Appendix 1-1

Control Charts for Variables:

X control chart

R control chart

CL X

CL R

UCL X A2 R

UCL RD4

LCL X A2 R

LCL RD3

Revised
X

X X

R new

g gd

RR

g gd

X o X new

Ro R new

UCLx X o A o

UCLR D2 o

Ro
d2

LCLR D1 o

LCLx X o A o

Control Charts for Attributes:

p (fraction)

np (number of
nonconforming)

CL

UCL

LCL

np
n

np

c (count of

u (count of

nonconformance) nonconformance/unit)

c
g

c
n

p3

p(1 p)
n

n p 3 n p(1 p)

c3 c

u 3

u
n

p 3

p(1 p)
n

n p 3 n p(1 p)

c 3 c

u 3

u
n

Appendix 1-2

Process Capability:

USL LSL
Cp
6 0

C pk

R
d2

s
c4

Min (USL X )or ( X LSL)

3

Reliability:

Normal Failure Analysis

Rt 1.0 P(t )
where Rt reliability at time t
P (t ) = probability of failure or area of the normal curve
to the left of time t
Exponential Failure Analysis
Rt e

Weibull Failure Analysis

Rt e
t

Appendix 2-1

Appendix 2-2