r component is the dialectical deduction of categories.

Marx uses Hegel's notion

of categories, which are forms, for economics: The commodity form, the money fo
rm, the capital form etc. have to be systematically deduced instead of being gra
sped in an outward way as done by the bourgeois economists. This corresponds to
Hegel's critique of Kant's transcendental philosophy.[7]
Marx regarded history as having passed through several stages. The details of hi
s periodisation vary somewhat through his works, but it essentially is: Primitiv
e Communism -- Slave societies -- Feudalism -- Capitalism -- Socialism -- Commun
ism (capitalism being the present stage and communism the future). Marx occupied
himself primarily with describing capitalism. Historians place the beginning of
capitalism some time between about 1450 (Sombart) and some time in the 17th cen
tury (Hobsbawm).[8]
Marx defines a commodity as a product of human labour that is produced for sale
in a market, and many products of human labour are commodities. Marx began his m
ajor work on economics, Capital, with a discussion of commodities; Chapter One i
s called "Commodities".
Commodities
"The wealth of those societies in which the capitalist mode of production prevai
ls, presents itself as 'an immense accumulation of commodities,' its unit being
a single commodity." (First sentence of Capital, Volume I.)
"The common substance that manifests itself in the exchange value of commodities
whenever they are exchanged, is their value." (Capital, I, Chap I, section 1.)
The worth of a commodity can be conceived of in two different ways, which Marx c
alls use-value and value. A commodity's use-value is its usefulness for fulfilli
ng some practical purpose; for example, the use-value of a piece of food is that
it provides nourishment and pleasurable taste; the use value of a hammer, that
it can drive nails.
Value is, on the other hand, a measure of a commodity's worth in comparison to o
ther commodities. It is closely related to exchange-value, the ratio at which co
mmodities should be traded for one another, but not identical: value is at a mor
e general level of abstraction; exchange-value is a realisation or form of it.
Marx argued that if value is a property common to all commodities, then whatever
it is derived from, whatever determines it, must be common to all commodities.
T