Assignment#1

History of basketball
The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield,
Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less
injury-prone sport than football. He game became established fairly quickly, very
popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world.
After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game
followed; the American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1949,
grew to a multi-billion dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became
an integral part of American culture. The game of basketball, as we know it today was
created by Dr. James Naismith in December 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts to
condition young athletes during the cold. It consisted of peach baskets and a soccer
style ball. He published 13 rules for the new game. He divided his class of 18 into two
teams of nine players each and set about to teach them the basics of his new game.
The objective of the game was to throw the basketball into the fruit baskets nailed to the
lower railing of the gym balcony. Every time a point was scored, the game was halted so
the janitor could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball. After a while, the bottoms of the
fruit baskets were removed. The first public basketball game was played in Springfield,
Massachusetts, on March 11, 1892.
Basketball Officials

Referees
Referees are the main officials of the game. They are the ones who are actually

responsible for enforcing rules and regulations and calling fouls and violations. The
number of referees officiating a game depends on the level of play. In NBA, a crew chief
and two referees are assigned to conduct a game and there official uniform is gray shirt
and black pant. In international basketball or NCAA game, it can be either one referee

and one umpire or one referee and two umpires officiate a game. They wear typical
black and white stripped shirts and black pants.

Lead Referee
Lead referee (also known as crew chief in NBA) is the in charge of the game.

Normally, all two or three referees are independent in terms of making their decisions
but in case of a dispute, its the lead referee whose verdict is considered final.

Scorers
Scorer play supportive role in the game of the basketball. There can be one or

two scorers in a game depending on the rules of the league and their job is to write
down the stats relevant to the game. They keep a running summary of points scored,
notify field goals and free throws made and missed. They also record the fouls called on
each player and informs a referee if sixth fouls is called against a player (to eject him
from game). Also notes the timeouts and let the referee knows if all timeouts have been
used up by a team.

Timers
Timer assists referee in recording time. Generally, two timers are appointed by

the league. One is official timer who operates the game clock and the other is shot clock
operator who operates 24 second clock. Official timer alerts referee when each half is
going to start and stops the clock when any kind of interruption occurs during a game
(fouls, out of bounds, timeouts etc) while shot clock timer informs referee when a player
takes 24 or more seconds to shoot a ball (keeping the ball in possession for 24 seconds
or more is a violation).
Rules and Regulations
The rules of basketball can vary slightly depending on the level of play (for
example professional rules differ from college rules) or where the game is played
(international rules are different from USA professional rules). These rule differences,
however, are usually just variations on the basic game of basketball and the majority of
the rules discussed below can be applied to most any game of basketball played.

The winner of a basketball game is the team with the most points. You get points by
throwing the basketball through the opponent's hoop or basket. In regular play a basket
made from within the three point line is worth 2 points and a basket shot from outside
the three point line is worth three points. When shooting a free throw, each free throw is
worth 1 point.

Rules for the offense

The basketball team on offense is the team with the basketball. When a player has the
basketball there are certain rules they must follow:
1) The player must bounce, or dribble, the ball with one hand while moving both feet. If,
at any time, both hands touch the ball or the player stops dribbling, the player must only
move one foot. The foot that is stationary is called the pivot foot.
2) The basketball player can only take one turn at dribbling. In other words, once a
player has stopped dribbling they cannot start another dribble. A player who starts
dribbling again is called for a double-dribbling violation and looses the basketball to the
other team. A player can only start another dribble after another player from either team
touches or gains control of the basketball. This is usually after a shot or pass.
3) The ball must stay in bounds. If the offensive team looses the ball out of bounds the
other team gets control of the basketball.
4) The players hand must be on top of the ball while dribbling. If they touch the bottom
of the basketball while dribbling and continue to dribble this is called carrying the ball
and the player will lose the ball to the other team.
5) Once the offensive team crosses half court, they may not go back into the backcourt.
This is called a backcourt violation. If the defensive team knocks the ball into the
backcourt, then the offensive team can recover the ball legally.

Defensive Rules
The team on defense is the team without the basketball.
1) The main rule for the defensive player is not to foul. A foul is described as gaining an
unfair advantage through physical contact. There is some interpretation that has to
be made by the referee, but, in general, the defensive player may not touch the
offensive player in a way that causes the offensive player to lose the ball or miss a
shot.

Rules for everyone

1) Although the foul rule is described above as a defensive rule, it applies exactly
the same to all players on the court including offensive players.
2) Basketball players cannot kick the ball or hit it with their fist.
3) No player can touch the basketball while it is traveling downward towards the
basket or if it is on the rim. This is called goaltending. (touching the ball on the rim is
legal in some games).
Every player on the court is subject to the same rules regardless of the position
they play. The positions in basketball are just for team basketball strategy and there are
no positions in the rules.

Basketball fouls

Pushing

Contact that displaces an opponent (for example, pushing a player away from the
basket, or using body weight to affect a player's movement).

Holding

Contact that interferes with a player's freedom of movement (for example,

physically grabbing a player driving to the basket).

Illegal Use of Hands

Extending the hands outside the cylinder and causing illegal contact (for
example, going for a steal but hitting the player's hand or arm, or hitting the arm of a
shooter).

Hand Checking

Contact by the defense on a ballhandler that impedes a player's speed,

quickness, rhythm, and/or balance.

Illegal Use of Elbow

Moving one's elbow outside the cylinder to disadvantage an opponent. This

mostly occurs during a post-up play situation, where either offense or defense attempt
to gain a better position.

Illegal Use of Legs, Knees(On Dunk)

Jumping up with one knee forward as to intentionally hit the defender

Non-foul
Referees who called every case of illegal player contact would dominate the
game to the exclusion of the athletes, but reluctance to make calls would make the
game excessively violent. The rules direct referees to seek a balance between these
extremes, though they do not define it.
When players are competing for a ball that goes out of bounds, and one player commits
illegal but minor contact, referees often do not feel a foul is justified but resolve the
situation by simply awarding possession of the ball to the other team.
The "reach-in foul" is a misnomer. Reaching toward a player is not a foul, though
physical contact may be a foul.
Basketball violation
In basketball, a violation is the most minor class of illegal action. Most violations are
committed by the team with possession of the ball, when a player mishandles the ball or
makes an illegal move. The typical penalty for a violation is loss of the ball to the other
team. This is one type of turnover.
Ball-handling violations:

Backcourt violation (Over and back)

Carrying
Double-dribble
Traveling

Excessive time taken:

Defensive three-second violation (Illegal defense) (penalized as a technical foul)

Five-second rule
Shot clock violation, and the related time limit to reach the frontcourt (8- or 10second violation)
Three seconds rule (Lane violation)

Other violations:

Basket interference
Goaltending

Stepping out of bounds and throwing the ball out of bounds may also be considered
violations that result in loss of the ball.
Acts involving contact between opponents or unsportsmanlike conduct are called fouls,
usually a personal foul.

Penalties

As a player foul against the offending player during the game. A player who
accumulates too many fouls will foul out (see below).
As a team foul against the offending player's team during the current quarter or
half. A team that accumulates too many fouls in that period

Basketball Equipments

Backboard
Ball
Breakaway rim
Court
Half court
Key
Net
Possession arrow
Shot clock
Whistle
Shoes
Floor
Players
Basketball is a sport played by two teams of five players on a rectangular court.
The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter and 10
feet (3.048 m) high mounted to a backboard at each end. Basketball is one of the
world's most popular and widely viewed sports.[1] The National Basketball Association
(NBA) is the most popular and widely considered to be the highest level of professional
basketball in the world and NBA players are the world's best paid sportsmen, by
average annual salary per player.
Court Dimensions
Basketball courts come in different sizes and colors. In the NBA, the court is 94
feet (29 m) by 50 feet (15 m). Under International Basketball Federation (FIBA) rules,[1]
the court is minutely smaller, measuring exactly 28 metres (92 ft) by 15 metres (49 ft). A
high school court is slightly smaller, at 84 feet (26 m) by 50 feet (15 m). In amateur
basketball, court sizes vary widely. The baskets are always 10 feet (3.0 m) above the

floor (except possibly in youth competition). Basketball courts have a three-point arc at
both baskets. A basket made from behind this arc is worth three points; a basket made
from within this line, or with a player's foot touching the line is worth two points. The
free-throw line, where one stands while taking a foul shot, is located within the threepoint arc.
Basketball skills
THE 7 BASIC OFFENSIVE SKILLS IN BASKETBALL
1. Players must be able to PASS & learn not to over possess the ball
2. Players must be able to CATCH and confidently retain possession
3. Players must be able to DRIBBLE not pick up the ball too early (hold their triple
threat)
4. Players must be able to CUT & PIVOT understanding that movement without
travel is the key
5. Players must be able to SHOOT from any position using correct & simple
technique
6. Players must be able to LAY-UP left and right handed
7. Players must be able to SCREEN so they can learn a 'pick & roll' early on
THE 7 BASIC DEFENSIVE SKILLS OF BASKETBALL
1. Players must be able play in a correct STANCE as footwork & balance are key
skills
2. Players must be able to COMMUNICATE to help team mates on defence & be
confident
3. Players must be able to see the BALL and their OPPONENT at the same time

4. Players must be able to BOX OUT to rebound the ball & prevent opponents from
rebounding
5. Players must be able to CLOSE DOWN their opponent without over-playing it
6. Players must be able to RUN WITH their OPPONENT & pressure the ball without
fouling
7. Players must be able to BLOCK shots without fouling