Tremors and muscle weakness

Behavioral changes

Endocrine gland changes

Hypothalamus
Adrenals
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Sex hormones

Hypothalamus

Parathyroid

Cardiovascular system

30-90 years: mass 1-1.5gm/year

thickness of LV wall
peripheral resistance with MAP at rest & exercise
protein and fat content of heart deterioration of

myofilaments
Deterioration of intima and muscle layer lose
elastic tissue lipid content in walls stiffer
synthesize, degrade and excrete lipids

ECG changes

CO reliance on Frank - Starling

Pulmonary system
Thoracic cage
Pulmonary volumes
Lungs
Alveolar gases
ability to meet challenge of hypoxia
VO2 max per unit body weight

Thoracic cage

Urinary tract body fluid

system
Total body water volume and serum
albumin
Renal blood flow and GFR
Bladder emptying mechanism

Total body water and albumin

Gastrointestinal system

 parietal cell mass hypo/ achlorhydria

rate of mitosis in crypts of lieberkuhn height of

villi thinner intestinal mucosa

lactase tolerance to milk
exposure to sunlight RBC transport of Ca
vitamin D intestinal absorption of Ca
intestinal motility and tone of sphincters
body mass BMR 20% 65 years intake of
calories
physical activity energy output

Immune system

 mortality due to infections

 T and B cells capability of proliferating

IgG and IgM synthesis
Need for greater dose of antigens for maximum Ab

production

 incidence of malignancy

Other tissues
Adipose
Bone
Lean body mass muscles
Skin and hair

Negative Ca balance

Frequent problems of aged

subjects

Loss of appetite anorexia

Insomnia

Depression, apathy, irritability, poor vision, muscle weakness, dizzi

Muscle weakness, insensitivity to defecation reflex, decreased tone

Sclerosis of

Postural hypotension, hypoglycemia, loss of sleep

Weakness of sphincters and altered

Depression, incontinence, hunger pangs

Muscle weakness, hypoglycemia, decreased CO and ventilation to

Inefficient

Uncertain (cautiousness)

Poor compliance and unexpected responses

Reduced GI absorption

GI motility and absorption

efficiency

Altered distribution of drugs

body water and body fat

Altered binding

serum albumin 20% free form

greater effects, faster eliminations,
biotransformations

Altered metabolism

biotransformation of sedatives
in liver

Reduced excretion

GFR (30%) circulation of drug

Altered end organ sensitivity

Depletion of neurotransmitters
or chemoreceptor sites on cells