,
Diamond, Water, Mercury, Water etc.
Paramagnetic Substance : Paramagnetic substances
are such substances which when placed in a magnetic
field acquire a feeble magnetism in the direction of
the field.
Examples: Aluminum, Platinum, Manganese,
Sodium, Oxygen etc.
Ferromagnetic
substance:
Ferromagnetic
substances are those substance, which when
placed in a magnetic field, are strongly
magnetized in the direction of field.
Examples : Iron, Cobalt, Nickel etc.
Curie Temperature : As temperature increases, the
magnetic property of ferromagnetic substance
decreases and above a certain temperature the
substance changes into paramagnetic substance.
Permanent magnets are made of steel, cobalt steel,
ticonal, alcomax and alnico.
Electromagnets, cores of transformers, telephone
diaphragms, armatures of dynamos and motors are
made of soft iron, mu-metal and stalloy.
SOURCES OF ACID:
Citric acid Lemons or oranges (Citrus fruits)
Lactic acid sour milk
Butyric acid Rancid butter
Tarteric acid Grapes
Acetic acid Vinegar
Maleic acid Apples
Carbonic acid Soda water aerated drinks
Stearic acid Fats
| www.careerpower.in
www.careeradda.co.inPage 18
Acidic strength
(i) HF < HCl < HBr < HI
(ii) CH3COOH < H2SO4 < HNO3 < HCl
AQUAREGIA :mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric
acid, in a volume ratio of 1:3.
Uses of HCL :
In gastric juices are responsible for the digestion.
Used as bathroom cleaner.
As a pickling agent before galvanization.
In the tanning of leather.
In the dying and textile industry.
In the manufacture of gelatin from bones.
Uses of HNO3:
In the manufacture of fertilizers like ammonium
nitrate.
Nitric acid is used in the purification of gold &
silver.
In the manufacture of explosives like TNT, TNB ,
Picric acid etc.
Nitro Glycerin (Dynamite)
Found in rain water (first shower)
It forms nitrates in the soil.
In the manufacture of rayon.
In the manufacture of dyes & drugs.
Uses of Sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 )
In lead storage battery.
In the manufacture of HCl.
In the manufacture of Alum.
In the manufacture of fertilizers, drugs, detergents
& explosives.
Use of Boric acids :
As an antiseptic.
Uses of Phosphoric acid :
Its calcium salt makes our bones.
It forms phosphatic fertilizers.
Uses of Ascorbic acid : Source of Vitamin C
Uses of Citric acid : Flavoring agent & food
preservative.
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
PH value of
Lemon juice
Apple juice
Vinegar
Urine
Saliva
Milk
Blood
Toothpaste
some liquids:
2.5
3.0
3.0
4.8
6.5
6.5
7.4
9.0
| www.careerpower.in
www.careeradda.co.inPage 19
COALS:
Bituminous : Black, hard, smoky, flame, domestic fuel
(CO 2)
Soda
water,
Fire
Graphite : As electrodes.
Diamond : Ornaments, Glass cutting, Rock drilling.
Peat : Low grade coal produces less heat & more smoke
& ash
Mercuric
Chloride
(HgCl 2 )
:
Insecticides (Corrosive sublimate)
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
Mercury
amalgam.
(Hg)
Thermometer
Calomel,
vermillion,
(CO 2 ):
Soda
water,
Fire
Oxidants
Hydrogen peroxide
Insecticides.
&
reductants,
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
| www.careerpower.in
www.careeradda.co.inPage 21
INERT GASES:
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Rn gas are absent in atmosphere.
Argon is used in Arc. welding & electric bulb.
Helium and nitrogen mixture used in balloon and ,
weather indicator etc.
Neon is used in discharge tube glow light.
CATALYSTS AND I TS USES:
Fe + Mo: Synthesis of NH 3 by Habe r's
process.
Ni
:
Synthesis
of
vanaspati
Ghee
(hydrogenation)
Pt : Synthesis of H 2 SO 4 by Contact process.
NO : Manufacture of H 2 SO 4 by the Lead
chamber process.
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
| www.careerpower.in
www.careeradda.co.inPage 22
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
| www.careerpower.in
www.careeradda.co.inPage 23
www.bankersadda.com
| www.sscadda.com
| www.careerpower.in
www.careeradda.co.inPage 24